PSY Ch 11 language
our ability to hear and understand spoken words is affected by: - how _____ we have encountered word in the past - the ______ in which the words appear - our knowledge of ____ _____ of our language our ____ of word meanings
- how frequently we have encountered a word in the past - the context in which the words appear - our knowledge of statistical regularities of our language - our knowledge of word meanings
what are the two ways we to parsing
1 .garden path sentences 2. constraint based approach to parsing
what are the three types of inferences
1. anaphoric 2. instrumental 3. causal
what are the two ways the human languge makes it possible to create new and unique sentences
1. hierarchical 2. governed by "rules"
the creativity of human lanaguage: how many ways does the human language make it possible to create new and unique sentences
2
how many conditions were there in tannehaus and trueweels condition
2 conditions
Tanenhaus lexical priming experiment: how many conditions were tested
4 conditions condition 1 control condition 1 condition 2 control condition 2
studying language in cognitive psychology: who were the two that debated language
BF skinner Noam Chomsky
syntactic priming
Hearing a statement with a particular syntactic construction increases the chances that a statement that follows will be produced with the same construction.
speech segmentation
The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal.
Tanenhaus lexical priming experiment: what was presented
a prime word and then a probe word
what is language a ______ of ______
a system of communication
Tanenhaus lexical priming experiment: when "she held a rose" and "they all rose" were used how was the response to the probe word flower
about the same reaction time and showed the priming effect
the universality of language: all humans with normal ______ develop a _____ a learn to follow its complex rules
all humans with normal capacities develop a language and learn to follow its complex rules
lexicon: all _____ a person ______
all words a person understands
we really love to.... go down to our ranch... I take the kids out and we fish. and then of course we grill them
anaphoric inference
animals use a limited number of ____ or _____ to _____ about a limited number of things that are important for _____
animals use a limited number of sounds or gestures to communicate about a limited number of things that are important to survival
another way to understand how people undestand stories is to consider the ______ representation that people form while reading
another way to understand how people understand stories is to consider the mental representation that people form while reading
when words have two or more meanings with about the same dominance
balanced dominance
when words have two or more meanings with different dominance
biased dominance
sharon took aspirin. her headache went away
casual inference
noam chomsky; what do children produce
children produce sentences they have never heard and that have never been reinforced
late closure: close the _____ as _____ as possible
close the phrase as late as possible
producing language: Conversations: successful conversations depend on establishing __ ___
common ground
word frequency effect #2: rayner and duffy: what did they compare
compare high vs low frequency words
what are the 4 things psycholinguistics try to understand
comprehension, representation, speech production, acquisition
anaphoric: connecting _____/____
connecting objects/people
what is the second model to solving temporary ambiguity
constraint based approach to parsing
what often clear up ambiguity
context often clear up ambiguity
the universality of language: what do deaf children invent
deaf children invent sign language that is all their own
word frequency effect #1: lexical decision task: decide as quickly as possible whether a string of letters are _____ or _____
decide as quickly as possible whether a string of letters are words or non-words
not all words are created equal: differences in _____ the ______ of words is variable there are no _____ between words in normal conversation
differences in frequency the pronunciation of words in variable there are no silences between words in normal conversation
the universality of language: how are langauges different but the same different _____, ____ and _____ all have what
different words, sounds, and rules all have nouns, verbs, negatives, questions, past/present tense
studying language in cognitive psychology: psycholinguistics: discover _______ process by which humans _____ and _____ language
discover psychological process by which humans acquire and process language
understanding text and stories: during reading our mind is constantly making _____ and ____ to crate _____
during reading our mind is constantly making predictions and inferences to create coherence
lexical semantics: each word has one or more ____
each word has one or more meanings
these sounds and symboms enables us to exprees
enable us to express feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences
what is the synchronization between partners called
entrainment
causal: ______ in one clause caused by _____ in previous sentence
events in one clause caused by events in previous sentence
word frequency effect #2: rayner and duffy: what did they look at
eye movement while reading
constraint based approach to parsing (model #2): scene context: finding: ____ movement change when ____ suggests revision of ____ of sentence is necessary
