PSY CH 8, PSY CH 9, PSY CH 7, PSY CH 6

The swimming reflex disappears in the first four to six months of life

True

The tendency to think that your thoughts and feelings are unique underlies the personal fable.

True

Very few older adults develop wisdom.

True

Vygotsky saw private speech in toddlers as a sign of cognitive maturity.

True

Vygotsky stressed the critical role that sociocultural context plays in cognitive development.

True

When using hypothetical-deductive reasoning, you begin by generating all possible hypotheses.

True

Working memory is an active form of short-term memory.

True

Jamie doesn't worry very much about contracting HIV from unprotected sex, saying "I'm a good guy. It can't happen to me." This is an example of

a personal fable.

Which is the best description of a typical short-term memory?

Fairly brief duration (seconds) and small capacity (seven or so items)

To what extent does a person's IQ predict his or her degree of occupational success (productivity)?

Fairly well (r = +.30 to .50)

A tertiary circular reaction involves repetition of interesting acts on objects in an infant's external environment.

False

According to Piaget, centration is the ability to focus on multiple aspects of a task at the same time.

False

Assimilation is the process of modifying existing schemas to better fit new experience.

False

By adolescence, individuals begin to recall more irrelevant information and less relevant task information.

False

Concrete operational thinkers can conserve, but they are still unable to use transformational thought.

False

Explicit memories occur unintentionally.

False

Eyewitness testimony accuracy in young children is increased when the same question is asked repeatedly.

False

Gardner's list of multiple intelligences included both musical intelligence and artistic intelligence.

False

IQ = CA/MA*100.

False

IQ scores in high school are very good predictors of college grades.

False

If a child has a mediation deficiency, he or she cannot spontaneously use a strategy but can benefit from it.

False

In the field of psychology, as in many fields, creative production tends to peak in the mid 50s.

False

Knowing that "1 + 1 = 2" is a good example of an autobiographical memory.

False

Older adults tend to perform best on explicit memory tasks that focus on unpracticed skills.

False

On average, older adults are faster on timed tasks than young adults.

False

Osteoarthritis is a disease that results in a loss of minerals that leaves bones fragile

False

Piaget emphasized the importance of cultural factors in cognitive development.

False

Recent research has supported Piaget's conclusions that young children (age three or so) have no ability to take another person's point of view.

False

Researchers have proposed the existence of a stage of thinking more advanced than any proposed by Piaget. This stage of thinking is referred to as preformal thought.

False

Short-term memory can hold an unlimited amount of information.

False

The "g" in Spearman's twofactor theory of intelligence stands for genius.

False

The Bayley DQ score does a good job of predicting later school grades.

False

The Flynn effect states that racial differences in IQ scores are likely due to genetic differences.

False

The final stage in the three basic steps of the memory process involves storage.

False

The final substage of the sensorimotor period is called the secondary circular reaction period.

False

The overlapping waves theory argues for conceptualizing of cognitive development in terms of an invariant sequence of stages.

False

Vygotsky referred to the gap between what a learner can accomplish independently and what he or she can accomplish with guidance as the synapse.

False

Which of the following can we conclude about intellectual functioning across the lifespan?

The speed with which someone processes information is related to intellectual performance.

Convergent thinking involves finding the one "best answer" to a problem.

True

Deferred imitation involves the imitation of a novel act after some delay

True

Early memories tend to be very cue-dependent and context-specific.

True

Elaboration involves the creation of meaningful links between items that you are attempting to remember.

True

Executive control processes are responsible for monitoring our information-processing behavior.

True

Having imaginary companions in childhood is associated with advanced social development.

True

Ideational fluency is measured by the shear number of different answers an individual can generate

True

Infants demonstrate memory when they habituate to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented.

True

Information-processing theorists use an analogy of a computer when discussing the human mind.

True

Irreversibility and the inability to conserve are common characteristics of a person in the preoperational stage of development.

True

On a cued-recall task, a person is given a hint to help facilitate retrieval.

True

Seriation is the ability to arrange items along some quantifiable dimension.

True

Sternberg's practical component defines intelligence differently depending on the socio-cultural context in which it is displayed.

True

The average IQ of workers increases as the prestige of the occupation increases.

True

A child with _____ deficiencies cannot use strategies, even when taught to use them.

mediation

Nadal teaches his son a great way to serve a tennis ball so the opponent cannot return the serve. However, his son Rafael appears to not benefit whatsoever from the advice and does not even appear to understand what is going on. Rafael is best classified as exhibiting a(n)

mediation deficiency.

Attention skills of adolescents are advanced relative to those of children. This advantage appears to be due, in part, to _____ commonly found in adolescents.

myelination of brain cells

When grandpa has difficulty reading a newspaper 20 inches from his face, but can clearly see the television that is 20 feet away, he most likely has

presbyopia

If you want your two-week-old child to see you as clearly as possible, you should

put your face within about eight inches of her eyes.

Research has shown that _____ will make people perceive the juice as tastier.

putting a few drops of orange food coloring into a glass of orange juice

Recent research on adolescent egocentrism (e.g., Bell and Bromnick, 2003) suggests that teens are most worried about how they present themselves in public because of concerns regarding a(n) _____ audience.

real

One implication of formal operational thought is that adolescents are more likely than children to

rebel against the inconsistencies they are able to detect in the world.

Haynes, Rovee-Collier (1997) research on infant memory involved recording kicking behavior when a ribbon was tied to the infant's foot, demonstrating that young children have _____ memory.

recall

Regis asks a game show contestant, "In inches, how far is the Earth from the sun?" If no other information is given to the contestant, this task is best classified as an assessment of _____ memory.

recall

With regard to experience, Sternberg believes that

the creative component of intelligence is best measured by a person's responses on novel tasks.

As a typical college student, research indicates that Hanna would be most likely to shift her focus to _____ if she suddenly found herself pressed for time when studying for an exam.

the easiest material

Four-year-old Barnum goes to the circus and sees animals that he has never seen before. When asked about the event a year later, Barnum is most likely to recall

the gist of the event.

If shortterm memory capacity is "domainspecific," then

the more you know about something, the larger short-term memory capacity size will be for related items.

Transitivity is best defined as

the necessary relations among elements in a series.

. In the information-processing approach, hardware is to software as

the nervous system is to the skills used to retrieve information.

Accommodation is best defined as

the process of modifying existing schema to better fit a new schema.

The major focus of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development is to assess intelligence by measuring

the rate at which infants achieve developmental milestones.

Scarr and Weinberg's research on social class and IQ showed that

their IQs if adopted into middle-class homes with intelligent adoptive parents.

The modern general consensus concerning intelligence is that

there are a few broad dimensions of intelligence that can be found in factor analyses.

The fact that some forms of amnesia destroy explicit memory but not implicit memory indicates that

these forms of memory operate independently.

Adolescents are more likely to enjoy strong or strange tasting food because

they have had more opportunities to learn to like them.

Old people are most likely to keep their homes too hot or too cold because

they tend to be less sensitive to changesin temperature.

Formal operational thinking differs from Piaget's other stages in that a formal thinker gains the ability to

think systematically about abstract concepts.

Research on autobiographical memory in adulthood has shown that the more _____ an event, the better it will later be recalled.

unique

Sigler concluded that when solving problems, most children

use multiple rules and problem-solving strategies.

