psy ch 10 + 11

Humor helps people cope with stress by ___________.

creating positive cognitive shifts that result in positive emotions

Which of the following is true of collectivists?

They are more likely to conform to group adjustments

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive change in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene ___________.

has high self-efficacy expectations

Research on acculturation shows that people who do not fully surrender their traditional backgrounds:

have higher self-esteem than those who do

While on a study tour, Kruti realized how the trio had really helped her gain perspective on her life and why she is working towards earning her degree. What theory best explains this?

humanism

Which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth?

id

If you have a(n) _________ locus of control you tend to believe that you can influence when you receive reinforcers.

internal

Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that may take root anywhere in the body: in the blood, bones, digestive tract, lungs, and sex organs. If their spread is not controlled early, the cancerous cells may ____________, that is, establish colonies elsewhere in the body.

metastasize

_____________ can be defined as the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.

personality

______________ in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.

existentialism

According to behaviorists, personality is formed by _________.

situational or environmental influences

Observational learning is one of the foundations of ________.

social cognitive theory

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory of personality and development?

social relationships

Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life-changing units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students. Surveys with students revealed that:

some of them considered academic success to be stressful

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaption syndrome?

the exhaustion stage

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?

the far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality

According to your text, if you are American you are most likely stressed about _____________.

the future of the nation

In the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control?

the illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates.

Researchers estimate that the heritability of the extroverted personality is _________.

40-60%

_____________ stress is considered healthful.

Eustress

Which of the following is true of the trait theory?

It focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their origins

Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

aggression

Suzanne Kobasa and her colleagues studied business executives who seemed able to resist illness despite stress. In one phase of the research, executives completed a battery of psychological tests, and the researchers found that the psychologically hardy executives tended to ___________.

appraise change as an interesting incentive to personal growth

According to Jung's hypothesis, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious?

archetypes

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following is true of the fight-or-flight reaction?

it stems from a period in human prehistory when many stressors were life threatening

High self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by

low levels of adrenaline

In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following traits are characteristic of neuroticism?

nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli

Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles?

noise

__________ tests are tests whose items must be answered in a specified, limited manner and have concrete answers

objective

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the levels of the endocrine and sympathetic activity in the __________ are lower than the levels in the alarm reaction but still higher than normal:

resistance stage

____________ refers to our ability to bring about desired changes through our own efforts.

self-efficacy

____________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious cases of illness.

biological factors

According to the different kinds of support for coping with stress, ___________ involves listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance.

emotional concern

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?

forced-choice format

After returning from work, Greg contemplated whether he should stay at home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a(n) ____________.

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

__________ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.

self-efficacy expectations

The __________ mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.

unconscious

Which of the following is considered the most complex form of conflict?

multiple approach-avoidance

___________ is the process by which test scores from various population groups, are obtained and organized so that test results can be compared to those with similar demographic profiles.

standardization