eye movements change when information suggests revision of interpretation of sentence is necessary
garden path model of parsing (model #1): fast but
fast but could be incorrect
word frequency effect #2: rayner and duffy: what did they measure
fixation and gaze times
given new contract: speaker constructs sentences so they include ____ information and ____ information
given information and new information
producing language: Conversations: it helps if speakers take steps to guide their listeners by following
given new contract
entrainment: grammatical _____ (syntactic _____)
grammatical constructions (syntactic coordination)
garden path model of parsing (model #1) : _____ structure of _____ determines parsing
grammatical structure of sentence determines parsing
word frequency effect #2: rayner and duffy: the slow music captured their attention was ____ frequency and had ____ first fixation and gaze times
high frequency and had shorter first fixation and gaze times
acquisition: how do people ____ language
how do people learn language
speech production: how do people ____ language
how do people produce language
comprehension: how do people understand _____ and ______ language
how do people understand spoken and written language
representation: how is language ____ in the _____ e.g. combine words into ______
how is language represented in the mind combine words into phrases
however we do briefy access multiple ____ of ambiguous words before ____ takes over
however we do briefly access multiple meanings of ambiguous words before the context takes over
noam chomsky; human language is coded in ___
human language is coded in the genes
what did stanfield and zwaan find about the orientation of the nail and confirming if the picture was part of the sentence
if the orientation of the nail matched how it was described in the sentence, it was confirmed faster that if it didn't match
in a conversation its crucial to also accumulate _____ about what the other person ____
in a conversation it is also crucial to accumulate information about what the other person knows
john was trying to fix the birdhouse, he was pounding the nail when his father came out to watch and help
instrumental inference
constraint based approach to parsing (model #2): memory load and prior experience with language: subject relative construction: it is easier because it imposes lower memory ______ and is more prevalent in english
it is easier because it imposes lower memory load is more prevalent in english
the universality of language: language _____ is similar across cultures
language development is similar across culture s
the universality of language: language is ____ across cultures
language is universal across cultures
BF skinner; language is learned through _____
language learned through reinforcement
the universality of language: languages are _____ but the same
languages are unique but the same
what type of closure does the garden path model of parsing use
late closure
what is it called when words often have multiple meanings
lexical ambiguity
what experiment did tanenhaus do to test understand ambiguous words
lexical priming experiment
like perception, _______ and ______ play a big role in language
like perception, inference and prediction play a big role in language
constraint based approach to parsing (model #2): scene context: inference: ______ and _____ information used simultaneously to _____ a sentence
linguistic and nonlinguistic information used simultaneously to process a sentence
garden path model of parsing (model #1) : listeners use ______ (rules) to ____ words into _____
listeners use heuristics (rules) to group words into phrases
word frequency effect #2: rayner and duffy: the slow waltz captured their attention was ____ frequency and had ____ first fixation and gaze times
low frequency and had longer first fixation and gaze times
who came up with the garden path model of parsing (model #1)
lynn frazier
the relative frequency of the meanings of ambiguous words
meaning dominance
what is the lexicon referred to as
mental dictionary
how do we determine the meaning of words: can we look it up in our lexicon
more complicated than just looking it up in our lexicon
constraint based approach to parsing (model #2): more than just ____
more than just syntax
____ information can then become ____ information
new information can then become given information
______ communication: being able to interpret and react to the persons gestures, facial expression, tones of voice, and other cues to meaning
nonverbal communication
how do we determine the meaning of words: are all words created equal
not all words are created equal
constraint based approach to parsing (model #2): memory load and prior experience with language: what is it called when the subject in the main clause becomes the object in the embedded clause
object relative construction
what were the two conditions in tannenhaus and trueswells apple experiment
one with one apple one with 2 apples
constraint based approach to parsing (model #2): word meaning: our understanding of ___ meaning influence ____ right from the ____
our understanding of the word meaning influence parsing right from the beginning
late closure: parser assumes _____ word is part of the _____ phrase
parser assumes new word is part of the current phrase
Understanding Sentences: mentally grouping the words into phrases is called
parsing
parsing helps the listener create _____
parsing helps the listener create meaning