According to Siegler's "overlapping waves theory," cognitive development is best conceptualized as

a process of variability, choice, and changes.

Terminal drop is the name given to

a rapid decline in the mental abilities of elderly people a few years prior to dying.

Most widely used traditional tests of intelligence focus on _____ intelligence(s).

analytic

Sternberg would argue that an individual who is outstanding at filtering out irrelevant from relevant information excels on the _____ component of intelligence.

analytic

The Chi (1978) study on memory for chess pieces indicated that when recalling information in their area of expertise, expert children perform

better than novice adults

The advantage of being born with the ability to categorize sounds phonetically is that it

biologically prepares a child to speak all human languages.

His steady hands make Dr. Greene a top-notch surgeon. Given this information, Dr.Greene would appear to have a high level of _____ intelligence.

bodily-kinesthetic

Habituation is the process of "learning to be _____" with a stimulus

bored

An average 10-year-old would have

both a chronological and mental age of 10.

Creative achievement requires

both enthusiasm and experience.

Research on smell in adolescence has shown that

both females and males use body odor of others as a criteria for mate selection.

Research has shown that _____ need to be detected and corrected as early in life as possible.

both hearing and visual problems

In the information-processing model, the purpose of the sensory register is to

briefly hold a piece of information for possible processing.

Piaget's theory incorrectly overemphasized

broad stages of development.

Constructivists are likely to say that perceptions are

built with sensory experience

Peggy finds that yelling at her dog is an effective way to get the dog to learn to behave. Peggy has recently taken a job as a substitute Spanish teacher at a local middle school. During her first week of class, Peggy becomes aware that yelling at her students is not an effective way to get them to learn to behave. Piaget would say that Peggy's situation would likely lead her to experience cognitive

disequilibrium.

As Josephine has a production deficiency, she

doesn't produce useful strategies on her own.

Lewis and Maurer (2005, 2009) provided evidence for multiple sensitive periods for vision that included all of the following EXCEPT a sensitive period for

enhancement

Compared to younger children, adolescents are more likely to

enjoy a food item with a strong taste.

An intelligent infant is best characterized as one who

gets bored quickly with familiar information and seeks out novel information.

If a mother wanted to DECREASE the likelihood that her infant would grow into a picky eater later in life, she should

give the infant a wide variety of foods.

Increased eye pressure that can eventually lead to blindness is called

glaucoma

The typical pattern of creativity in childhood is

low in preschool, higher in first grade, even higher in fourth grade, and lower by age 12.

As a general pattern, _____ tend to have the lowest IQs.

manual laborers

The senses of _____ both rely on detection of chemical molecules.

taste and smell

On average, _____ tend to have the highest IQs.

technical workers

As a typical 80-year-old, Irvine would have the greatest number of autobiographical memories from his

teens and 20s.

The A not B error involves the

tendency to search for an object in a place where it was last found rather than in a new hiding place.

Franco is enjoying a fine lunch in his high chair. He picks up a handful of spaghetti and stuffs it in his mouth. Next, he picks up two handfuls and shoves them in his ears. The next handful goes in his hair, and the one after that is casually thrown on the floor. As his motivation appears to be simply the novelty of each of these acts, Franco's behavior would best be categorized as a

tertiary circular reaction

A true sense of curiosity and novelty first emerge during the _____ stage of development.

tertiary circular reactions

With regard to the Binet and Simon intelligence test, "age graded" refers to

the age at which an average child of a certain age can successfully complete an item.

If an adult were cloned, a constructivist would predict that once born

the clone would, have to learn to perceive the world as meaningful.

Which childhood activity best illustrates symbolic capacity?

Pretending to be a superhero

With which of the following tasks would older adults have the LEAST problems?

A memory task where they can use well-practiced memory strategies

Which of Gibson's statements indicates that he is engaging in hypotheticaldeductive reasoning?

"If the length of a guitar string matters, then a short string should produce a different sound than a long string."

Milton is playing a game of "20 Questions" in which he has to try and guess what his friend Bradley is thinking about. Which of Milton's inquiries would best exemplify a constraint seeking question?

"Is it an animal?"

The intent of the original Binet and Simon intelligence test was to be able to identify

"dull" children in need of special education.

Object permanence research has found that

. object permanence responding may be influenced by the time interval between seeing and being able to reach for it.

Estimates indicate that it takes about _____ of training and expertise to become a true expert in a field.

10 years

Ten-year-old Kookla is found to have a mental age of 12. According to the traditional Stanford-Binet Scale, Kookla has an IQ of

120.

By age _____, most infants first begin to verbalize events that happened months earlier.

2 years

Piaget stated that the preoperational stage of development normally begins around

2 years of age

Whose exploratory behavior would most likely involve mouthing an object to learn more about it?

2-month-oldRachael

It was found that when they were in their 40s, _____ of the Camberwell Cohort lived with their families

25%

How many of the following four home situations (father is absent from family, mother has poor mental health, family has two or less children, head of household is unemployed) represent possible risk factors for negatively impacting a child's IQ score?

3

Whose exploratory behavior would most likely just begin to involve exploring an item with both their eyes and hands?

6-month-old Dick

About _____ percent of adults over age 90 have lost all functional vision.

7

Who would be most likely to develop a theory hypothesizing that in order to interpret music, a person would have to hear many versions of the sound?

A constructivist

Which of the following is LEAST likely to draw the visual attention of a young infant?

A highly complex object

Transformational thought is best defined as the ability to

conceptualize processes of change from one state to another.

Searching in a place where an object was last found rather than its new hiding place is called the _____ error.

A not B

IQ scores obtained during adolescence are best at predicting

A person's high school grades.

Which object would have the greatest amount of visual contour?

A series of black circles on a white background

What type of food would be most likely to produce "chemosensory irritation"

A spicy jalapeno pepper

What physiological event has been associated with the acquisition of Piaget's formal operation stage of thinking?

A spurt in brain development

Your text discusses four major reasons to explain the improved memory and learning abilities in the aging child. Which item below is NOT one of these reasons?

A working-term memory that increases from 1 slot at birth to about 10 slots by age five years

Which issue cannot currently be treated either surgically or through the use of corrective lenses?

Age-related macular degeneration

Which is the best example of a test of recall memory?

An essay test with no hints

Which of the following is the best description of a schema?

An organized way of thinking or acting that allows us to interpret our experiences

Who is most likely to say, "The major focus of my discipline is on the creation and understanding of intelligence tests"?

Archer, who is a psychometric theorist

Which statement best describes the impact of genetics and environment on a child's IQ?

At age two, maternal IQ best predicts the IQ of a child; by age four, the impact of the quality of the home environment becomes as good a predictor as maternal IQ.

Which pair is best known for developing an information-processing-based model of memory?

Atkinson and Shriffin

Which of the following is a typical change in attention seen during childhood?

Attention becomes less focused onirrelevant objects.

Which of the following is NOT a typical change in attention during childhood?

Attention becomes more focused on irrelevant objects

_____ refers to an efficiency of information processing that appears with practice.

Automatization

Concerning mental actions, concrete operations are to formal operations as

objects are to ideas.

Perception is best defined as the interpretation of

sensory input.

