PSY Ch 12

______________ (Women/Men) report experiencing emotions more deeply, and they tend to be more adept at reading nonverbal behavior.

Women

Do the genders differ in their ability to communicate nonverbally?

Women tend to read emotional cues more easily and to be more empathic. Their faces also express more emotion.

Zajonc

ZING: stimuli goes straight past context to amygdala...does NOT process emotion by labeling it first

Emotion researchers have disagreed about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of cognitive processing. How would you characterize the approach of each of the following researchers: Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer?

Zajonc and LeDoux suggested that we experience some emotions without any conscious, cognitive appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer emphasized the importance of appraisal and cognitive labeling in our experience of emotion.

Darnell was accused of a crime and asserts that he is innocent. Familiar with the unreliability of polygraph tests, he asked for a more reliable test. What is likely to be the MOST reliable test of his guilt or innocence? galvanic skin response CAT scan polygraph fMRI

fMRI

When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling a little fear. This result is known as the effect.

facial feedback

Highly emotional people are intense partly because of their interpretations. They may ______________ their experiences by blowing single incidents out of proportion.

generalize

Are people in different cultures more likely to differ in their interpretations of facial expressions or of gestures?

gestures

A compulsion by decision makers to matinain each other's approval, even at the cost of critical thinking and good judgement, is called

groupthink

Ewen is a competitive runner who believes that competition gives him an edge. His arousal has:

positive valence.

Behavior directed by self-accepted moral principles represents the ____ level of moral development

postconvetional

In the _____ level of moral development, moral choices are determined by the direct consequences of actions

pre conventional driven by punishment

Kohlberg identified the three levels of moral development as the

pre conventional (go to jail) conventional (it is wrong) post conventional (life>breaking law)

To cope with stress, we tend to use ______________ -focused (emotion/problem) strategies when we feel in control of our world, and ______________ -focused (emotion/problem) strategies when we believe we cannot change a situation.

problem; emotion

The field of ______________ studies mind-body interactions, including the effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine functioning on the immune system and overall health.

psychoneuroimmunology

Perceived loss of control is associated with __________ (raised/lowered) epinephrine levels and __________(raised/lowered) lymphocyte levels.

raised; lowered

A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. In psychology, this observation is embodied in the _____ ______ principle.

relative deprivation

Performance on tasks depends on arousal level as well as the type of task. For optimal performance on a difficult task:

relatively low arousal is best.

Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) consists of an alarm reaction followed by ____ then _______

resistance, exhaustion

A person who is depression-prone tends to have increased activity in his or her:

right frontal lobe.

Prejudice based on displaced aggression represents a form of projection discrimination scapegoating authoritarianism

scapegoating

What is the definition of positive psychology?

scientific study of human flourishing, w the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive

Subjective well-being:

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, (a) our physiological response to a stimulus (for example, a pounding heart), and (b) the emotion we experience (for example, fear) occur ______________ (simultaneously/sequentially). According to the James-Lange theory, (a) and (b) occur ______________ (simultaneously/sequentially).

simultaneously; sequentially (first the physiological response, and then the experienced emotion)

Although Nina was almost hit by a bus, she is okay and her parasympathetic system is responding accordingly. It is:

slowing her heart rate and activating her digestion.

A woman, alone in a house, ignores the creaking sounds she hears and experiences no stress. Another woman might hear the same sounds, suspect an intruder, and thus become alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of:

stress appraisal

Although Estée's legs are paralyzed, she is able to minimize the stress that the inability to walk might cause by viewing this handicap as a challenge rather than a threat. This illustrates the importance of:

stress appraisal.

The stress response system: When alerted to a negative, uncontrollable event, our ______________ nervous system arouses us. Heart rate and respiration ______________ (increase/decrease). Blood is diverted from digestion to the skeletal ______________. The body releases sugar and fat. All this prepares the body for the ______________ - ______________ - ______________response.

sympathetic; increase; muscles; fight-or-flight

When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to experience the __________ response.

tend -and- befriend

Two-factor theory:

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Tend and befriend:

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

The Lazarus theory of emotion suggests that people experience emotion:

when appraising an event as harmful or harmless.