constraint based approach to parsing (model #2): parsing is influenced by many other factors such as word _____, story ____, scene _____ memory ____ and prior _____ with language
parsing is influenced by many other factors, such as word meaning, story context, scene context, memory load, and prior experience with language
parsing is the process that occurs when a person ____ or ____ a string of _____ and "____" these words into ____ in their ____
parsing is the process that occurs when a person hears or reads a string of words and "groups" these words into phrases in their mind
what happens when the context of a biased dominance word is provided in a sentence (specifically for the less used word)
people look at the biased dominant word longer when context is provided
what happened when the context of a biased word is provided in a sentence for the dominant word
people look at the word just a quickly since it is the dominant meaning/context
did people look at words with balanced dominance longer or shorter than the test word
people look at words with balanced dominance longer to try to use correct meaning
situational model: point of view of ____
point of view of protagonist
Tanenhaus lexical priming experiment: what was the task
read the probe word as quickly as possible
making inferences: readers create ____ during reading not _____ stated in the text
readers create information during reading not explicitly stated in the text
coherence: _____ of the text in one's ______ that creates clear relations between parts of the ____ and parts of the ____ main topic
representation of the text in ones mind that crate clear relations between parts of the text and the story's main topic
situational model represents _____ as if ______ the situation
represents events as if experiencing the situation
syntax: _____ for combining ___ into sentecnes
rules for combining words into sentences
garden path sentences: sentences that being by appearing to mean one thing but then
senteces that begin appearing to mean one thing, but then end up meaning something else
Understanding Sentences: ______ are strings of words in ____
sentecnces are strings of words in sequence
common ground: shared mental _____ and ____
shared mental knowledge and beliefs
mental representation of what a text is about
situational model
hierarchical components of language: small _____ that can be ____ to form larger ___
small components that can be combined to form larger units
governed by rules: specific ways _______ can be arranged
specific ways components can be arranged
who did the nail experiment to test the situational model
stainfield and zwaan
what are infants capable of
statistical learning
constraint based approach to parsing (model #2): memory load and prior experience with language: what is it called when the subject is the same in the main and embedded clause
subject relative construction
what experiment by branigan showed how entrainment is used and often not realized
syntactic priming
what did noam chomsky create
syntactic structures
what does parsing rely on
syntax
who carried out the apple experiment to test the visual world paradigm
tanenhaus and truesweel
what can garden path sentences cause
temporary ambiguity
semantics: the ____ of language
the meaning of langauge
lexical semantics: the _____ of words
the meaning of words
which experiment had more incorrect eye movement
the one with just one apple
do people look at words with biased dominance longer or shorter than a word with one meaning
the read the word just a quickly
Tanenhaus lexical priming experiment: what happened if there was a delay
the second "rose" did not prime the word flower since context had been considered
Shapir-Whorf hypothesis
the structure of a language determines a native speaker's perception and categorization of experience
producing language: Conversations: theory of ____: being able to undestand what others feel think or believe
theory of mind
instrumental: connecting _____ or _____
tools or methods
noam chomsky; underlying _____ of all laguage is ____
underlying basis of all language is similar
use _____ to understand words with unfamiliar pronunciations
use context to understand words with unfamiliar pronunciations
language uses ____ or _____
using sounds or symbols
____ word pronunciation
variable word pronunciation
what did BF skinner make
verbal behavior
constraint based approach to parsing (model #2): scene context: what paradigm
visual world paradigm
constraint based approach to parsing (model #2): visual world paradigm: how scene ____ influence how a sentence is ______/_____
visual world paradigm- how scene context influence how a sentence is processed/parsed
how do we perceive words in normal conversation
we perceive individual words in normal conversation even though there are no silences between spoken words (unlike reading)
word frequency effect #1: lexical decision task what do we respond faster to
we respond faster to high frequency words in this task
we use a wide variety of _______ which can be ______ in countless ways
we use a wide variety of signals, which can be combined in countless ways
temporary ambiguity: when the _____ words are ____ but the meaning is made ____ by the end of the ____
when the initial words are ambiguous but the meaning is made clear by the end of the sentence
Understanding Sentences: words are combined into ______ and ____
words are combined into phrases and sentences
words can often have more than one ____
words can often have more than one meaning