The tendency to perceive an object as not growing when it approaches our eyes, or shrinking as it moves away, is _____ constancy.

Brightness

Modern models of memory have their roots in the work of

Broadbent

How should you react to a policy that supports the initial testing of hearing at age three and a half years?

Bad idea, because by that time those with significant hearing loss reach this age, they are at significant risk for life-long speech and language difficulties.

Six-month-old Barbie watches as two dolls are placed behind a screen. When the screen is removed, Barbie sees either two dolls (possible) or one doll (impossible). Which of the following reactions is the infant likely to show?

Barbie will look longer at the impossible outcome than the possible outcome.

Which famous statement best illustrates the concept of relativistic thinking?

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

Why can't a lack of language be used to fully account for infantile amnesia?

Because the "amnesia" includes the inability to recall nonverbal information like faces

Which is the most advanced substage of the sensorimotor stage?

Beginning of thought

Which idea is the best example of a personal fable?

Believing that no one has ever felt grief more strongly than you

_____ events tend to have the greatest likelihood of being recalled after the event.

Both positive and negative emotional

What seems to underlie the significant increase in processing speed seen during childhood?

Brain maturation

During which stage of development would a person first be able to understand that her dad is a parent, an uncle, and someone's son (i.e., understand class inclusion)?

Concrete operations

A group of English individuals with intellectual disabilities who participated in a long-term study are referred to as the

Camberwell

Which pair is best associated with concepts of fluid intelligence?

Cattell and Horn

Whose "formula" for intelligence is, "intelligence" = "g" + "s"?

Charles Spearman

Which statement about the classification of intellectual disabilities is true?

Children with intellectual disabilities often have associated impairments like cerebral palsy or a sensory disorder

Which memory strategy is being used when a long number is memorized by breaking it into manageable sub-units each containing three digits?

Chunking

Which action best describes the memory strategy of organization?

Classify into meaningful categories, then memorize.

What is a legitimate question concerning the lack of success of older adults on Piagetian tasks?

Could it be due to a lack of motivation to solve tasks that are so rarely encountered in real life?

Which infant behavior best demonstrates object permanence?

Crying and reaching for a favorite toy you were playing with after it has been put inside a toy box

Which item is NOT one of the three dimensions on which divergent thinking is analyzed?

Crystallization

Which pair best describes the memory abilities of a human infant?

Cue-dependent and context-specific

Who is best known for developing a set of intelligence tests that can be used on individuals from toddler hood to old age?

David Wechsler

Which is a criticism of cochlear implants?

Denies deaf children a chance to be part of the deaf community.

_____ thinking is best defined as detecting paradoxes and inconsistencies among ideas and attempting to reconcilethem.

Dialectical

Which statement is true?

During adolescence, IQ scores become more predictable but creativity seems to wax and wane.

How did Sternberg include the notion of confluence into his theory?

He believed that several factors combined to create intelligence.

In what sort of reasoning does one move from general ideas to their specific implications?

Hypothetical-deductive

Whose statement indicates that they are engaging in dialectic thinking?

Eileen, who says, "I just do not understand how light can be both a wave and an individual element, but I will."

Which cognitive skill would a formal operations thinker possess that a concrete operational thinker would lack?

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Wayne has trouble remembering the last four digits of his new phone number (4422) until he makes the connection that the last two digits are exactly half of the first two digits. Once he makes this connection, he has no trouble remembering the number! This best demonstrates the memory concept of

Elaboration

Eight year old Hawthorne has several accurate, well developed scripts, including one for a visit to the doctor's office. Which is the most likely example of her doctor's office script?

Enter clinic, tell mom she feels better, sit in waiting room, see doctor, get shot (inoculation) in arm, cry

Ten-year-old Elisa has several accurate, well-developed scripts, including one for grocery shopping. Which is the most likely example of her shopping script?

Enter store; see piece of candy; beg for candy; parent buys candy

_____ memories always involve personal experiences.

Episodic

Which statement would best represent a failure of retrieval?

I know the answer, but I just cannot find it in my mind.

The formula for calculating an intelligence quotient is

IQ = (MA/CA)*100.

Which item would NOT typically be on a list of the characteristics of postformal thought?

Rejecting input from othersas it will taint the truth

If you tested 1,000 infants on a valid test that generated a DQ, what expectation would you have concerning the correlation between the DQ and an IQ taken when these individuals reach age 20?

Expected correlation around 0

Which statement concerning memory is true?

Explicit memory increases in capacity from infancy through adulthood then declines, while implicit memory capacity is constant across the lifespan.

Which of the following is an example of Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?

Figuring out the answer to your math homework after your sister gives you a hint

What 1960s event brought Piaget's theory into the mainstream of American science?

Flavell's summary of Piaget'swork that was published in English

_____ intelligence is defined as the ability to use your active mind to solve novel problems.

Fluid

The basic distinction between crystallized and fluid intelligence is that

Fluid intelligence involves using your mind in new ways, and crystallized intelligence involves using what you have already learned.

The fact that adults born in the 1980s have higher adult IQs than adults born in the 1950s illustrates the _____ effect.

Flynn

Which is NOT one of the four basic taste perceptions?

Fruity

The two factor model argues that intelligence is highly influenced by a factor simply designated as "g." What does "g" stand for?

General mental ability

What is the first step in hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

Generate all possible hypotheses.

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral schema?

Grasping a block or a bottle of milk

A researcher is using a measure in which both the emotional and verbal responsiveness of a parent and the provision of appropriate play materials are being assessed. Given this description, the researcher appears to be using the

HOME inventory.

Woody has just been diagnosed with presbycusis. What is he most likely experiencing?

He is having difficulty hearinghigh-frequency sounds

Four-year-old Lenny has invented an imaginary companion, an invisible octopus named Squiggy. How would a Piagetian most likely react to Lenny's behavior?

He might suspect that Lenny is cognitively and socially advanced.

Which is a legitimate criticism of Vygotsky's theory?

He placed too much emphasis on the influence of social interactions.

Carlos has experienced significant damage to his hippocampus (an area located in the medial temporal lobe). How would this most likely impact his memory?

He would have trouble creating new episodic memories.

_____ teens are most likely to utilize metacognitive strategies.

High SES female

Pujols is watching his favorite baseball player in a home run derby and is trying to remember all of the movements that this player makes before he hits a long ball so that he can also become a big league player himself. Which of the following would best represent the consolidation stage of this process?

His organizing the player's swing into a series of memories for sequential motions that can be stored in long term memory

Which statement best describes Kaufman's (2001) findings on the pattern of IQ change from young adulthood though old age generated by cross-sectional studies?

IQ scores rise gradually until middle age (age 40-50) then decline slowly until old age (around 80) when the decline accelerates.

Which describes the "sleeper effect of early visual defecits?"

If an infant does not experience normal visual experience, even after corrective surgery, it may never develop a normal perception of vision

A memory that occurs without any conscious effort is best referred to as

Implicit.

If information fails to be encoded, it is _____ to remember.

Impossible

A study finds that 100 percent of 20-year-olds, 70 percent of 40-year-olds, and only 40 percent of 60-year-olds are able to detect the scent of a single rotten egg in a 10- by 10-foot room. A developmental psychologist would most likely explain this change in terms of a(n)

Increase in olfactory sensory threshold

Your text discusses four major reasons to explain the improved memory and learning abilities in the aging child. Which item is on their list of reasons?