Example of Relative deprivation:

you get a B-. You look around you. If everyone else gets F's you're happy! if everyone else gets A's you're disappointed.

Example of the relative deprivation principle

you get a B-. You look around you. If everyone else gets F's you're happy! if everyone else gets A's you're disappointed.

Subjective well-being is

your perception of being happy or satisfied with life.

adaption level phonomenon

• Describes tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience • Prior experience • Partly influences feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, success and failure

Three pillars of positive psychology

• Positive well-being • Positive character • Communities Culture

According to Erikson, a major conflict in the first year of life is that between

trust vs mistrust

What are some of the tactics we can use to manage successfully the stress we cannot avoid?

Aerobic exercise, relaxation procedures, mindfulness meditation, and religious engagement

Zajonc; LeDoux

Some emotional responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal I.E. We automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat

Cultural differences in emotional expression

Individualistic cultures: Americans are more emotionally expressive Collectivist cultures: Japanese more likely to hide their expressions in the presence of others

Do as Kazuo Mori and Hideko Mori (2009) did with students in Japan: Attach rubber bands to the sides of the face with adhesive bandages, and then run them either over the head or under the chin. (1) Based on the facial feedback effect, how might students report feeling when the rubber bands raise their cheeks as though in a smile? (2) How might students report feeling when the rubber bands pull their cheeks downward?

(1) Most students report feeling more happy than sad when their cheeks are raised upward. (2) Most students report feeling more sad than happy when their cheeks are pulled downward.

Causes of prejudices?

3 part mixture of: 1. beliefs (stereotypes) 2. Emotions 3. Predispositions to action (discriminates)

According to your text, in looking at 206 studies on discerning truth from lies, people were just ___________ percent accurate, barely better than a coin toss.

54%

2. Compared to mothers, fathers spend more time a. playing with the infant. b. feeding and care giving their infants. c. providing routine child care. d. that does not involve visual contact with the infant.

A

5. A child is largely nonverbal, is learning to coordinate purposeful movements with sense information, and is developing the concept of object permanence. The child is in Piaget's __________ stage. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operations

A

Define stereotype. Give an example

A generalized BELIEF about a group of people Ex. believing that TCU students are rich snobs Ex. believing all asians are smart

How does a perceived lack of control affect health?

A perceived lack of control provokes an outpouring of hormones that put people's health at risk. Being unable to avoid repeated aversive events can lead to learned helplessness. People who perceive an internal locus of control achieve more, enjoy better health, and are happier than those who perceive an external locus of control.

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following is the correct sequence of events when a car drives directly toward someone and that person experiences emotion? see an oncoming car; heart pounds; experience fear see an oncoming car; experience fear see an oncoming car; heart pounds and, at the same time, fear is experienced see an oncoming car; heart pounds and, at the same time, the arousal is cognitively labeled; experience fear

A; see an oncoming car; heart pounds; experience fear

Which of the following factors do NOT predict self-reported happiness? Which factors are better predictors? a. Age b. Personality traits c. Close relationships d. Gender e. Sleep and exercise f. Religious faith

Age and gender (a. and d.) do NOT effectively predict happiness levels. Better predictors are personality traits, close relationships, sleep and exercise, and religious faith (b., c., e., and f.).

Explain the two dimensions that help differentiate emotions

Arousal (high low) Valence (+ -) (pleasant versus unpleasant feeling)

Seligman's research showed that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has had a. the opportunity to escape. b. no control over the shocks. c. pain or discomfort. d. no food or water prior to the shocks.

B

Four types of cells are active in these search-and-destroy missions (FIGURE 12.23).