Increased knowledge about the world

Which statement would indicate that Tory is an intuitive theorist?

Infants seem to perceive the world in a very adult-like manner.

Which of the following is the best example of the infant as an intuitive theorist?

Infants show surprise when a ball that is dropped behind a screen is later shown to be suspended in the air.

Which statement best describes Piaget's theory on intelligence?

Intelligence develops as the result of interactions between biologically based individuals and their interaction with an environment.

=On a recognition task, a person

Is presented with a list of alternatives that includes the correct answer.

Which is a common challenge to Piaget's theory?

It failed to distinguish between competence and performance.

Which statement best exemplifies a "preservation error"?

It worked in the past and even if it does not work in the present, I will still keep doing it.

Within days of their baby's birth, Ben and Jen are having an argument about their son. Jen claims that he recognizes her voice, but Ben says that this is impossible. Knowing the research in this area, you are able to tell them that

Jen is correct (maternal voice recognition is evident a few days after birth).

Which action best describes the memory strategy of rehearsal?

Repeat to self over and over.

Indy is a typical six-year-old and his brother Jones is a typical 16-year-old. How do their information processing skills most likely differ on a memory task?

Jones will recall more relevant information and is less likely to recall task-irrelevant information.

Which is the best example of a semantic memory?

Knowing that the Beatles were a band

Which is NOT an example of metamemory?

Knowing the difference between metaphysics and meta-analysis

Who developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

Lewis Terman

Which statement is accurate about memory strategies and basic processing capacities as one ages?

Limitations in working memory in older adulthood may be due to the slowing of the nervous system.

Statistically, who is least likely (per mile driven) to be in an accident?

Middle-aged drivers

Which best describes the hearing of most older adults?

Minor hearing loss especially for high-frequency sounds

Which is NOT one of the scales on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

Social

Which of the following is true regarding newborn infants' vision?

Much of what young infants see is blurry.

According to Howard Gardner, intelligence consists of at least eight distinct abilities. Which of the following is among Gardner's distinct types of intelligence?

Musical

Which of the following is the best example of assimilation?

Naming the first dog you meet, "Spot," and then calling all other dogs that you meet "Spot"

Mom Billie and dad Bob are discussing the abilities of their two-month-old son Thorton. Billie claims that Thorton cannot recognize both of his parent's voices. Bob says that Thorton cannot recognize either voice. If Thorton is a typical two-month-old, then who is correct?

Neither, as Thorton can likely recognize Billie's voice but not Bob's vioce

While sitting in her playpen, four-month-old Kiko watches her cat knock a lamp off a dresser. As the lamp begins to fall, Kiko seems to know that the lamp will drop straight to the floor. This knowledge appears to indicate that Kiko instinctively understands

Newtonian laws of object motion

At which age do people do better on recall tasks than on recognition tasks?

No age group does better on recall tasks

Which statement concerning speech perception in adulthood is true?

Older adults are more likely to recall fewer details from a conversation that took place in a noisy restaurant.

Which of the following statements is true regarding cognitive capacities during later adulthood

Older adults do not perform as well as younger adults on formal operational tasks.

Which statement is true regarding the development of learning and memory in children?

Older children have a greater information-processing capacity and know more about their memorization strategies than younger children do.

Which statement best fits with a cohort difference explanation about the apparent loss of memory abilities in old age?

Older individuals tend to have had less formal education than young people.

On which type of problem-solving task would the performance of a middle-aged adult be superior to that of a young adult?

On familiar and meaningful tasks

Which statement best summarizes the pattern of IQ-score change in childhood?

Overall age group stability but large individual variation

Some children show gains in IQ during their school years. Which factor appears to be the primary cause of such gains?

Parents who foster achievement

A researcher asked students of different ages "What would the world be like if humans had tails?" According to Piaget's theory, which one of the following answers would be most likely from an adolescent in the formal operational stage?

People would be able to hold tails and pass notes under the table while still keeping both handson the table.

Which statement on children's eyewitness testimony is true?

Preschool children tend to recall less information about an event than do older children

How is Piaget's explanation of cognitive development different from that of Siegler's explanation?

Piaget sees cognitive development more in terms of qualitative steps in which new ideas replace old.

Which of the following is an example of a symbolic schema?

Pointing a finger and saying "Bang!"

what is the best explanation for young infants' ability to recognize their mother's voices shortly after birth?

Prenatal exposure to mom's voice

Imaginary companions are most likely to first develop during the _____ stage of development.

Preoperational

Which disorder results in the reduction in the ability to see close objects but does NOT impact the ability to see things at a distance?

Presbyopia

Which is the most common visual condition for a person over age 70?

Presbyopia

Jacque is told that he will be taking the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. What type of task should Jacque expect to complete as part of the assessment of his performance IQ?

Puzzle assembly

Studies on _____ have shown that being in an impoverished environment has a direct impact on brain development.

Rats

Which child has acquired perceptual size constancy?

Raven, who looks out a window on a plane and realizes that people in the terminal look like ants but that they are actually much bigger.

Which of the following is the best example of a perceptual process?

Realizing that the odor you smell is vanilla

Which is the best example of an autobiographical memory?

Recalling the heated argument between you and you mom that broke out at your wedding

Which is the best example of an episodic memory

Recalling your 21st birthday party

Which of the following is NOT an example of cross-modal perception?

Recognizing a person's face in a photographthat you have only seen in person one time

Sam and Sue are shopping for groceries. Sam looks at the list and tells Sue, "I'll get the cat food, soap, toilet paper, and flour, and I'll meet you by the lettuce." Sam takes off, muttering to himself over and over: "Cat food, soap, toilet paper, flour." This best illustrates the use of which memory strategy?

Rehearsal

_____ is characterized by the deterioration of light-sensitive cells of the retina.

Retinitis pigmentosa

Billy always walks to kindergarten. His mom always picks him up at school after kindergarten on her way home from work. One day, mom asks Billy to walk home from kindergarten by himself. Billy insists he does not know from work. One day, mom asks Billy to walk home from kindergarten by himself. Billy insists he does not know how to walk home from kindergarten—he only knows how to walk to kindergarten. Which cognitive operation does Billy apparently lack?

Reversibility

_____ attention is best defined as deliberate concentration on one thing while ignoring something else.

Selective

A wave of light proceeds through to the back of the eye where it encounters and stimulates a receptor neuron. What process has taken place?

Sensation

A wave of sound proceeds through the auditory canal to the inner ear where receptor neurons on the basilar membrane are stimulated. The neurons send a message to the brain. When the brain receives the message, the result is a person thinking "that sounds like my mom calling me for dinner." what has taken place?

Sensation and perception

From first to last, what is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

How can a mother's interactions with a toddler result in that child growing into an adolescent with stronger autobiographical memories?

She can enhance the child's memory by having conversations about events in the toddler's life.

Which indicates that Maria has well-developed selective attention skills?

She can pay attention to her teacher's voice while ignoring the voices of other students who are talking at the same time.

Ten Year Old Chester has just been asked, "What is 10 plus 10?" He says, "The answer is 22." How would a researcher best use Piaget's clinical method to follow up this response?

She would ask Chester to explain how he came up with the answer of "22."

Older children can learn faster and remember more than younger children because older children typically show a significant increase in

Short term memory capacity.

If you want to predict later intelligence using some infant measure, which of the following measures would be best to use with the infants?

Speed of habituation scores

Which statement concerning racial and ethnic differences in IQ is FALSE?

Stereotype threat appears to account for about 80 points of the gap between majority and non-majority students.

Which process would best be described as "holding information"?

Storage

Which conservation skills does a concrete operational thinker possess?

The ability to decenter, reversibility, and transformational thought

Human infants prefer "top-heavy" patterns, including human faces. What makes a human face top-heavy?

The eyes, hair, and upper part of the ear

Why might perceptual salience lead a child not to believe in the Easter Bunny?

The fact that it would be impossible for one rabbit to deliver millions of eggs in one night

As you are reading this exam question, what would best represent information in your long-term memory?

The information you access about the concept of long-term memory that you encoded during the previous night's study session

How could Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development be applied to intelligence testing?

The person giving the test could be allowed to give hints if the test-taker answered incorrectly

As a researcher focused on the issue of sensations, how would you most likely explain why older people tend to raise the volume on their television sets and use more seasoning (e.g., salt and pepper) on their food?

Their sensory thresholds have increased with age.

Which statement is true regarding "recall" memory and "recognition" memory in elderly adults?

They are likely to be more deficient in recall than in recognition memory.

Which of the following is true of creative children?.

They engage in more fantasy or pretend play than other children.

Why do scores on infant developmental scales appear to be such poor predictors of later IQs?

They may tap qualitatively different abilities.

Which statement concerning individuals with mild cognitive impairment is FALSE?

They will show all the symptoms of dementia.

Cognition is the activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired and problems are solved

True

Who would have the highest IQ?

Tom, who is 10 years old and has a mental age of 15

A child making perseveration errors will continue to use the same strategy even though it is never successful.

True

A child's increased knowledge about the world can lead to improvements in memory.

True

A person who can decontextualize is able to separate prior knowledge from the demands of a current task.

True

A stimulating home environment is one of the best predictors of a child having a high IQ.

True

According to Sternberg, an individual high in successful intelligence is strong in practical, creative, and analytical areas.

True

An individual engaging in static thought is focused on the end state of the problem.

True

Children whose IQ scores fluctuate tend to come from unstable home environments.

True

What is the best advice concerning the accuracy of preschoolers' eyewitness testimony?

Under conditions of questioning with lots of open-ended questions, memory accuracy will likely decline.

Which combinations of memory tasks would prove most difficult to the average older individual?

Unexercised and explici

What was the key finding of the Cat in the Hat study on hearing?

Voice recognition is influenced by prenatal experience.

Sixty-five-year-old Kint is going to a psychologist to have his verbal IQ assessed. Which test would a competent psychologist select to accomplish this goal?

WAIS-IV

Harold is about to assess the intelligence of his four-year-old son, Kumar. Which test would be most appropriate him to select?

WPPSI

On the "balance beam problem," which child would be most likely to always guess that the side with the more weights will drop?

Warren, who is 5 years old

A researcher asked students of different ages, "What would the world be like if there was no gravity?" According to Piaget's theory, which one of the following answers would most likely be heard from an adolescent in the formal operational stage?

We would have to redesign classrooms with desks on the ceiling.

What can we conclude regarding developmental changes in speech perception?

With age, we become more sensitive to sound discriminations that are relevant in our own language and less sensitive to sound discriminations that are irrelevant.

Thirty-year-old Jiang has lived in China all his life and has only spoken in a common Chinese dialect. Jiang has an infant son named Woo. What linguistic advantage would Woo have over Jiang?

Woo would be better able to distinguish between the "r" and "l" sounds.

Which statement concerning memory is true?

Working-term memory provides a temporary space for processing information.

How do neo-Piagetians account for "centering?"

Young children lack sufficient working-memory capacity to attend to multiple aspects of a problem.

95. Len has a mediation deficiency. Ben has a production deficiency. Ken has a utilization deficiency. How many of these children would be able to both produce and benefit from their own memory strategies?

Zero

Which of the following demonstrates the child has developed symbolic capacity?

a child who uses a cooking pan as ahat

When describing her son's recent surgery, Sheri says, "They connected a microphone on the outside of his head. Then they surgically ran a wire into his inner ear." This description indicates that Sheri's son had

a cochlear implant.

Piaget's clinical method involves

a flexible question-and-answer technique.

Dundee has just returned to the United States from a trip to Australia. His friend asks him, "What was the best food you ate on your trip?" Dundee responds, "I kind of remember eating some great meals but cannot seem to recall any restaurants. Perhaps if I think back about where I stayed each night I'll be able to remember a great meal." Dundee appears to be attempting to use _____ to improve recall

a retrieval strategy

Once while she was about to take a nap, baby Carolyn accidentally sucked on her blanket. Now she repeatedly sucks on the blanket when she's going to sleep. This new behavior is an example of

a secondary circular reaction.

With respect to children's use of private speech, research suggests that this speech is (may)

a sign of cognitive maturity.

Test norms are

a table of test scores that indicates the average score and how to interpret the range of scores around that average score.

As a typical four-month old, Dakota's attention process is best described as

being caught by objects in the environment.

Schaie's sequential study of stability of intellectual abilities showed that

a. both cohort and age affect intellectual performance.

Because of recent advancements in surgical techniques to effectively treat cataracts, _____ has now become the leading cause of blindness in older adults in the United States.

age-related macular degeneration

In a normally developing human, mature color vision is achieved

about three to four months after birth.

Perry's (1970) research with cognitive development in college students found that many students tended to be _____ in their thought when they first started college and grow to be _____ thinkers by the end of their college careers

absolutist; relativistic

Piaget used the term _____ to describe the process by which we modify existing schemas to better fit our experiences.

accommodation

Mabel always thought of herself as being incapable when it came to fixing things. She easily developed the habit of asking her husband, Abel, to do even the simplest "fix-it" tasks, such as changing a light bulb. Then one day Mabel got a flat tire on a country road. She managed to struggle through the process of changing the tire all on her own. From then on, she felt much more capable, and started to fix more things around the house. This best illustrates

accommodation.

The main distinction between short-term memory and working memory is that working memory is

actively processed.

According to Piaget, intelligence is the ability to

adapt to one's environment.

According to Piaget, adaptation is best defined as

adjusting to the demands of the environment.

Phillip is moping around because his steady girlfriend, Janet, is going on a date with another boy she's interested in. His dad comes up to him and says, "I know just how you feel, son..." Phillip cuts him off, shouting, "You don't know how I feel. No one knows how I feel! Just leave me alone!" Philip's response demonstrates a phenomenon known as

adolescent egocentrism.

155. The primary way gifted children can be identified at an early age is by their

advanced language skills.

Many early studies suggested that childhood _____ was the driving force behind the development of creativity.

adversity

Webster has just been informed that he is suffering from a visual problem that is destroying retinal cells responsible for central vision and that he will soon find reading nearly impossible. This diagnosis indicates that Webster has

age-related macular degeneration.