B lymphocytes (white blood cells) mature in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections. T lymphocytes (white blood cells) mature in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. Macrophages ("big eaters") identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn-out cells. Natural killer cells (NK cells) pursue diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer).

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system: increases salivation and increases blood pressure. increases salivation and decreases blood pressure. decreases salivation and increases blood pressure. decreases salivation and decreases blood pressure.

B; increases salivation and decreases blood pressure.

Lazarus

Brain processes much information without conscious awareness, but mental functioning still takes place. Emotions arise when an event is appraised as harmless or dangerous.

1. Which represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of intellectual development? a. sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational, postoperational b. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational d. preoperational, informal operational, formal operational, postoperational

C

Maya owes the credit card company $20,000, her adjustable rate mortgage has just gone up, and she has been out of work for 3 months. Her husband of 15 years came home today to tell her he was having an affair and wants a divorce. With that news, she collapsed and had to be taken to the emergency room. According to Hans Selye, she is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome? Phase 1 of GAS, experiencing an alarm reaction Phase 2 of GAS, in a state of resistance Phase 3 of GAS, in a state of exhaustion

C

Andrew went in his backyard at night, in the dark, to bring some firewood in the house. He heard the sharp crack of a twig breaking in the darkness and froze in fear, his heart thumping loudly in his chest. Andrew's reaction is consistent with the _____ theory of emotion.

Cannon-Bard

Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) ...then... Pounding heart (arousal) AND Fear (emotion)

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

What are some basic emotions, and what two dimensions help differentiate them?

Carroll Izard's 10 basic emotions are joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt. Two dimensions that help differentiate emotions are positive-versus-negative valence and low-versus-high arousal.

Justyce is in a movie theater and on the screen one of the actors is cut across the arm. He gasps but everyone else in attendance is silent. Which country might he be in?

China

Lazarus

Cognitive appraisal ("Is it dangerous?!") --sometimes without our awareness--defines emotion I.E. The sound is "just the wind."

Arianna experienced chronic stress for the past 10 years. Now her immune system is malfunctioning. Which type of cell in her body is NOT likely to be impacted? T lymphocytes B lymphocytes Macrophages red blood cells

Correct: red blood cells

3. According to Chomsky, humans have a __________ to develop language. a. perceptual set b. telegraphic readiness c. learning set d. biological predisposition

D

6. Object permanence is to sensorimotor stage as conservation and reversibility are to a. formal operational stage. b. preoperational stage. c. informal operational stage. d. concrete operational stage.

D

From the perspective of Erikson, life stages are important because

Each involves a crisis or delimma

According to ________, we face a specific psychosocial dilemma at each stage of life

Erikson

T or F. Wealth does correlate with well-being in all ways.

F. $ to reach basic needs=happy. After reaching this point, $ matters a lot less.

What is the link between fear and prejudice?

Fearing threats causes anger and a tendency to cling to our friends and in-group.By creating an "us" and "them" mentality, it creates prejudice more fear, more prejudice. direct relationship.

Which component of the Type A personality has been linked most closely to coronary heart disease?

Feeling angry and negative much of the time.

Type A:

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Type B:

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people.

You think a guy is a jerk cuz he shoved you. Then you see him saving a puppy life. You have just made what error?

Fundamental attribution error Attributing their ACTION to them before knowing them

Prejudice increases/decreases during temporary frustration. Which one.

INCREASES

Spillover effect

If you're happy for one thing, the next thing you'll do you'll be happier during it

Zajonc

Sometimes emotional response takes neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex and goes directly to amygdala. Some emotional responses involve no deliberate thinking.

What do the three phases of GAS involve?

In Phase 1, you have an alarm reaction, as your sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated. Your heart rate zooms. Blood is diverted to your skeletal muscles. You feel the faintness of shock. With your resources mobilized, you are now ready to fight back. During Phase 2, resistance, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high. Your adrenal glands pump hormones into your bloodstream. You are fully engaged, summoning all your resources to meet the challenge. As time passes, with no relief from stress, your body's reserves begin to dwindle. You have reached Phase 3, exhaustion. With exhaustion, you become more vulnerable to illness or even, in extreme cases, collapse and death.