Piaget's intrigue concerning _____ initially spurred his interest in cognitive development.

age-related mistakes in children's responses

Research has shown that children who undergo surgery for congenital cataracts, but who missed out on early visual experience,

are able to see details of faces, but have difficulty identifying different orientation of the same face.

The key to a personal fable is the belief that you

are unique

The ability of an infant to perceive a meaningful facial form tends to occur

around two to three months after birth

Peak levels of creativity tend to occur EARLIEST in individuals who are in the

arts.

Research on aging and creativity has shown that older individuals are _____ than younger adults.

as original and less productive with creative ideas

Piaget used the term _____ to describe the process by which we interpret new experiences in terms of existing schemas

assimilation

Piaget stated that adaptation involves the two major processes of

assimilation and accommodation.

Eighteen-month-old Mickey is visiting a theme park for the first time. At the park, he sees some zebras, an animalwith which he is unfamiliar. Despite this, he looks at the animals and shouts, "Look at the horses!" He had previously formed a mental schema for horses. Piaget would say that Mickey's reaction best demonstrates the concept of

assimilation.

Jerry likes to play with his stuffed animals, dragging them around the house by their arms, ears, or tails. He tries to do this with Tom the cat one day, but Tom hisses at Jerry and runs off, leaving Jerry perplexed and crying. Jerry's original attempt to play with the cat best illustrates the concept of

assimilation.

Carlos's teacher tells the class that they should be sure to listen to an important announcement that is coming in on the school's intercom. Carlos, however, misses the message as he is focused on a fly that is crawling across his desk. Carlos's failure is best blamed on faulty

attention skills.

Cochlear implants work by providing direct stimulation to the

auditory nerve.

Childhood or infantile amnesia is defined as the inability to access _____ memories.

autobiographical

While daydreaming in her physics class, Dorothy recalls the day the tornado hit her farmhouse last summer. Dorothy's recollection is best classified as a(n) _____ memory.

autobiographical

The Flynn effect refers to the observation that

average IQ scores have been increasing.

If an adult were cloned, a nativist would predict that once born the clone would

awaken with a meaningful understanding of the world.

Piaget argued that object permanence is fully developed at 18 months. Recent research has indicated that

awareness of object permanence is not apparent at birth but develops well before Piaget thought.

Skin receptors allow a person to sense all of the following EXCEPT

balance

The best model for explaining recall memory in children includes the factors of

basic capacities, metamemory, and strategies

As a typical teen, between seventh grade and his senior year of high school, Stefano will most likely show increases in

basic information-processing capacities, knowledge base, and metamemory.

Three-month-old infants can discriminate between phonemes. This means that they can discriminate between

basic speech sounds.

The stability of IQ scores

becomes fairly high starting at around age four.

All of the major sensory systems begin to function

before birth

Today, most developmental psychologists believe that sensations begin

before birth and that early perceptions are coherent, not chaotic.

Saturn has discovered that even though her dad won't let her play with his set of car keys, she can use a ring of metal tabs and pretend that these are his car keys. Saturn's behavior would indicate that she is in the _____ substage of sensorimotor development.

beginning of thought

According to Piaget, when a concrete operational thinker is presented with the "balance beam" problem he or she

can appreciate the significant impact of both weight and distance from center, but cannot understand their inverse relationship.

The fact that two-month-olds can detect the difference between the sound "pa" and "ba" indicates that they

can differentiate phonemes

Newborns will produce certain facial expressions depending on the taste of the liquid that they are offered. They smile when offered sugar water and frown when offered quinine. This demonstrates that newborns

can discriminate between various tastes.

Newborns look in the direction of a sound that they hear. They also try to grasp objects that they can see. This suggests that newborns

can integrate two or more senses.

One key difference between formal operational thought and concrete operational thought is that formal operational thinkers

can think about hard to imagine hypotheticals.

Piaget argued that six-month-olds were incapable of imitating a mother who is intentionally opening her mouth very wide because infants

cannot mentally represent the act of a wide, open mouth at that age.

Cognitive psychologists believe that humans are capable of engaging in "parallel processing." This means that humans can

carry out several mental activities at the same time.

Seventy-year-old Vinita has been having difficulty seeing while driving at night. When she is seen by an optometrist, she is told that the problem is the fact that both of her lenses have clouded. The correct specific diagnosis would by that Vinetta has

cataracts

Swen's doctor just informer him that in order to correct his visual problems, Swen must have his clouded lens replaced. This means Swen's visual problem involves

cataracts.

Sarah Lee is helping her dad, Jefferson, bake cookies. First, Sarah divides the dough into two equal round piles. Then, as she goes to roll her dough, she trips, flattens her pile, and begins to cry. Her dad asks her if she's hurt, whereupon Sarah tells her dad that she isn't hurt but she's sad because now he has a tall pile with more dough than her. Sarah Lee's response demonstrates

centration.

The tendency to focus on only a single aspect of a problem is called

centration.

In comparing memory capabilities in children who were experts at chess with the memories of adults who weren't, Chi (1978) tested both groups on memory of location of chess pieces and on ability to remember sequences of digits. She found that the

children did better on memory of chess, but not sequences of digits.

Dr. Gretzky defines himself as a cognitive psychologist. Given this information, you might predict that Dr. Gretzkyis most interested in

children's thinking skills.

Jack is taking a class on Piaget, and as part of an assignment, he is "testing" some youngsters on various Piagetian tasks. He gives four-year-old Meg a bag of white and striped marbles. They discuss the fact that marbles are made of glass. Meg counts the marbles—7 whites and 18 stripes. Jack asks, "Are there more striped marbles or more glass marbles?" Meg answers, "There are more striped marbles." This demonstrates Meg's difficulty with

class inclusion.

Four-year-old Kula is given a puppet and told to teach it all of the names that she can think of for certain animals and food items. At one point, she is asked the following questions about a lion: "Is it an animal?" and "Is it a type of cat?" Her correct response of "yes" to both questions indicates that Kukla understands

classification hierarchies.

The flexible question-and-answer technique used by Piaget was known as the _____ method.

clinical

The best definition of attention is that it involves

cognitive focus on something in particular

Most 10 year olds would be in Piaget's _____ operational stage of development

concrete

For the first time in his young life, Nemo is able to look at photos of aquatic animals and classify them as mammals or fish. He is also able to order them from smallest to largest. These skills indicate that Nemo has likely just entered the _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operations

Luther is developing a test of intelligence. He believes that in order to accurately generate an intelligence test score, he must assess a multitude of factors that will be added together to form the "product" called intellect. This belief indicates that Luther is a strong proponent of

confluence.

Asked to choose between two cookies of equal size, one whole, and one broken, Jenny takes the broken cookie, saying that three cookies are better than one. Piaget would say that Jenny lacks

conservation.

Jimmy watches as his mom pours all of his juice out of a tall skinny glass into a short wide cup. He puts up a fuss, because he now thinks he doesn't have as much juice as he started with. Jimmy is unable to

conserve.

People with savant syndrome illustrate that intelligence

consists of multiple and distinct abilities.

The process during which information is organized into a form suitable for long-term storage is called

consolidation

The "crowning achievement" of the sensorimotor stage is the ability to

construct mental symbols to guide behavior.

The final substage of the sensorimotor stage of development is referred to as involving _____ of secondary schemes

coordination

According to Piaget, _____ occur when an infant combines secondary actions to achieve a simple goal.

coordination of secondary schemes

Findings from the Munich Longitudinal Study of the Ontogenesis of Individual Competencies (LOGIC)demonstrated that most 12-year-olds

could recognize good or bad examples of scientific research but could not create a good experiment themselves.

Ester is in a swimming pool. Her nine-month-old son Williams is sitting on a blanket three feet from the edge of the pool. Ester coaxes her child to crawl to her. If the depth of the water is lower than the top lip of the pool, Williams is most likely to

crawl to the edge of the pool and stop.

One-month-old infants were given either a smooth pacifier or one with hard nubs on which to suck. Although they had not seen the pacifier while sucking on it, when given the opportunity to look, the infants stared longer at the type of pacifier that they had sucked on. This shows that they have

cross-modal perception.

Kao is involved with a project studying intelligence. During the study, she is first asked to name the state capitals of Wisconsin and Hawaii. Then she is asked to explain the difference between the words "destiny" and "density." Given these tasks, Kao appears to be taking a test of _____ intelligence.

crystallized

On a political science test, Barack is asked to write down the name of the main democratic presidential candidate in the United States in 2008. He has no idea of the answer, so he asked his teacher for a hint. The teacher says, "I can tell you this, when he won my friend said, "oh mama." With the hint, Barack is now being presented with a _____ memory task.

cued-recall

On a(n) ____ memory task, a person trying to remember some information is given a hint but not the entire answer.

cued-recall

If Travis is a typical college student, he would have the HARDEST time accurately recalling the

death of his father when he was a year old.

Molly's mommy is mad, and Molly doesn't believe it when mommy says, "I'm angry, but I still love you!" Molly thinks that mommy can't be mad and still love her at the same time. Piaget might suggest that Molly's thought process demonstrates Molly's inability to engage in

decentration

Piaget defined _____ as the ability to focus on two dimensions of a problem at the same time.

decentration

Gomer was born and raised in the Midwestern part of the United States. All of his life, he has been told that seafood tastes terrible so he has avoided it. One day while visiting the East Coast, he goes into a restaurant that features steamed clams. Gomer tells himself, "Those clams do smell good and many people eat seafood, so they can't be terrible to eat. I think I'll order a big bucket of steamers." Gomer's decision to eat the seafood would best be explained by the Piagetian concept of

decontextualization

The ability to separate prior knowledge from the demands of a task at hand is referred to as

decontextualization.

The most effective way to increase the performance of a young child on a task requiring attention skills would be to

decrease distractions.

Recent research has indicated that infants are more likely to survive heart surgery if they receive _____ during the operation.

deep anesthesia that keeps them unconscious

Six-month-old Trent saw his dad blink three times when he held a baby bottle. An hour after this occurred, Trent sees a baby bottle and blinks three times. This action would best be described as _____ imitation.

deferred

Piaget's work _____.

demonstrated that infants are active participants in their development.

Gibson and Walk's visual cliff experiment demonstrated that infants develop ___ before their first birthday.

depth perception

When discussing intelligence, David says, "I subscribe to a psychometric approach on that topic." This means that David would most likely

describe a person in terms of measurable traits he or she possesses.

Visual acuity is defined as the ability to perceive

detail.

The intelligence test developed by Binet and Simon (1904) was specifically designed to

determine which school children were likely to be slow learners.

A slow-reacting pupil is most likely to be responsible for

difficulty with dark adaptation.

Which theory suggests that motor development takes place over time through a self-organizing principle using sensory feedback?

dynamic systems

A teenager's difficulty in differentiating his own thoughts and feelings from those of other people is called adolescent

ego-centrism

Research has demonstrated that when shown a card with a cat on one side and a dog on another side, three-year olds seemed to correctly understand that when a researcher held the card so that the child saw the dog, the researcher must be seeing a cat. This indicates that children may not be as _____ as Piaget suggested.

egocentric

Belle is excited when she receives a telephone call from her grandmother on her birthday. When Belle's grandmother asks Belle how old she is, Belle holds up three fingers in front of the phone. Belle's belief that because she can see her fingers, so can her grandmother, reflects the Piagetian concept of

egocentrism

The inability to take a point of view other than one's own is referred to as

egocentrism

When her mommy is sick in bed, Jenna brings her a pacifier and a rattle, thinking these will help mommy feel better since they always make Jenna feel better. Jenna's behavior best demonstrates

egocentrism.

Cognitive theorists suggest that the most likely order of the process of memory when information is being processed for the first time would be

encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval.

Static thought involves a fixation on the

end state.

According to Piaget, when our internal thoughts are consistent with the evidence we are receiving from the world, we are experiencing

equilibration.

A(n) _____ task always involves attaching an electrode to a subject.

evoked potentials

Allison is attempting to recall the code number that she uses to unlock her high school locker. As she tries different combinations, a part of her consciously keeps track of the combinations of numbers she has already tried. Information processing theorists would refer to this aspect of Allison's cognitive system as her

executive control process.

Information-processing theorists use the term _____ to describe the part of the unique element of the cognitive system that plans and monitors problem-solving.

executive control processes

A study on the development of wisdom in young and elderly women by Staudinger, Smith, and Baltes (2001) found that

expertise is a better predictor of wisdom than age.

A key role of Sternberg's triarchic theory was to ______, something that is not commonly found on traditional IQ tests.

explain how people produce intelligent answersa. explain how people produce intelligent answers

Colette is participating in a research study. In the first phase of the study, she is shown a list of 20 French words. She is then asked to count backwards from 50 to 1 by threes. Colette is then asked to write down all of the French words she can remember. She has taken part in a study of

explicit

Younger children tend to rely more on _____ than older children.

external cues for encoding and retrieval

If he were a typical baby, Apollo would show the most tactile sensitivity when he is stroked on his

face.

Research by Campos and colleagues indicates that in infancy, the fear of drop-offs is likely related to the experience of

falling.

Dominique is shown a series of triangles of different sizes and colors and is asked to guess what the next triangle in the series might look like. The use of this novel task indicates that the person testing Dominique is most likely assessing _____ intelligence.

fluid

Research on changes in intellectual abilities during adulthood indicates that

fluid intelligence declines earlier and more quickly than crystallized intelligence.

Longitudinal research on IQ change during adulthood indicates that

fluid intelligence peaks and then declines, while crystallized intelligence remains steady into middle-old adulthood.

The Piagetian concept of "decentration" refers to the inability to

focus on more than one dimension of a problem at one time.

A person who had just begun to exhibit hypothetical deductive reasoning would have just entered Piaget's _____ operations stage of development

formal

Concerning the ability of newborns to hear, research has shown that they can discriminate

frequency, loudness, duration, and direction.

Bon is trying to explain why his four-year-old son, Jovi, cannot recall what happened at an exciting rock concert they attended two years ago. In doing so, Bon says, "Jovi kind of recalls being at some event with a lot of people and singing, but he has no recollection for any details of the concert." Bon's description best matches the _____ theory of childhood amnesia.

fuzzy-trace

Semantic memories are for

general facts.