The brain's pathways for emotions

In the two-track brain, sensory input may be routed (a) to the cortex (via the thalamus) for analysis and then transmission to the amygdala; or (b) directly to the amygdala (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction.

A child who is just starting school, trying to learn good habits and to do well, is in Erikson's stage of development called

Industry versus inferiority

The ___ ____ theory of emotion maintains that a physiological response happens BEFORE we know what we are feeling.

James Lange

Alone in the woods, Chris hears a noise. He thinks he sees a bear coming towards him. Chris's heart starts pounding and then, a moment later, he realizes how frightened he is. This sequence of events is BEST explained by which theory of emotion?

James-Lange

Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) THEN Pounding heart (arousal) THEN Fear (emotion)

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Which theory says people experience emotion after experiencing a physical response?

James-Lange theory

How do we communicate nonverbally?

Much of our communication is through body movements, facial expressions, and voice tones. Even seconds-long filmed slices of behavior can reveal feelings.

Spillover effect

Spillover arousal from one event to the next—influencing a response

Stress arises less from events themselves than from how we appraise them. Show examples of this:

One person, alone in a house, ignores its creaking sounds and experiences no stress; someone else suspects an intruder and becomes alarmed. One person regards a new job as a welcome challenge; someone else appraises it as risking failure.

Example of Cannon-Bard

Our heart races at the SAME TIME we feel afraid

Passionate love vs compassionate love

Passionate: usually at beginning of relationship. an arousal state of intense positive absorption in another Compassionate: deep affectionate attachment people feel for those whom our lives are interwinded

________ psychology is a scientific field of study focused on how humans thrive and flourish.

Positive

3 pillars that fall under positive psychology?

Positive well-being Positive character Communities Culture

Two dimensions that help differentiate emotions

Positive-versus-negative valence Low-versus-high arousal

4 major antecedents of attraction?

Proximity Similarity (values) Physical attractiveness Reciprocal liking (mutual interests)

What is categorization and what could it lead to?

Putting things in one group -could cause serotyping

_____ says that people actually have many emotional reactions apart from, or even before, their interpretations of a situation.

Robert Zajonc

Scapegoating is releasing aggression on _____ targets

Safe

Arousal + Label = Emotion

Schachter and Singer Two-Factor Theory

Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) THEN Pounding heart (arousal) AND cognitive label ("I'm afraid") THEN Fear (emotion)

Schachter and Singer Two-Factor Theory

Subjective well being

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life

General adaptation syndrome (GAS):

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

What events provoke stress responses, and how do we respond and adapt to stress?

Stress is the process by which we appraise and respond to stressors (catastrophic events, significant life changes, and daily hassles) that challenge or threaten us. Walter Cannon viewed the stress response as a "fight-or-flight" system. Hans Selye proposed a general three-phase (alarm-resistance-exhaustion) general adaptation syndrome (GAS). Facing stress, women may have a tend-and-befriend response; men may withdraw socially, turn to alcohol, or become aggressive.

What general effect does stress have on our overall health?

Stress tends to reduce our immune system's ability to function properly, so that higher stress generally leads to greater incidence of physical illness.

T or F. According to evolutionary psychologists, women tend to be concerned with whether mates will devote time and resources to a relationship

T

In-group bias

Tendency to favor our own group ex. cliques in highschool

What is the faith factor, and what are some possible explanations for the link between faith and health?

The faith factor is the finding that religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active. Possible explanations may include the effect of intervening variables, such as the healthy behaviors, social support, or positive emotions often found among people who regularly attend religious services.

How do the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system affect our emotional responses?

The sympathetic division of the ANS arouses us for more intense experiences of emotion, pumping out the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine to prepare our body for fight or flight. The parasympathetic division of the ANS takes over when a crisis passes, restoring our body to a calm physiological and emotional state.

THE BRAIN'S PATHWAYS FOR EMOTIONS

The two-track brain processes sensory input on two different pathways. (a) Some input travels to the cortex (via the thalamus) for analysis and is then sent to the amygdala. (b) Other input travels directly to the amygdala (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction.

Izard isolated 10 basic emotions that include physiology and expressive behavior.

These basic emotions are joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt.

Explain the 2 factor theory of emotion

To experience emotion, there should be 1) physical arousal 2) cognitively linked arousal

T or F. People who marry are highly similar in age, education, race, religion, and ethnic background.

True

T or F. This is true of stereotypes: Likable members of a rejected group are perceived as an "exception"

True

How does Type D personality differ from Type A?

Type D individuals experience distress rather than anger, and they tend to suppress their negative emotions to avoid social disapproval.

Define discrimination. Give an example

Unjustifiable negative BEHAVIOR toward a group and its members. ex. swiping left on tinder if the person is obese

Define prejudice. Give an example

Unjustified ATTITUDE towards a group ex. hating some group, person, race

Example of Schachter-Singer

We may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on the context

Example of James-Lange

We observe our heart racing after a threat and THEN feel afraid

In what two ways do people try to alleviate stress?

We use problem-focused coping to change the stressor or the way we interact with it. We use emotion-focused coping to avoid or ignore stressors and attend to emotional needs related to stress reactions.

Learned helplessness

When animals and people experience no control over repeated bad events, they often learn helplessness.

Scapegoat theory

When things go wrong, finding someone to blame provides an outlet for anger and prejudice ex. after 9/11, blaming certain races

Polygraph:

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

Emotion:

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

People become exhausted from chronic stress because the ____is/are overloaded. adrenal glands hippocampus thyroid cerebellum

adrenal glands

coping

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.

The amygdala stimulates

anger and fear.

The sympathetic nervous system is to _____ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to _____. pupil enlargement; pupil dilation secretion of stress hormones; increase in epinephrine arousal; calming calming; arousal

arousal; calming

Emotion-focused coping:

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction.

Problem-focused coping:

attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

If one mimics another person's facial expressions of emotion, one probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is BEST explained in terms of the:

behavior feedback phenomenon.

B lymphocytes are formed in the:

bone marrow

According to Schachter and Singer, two factors lead to our experience of an emotion: (1) physiological arousal and (2) ______________ appraisal.

cognitive

Richard Lazarus emphasizes the importance of

cognitive interpretation before emotional experiences.

Relative deprivation:

compare yourself with others and think of yourself as worse off

Conforming to the expectations of others or to socially accepted rues and values describes a person at the ____ level of morality

conventional

In times of stress, the outer part of the adrenal glands secretes glucocorticoid stress hormones, such as:

cortisol

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of stressors? a. Catastrophes b. Significant life changes c. Daily hassles d. Threatening events that we hear about

d. Threatening events that we hear about

A response of the whole organism to a stimulus that includes a mixture of physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience is called:

emotion

Catharsis:

emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Physical proximity increases attraction because it

increases frequency of contact

When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such findings indicate that people do better when they experience an _______ (internal/external) locus of control.

internal

Kohlberg is known for his research in the area of ____ development

moral

Adaptation-level phenomenon:

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

Happiness is relative to our own experience (the adaptation-level phenomenon) and to others' success (the relative deprivation principle). What are these?

the adaptation-level phenomenon (so we need constantly better things to make us happier, or else we get used to it) the relative deprivation principle (relative to others)

Coronary heart disease:

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear or happiness is called:

the facial feedback effect.

Stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Positive psychology:

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Psychoneuroimmunology:

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Behavior feedback effect:

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions.

behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Facial feedback effect:

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

Cannon-Bard theory:

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

James-Lange theory:

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.