A large-scale study on intelligence, income, and occupational prestige by Judge, Klinger, and Simon (2010) found thaT

general intelligence was significantly related to both income and occupational prestige

Ideational fluency refers to one's ability to

generate many interesting, novel ideas

Research on genetics and intelligence test scores has shown that

genetic factors can help partially explain between-group variation but not within-group variation.

Which of the following is considered to be a fine motor skill?

grasping a pencil

Vygotsky emphasized the importance of _____ participation in culturally relevant activities with support from others can lead to improvements in performance

guided

When Vygotsky referred to the concept of scaffolding, he was speaking about

guided assistance that a skilledindividual provides to a less skilled individual.

Rana never had any formal training in breeding animals, but had always actively helped his father in the family's business of breeding sheep. Consequently, Rana is now quite skilled at this practice. Vygotsky would refer to this skill acquisition as being the result of

guided participation

Learning through active involvement in culturally relevant activities with the aid of knowledgeable individuals is referred to as

guided participation.

Glinda jingles her keys in front of baby Elphaba's face, and she watches and smiles. Glinda continues to bring her keys up and jingle them in front of Elphaba because she appears to enjoy this game. After a while, though, Elphaba seems to lose interest in the game and no longer focuses on the keys when Glinda jingles them. This illustrates the process of

habituation

If you turn on a floor fan, an infant will orient toward the sound. After a while, it will appear to lose interest in the spinning blades. The phenomenon underlying the loss of interest is known as

habituation.

Because she believes in overlapping waves theory, Serena would most likely argue that her six-year-old daughter, Venus,

has multiple problem strategies available to her.

While Dilbert is severely intellectually disabled, he has the ability to tell you the day of the week for any future date (e.g., November 27, 2949 = Tuesday). This description indicates that Dilbert

has savant syndrome.

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) test differs from the Stanford-Binet test because only the WISC-IV

has separate scores for verbal and performance abilities.

Pearle was born with congenital cataracts. Her mother, Bailey, is a knowledgeable psychologist. As such, Bailey would know that in order to develop normal vision, Pearle should

have cataract surgery as soon as possible.

According to the intuitive theorist perspective, infants

have innate knowledge of the world and can reason about the world like adults do.

Rajan has practiced until he is able to remember the population of every country in the world. This ability will most likely

have little impact on cognitive abilities unrelated with knowledge for populations.

Typically, newborns can

hear better than they see

If you were experiencing tinnitus, you would

hear ringing in your ears.

Organic intellectual disability is the term given to intellectual disability caused by

heredity, disease, or injury.

Piaget was most interested in determining

how children learn.

An information-processing theorist focusing on intelligence testing would be most likely interested in

how children solve the problems on the test.

On a preferential looking task, a researcher measures

how long an infant views each of the objects presented.

A person's knowledge base is defined as

how much the person knows about a topic.

The cumulative-deficit hypothesis is often used to explain

how the negative effects of an impoverished environment "snowball" over time to create lowered IQ scores.

Nativists believe that

humans have innate perceptual abilities.

When asked whether it is important for some sensory damage (e.g., congenital cataract) in an infant be treatedearly, a competent physician would say,

if you hope to achieve the best results, absolutely!

Piaget's theory _____.

ignores the possibility that development may be the result of an interaction between nature and nurture.

Sally has just gotten her hair trimmed, and even though it doesn't look very different than before, she is sure everyone in homeroom will notice a big change and be focusing on her hair all day. This is an example of

imaginary audience

The phenomenon of the _____ occurs when an individual confuses her own thoughts with those of a hypothesized group of people.

imaginary audience

In assessing his newborn son's cognitive ability, Cosmo waves his hand at the baby and watches to see if his son reacts by also waving his hand. Cosmo is using a(n) _____ technique to assess his son's abilities.

imitation

Gustav was born and raised in a small fishing village in Sweden. Vygotsky would argue that this experience will

impact both how he thinks and what he thinks about.

While they both significantly affect vision, retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration differ in that retinitis pigmentosa _____ and age-related macular degeneration _____.

impacts peripheral vision; impacts central vision

A researcher develops a test in which participants are first given a list of types of fruit that includes the words "grapes, bananas, apples, oranges, and cherries" and asked to identify which is the longest. A while later, they are given the word stem "ban_____" and are asked to complete the word as quickly as possible. When a participant fills out the word by writing "banana," he or she is exhibiting what is called a(n) _____ memory

implicit

While sitting in his psychology class and daydreaming as his instructor drones on about memory, Mac suddenly recalls a great hamburger he ate at a fastfood restaurant a month ago. Mac's unintentional recall for this event provides a great example of _____ memor

implicit

Acquiring domain-specific expertise tends to lead to

improved cognitive skills in areas related to the domain.

People are most likely to regularly use formal operational thinking

in areas where they have some expertise.

The STAT test

includes an essay

A culture fair test is best defined as one that

includes questions that are equally familiar or unfamiliar to children from all cultures.

Short-term memory capacity _____ between ages 6 and 13.

increases significantly

The term "concrete" is used to describe concrete operations because

individuals in this stage can mentally manipulate objects as long as they are present (concrete example).

The use of a test yielding a DQ over a test yielding an IQ is most appropriate when you are assessing

infants

The analytic component of intelligence focuses exclusively on

information-processing skills

Problem solving is best defined as the use of _____ to achieve a goal.

information-processing systems

One of Siggy's most endearing traits is an exceptional sensitivity to other people's motivations and moods. According to Gardner, Siggy would best be classified as having high _____ intelligence.

interpersonal

Sensation refers to

interpretation of incoming sensory messages.

Cleopatra has an outstanding sense of her own feelings. This ability is best associated with Gardner's _____ type of intelligence.

intrapersonal

Five-year-old Linus is playing with his baby sister, Lucy. He takes Lucy's teddy bear and hides it behind a pillow while Lucy watches. Lucy quickly finds the bear. Then Linus puts teddy in a bag, puts the bag behind a chair (where he dumps teddy), and then brings out the empty bag. Lucy looks inside the bag, but doesn't look for teddy behind the chair and is surprised when it is not there. According to Piaget, Lucy

is committing the A not B error.

An explicit memory

is deliberately recalled.

According to the psychometric approach to intelligence, intelligence

is made up of traits that vary and can be measured.

Cognition is best defined as the activity of

knowing and processing through which knowledge is acquired.

Presbyopia

leads to difficulty in seeing object that are nearby.

Visual accommodation involves the ability of the _____ of the eye to change shape and bring objects into focus.

lens

In terms of their ability to sense pain, old people typically experience

less sensitivity to mild pain.

An absolutist believes that truth

lies in the nature of reality, and that there is only one truth.

"Successful intelligence" is BEST summarized as the ability to succeed in

life

Visual contour is specifically defined as the amount of _____ of a visual object.

light/dark transition

The information-processing approach to memory

likens the human mind to a computer.

Gardner's theory of intelligence

links distinct types of intelligence to specific areas of the brain.

The fact that newborns turn away from loud sounds indicates that they can

localize sound

Information is stored in _____ memory for a relatively permanent period of time.

long-term

When looking at faces, infants between age one and two months shift from

looking at the outer contour of the face to looking at the interiors of the face.

Piaget contended that in infancy,

looking was a developmental precursor of reaching.

Research findings from Murphy (1985) suggests that the ability of older individuals to identify food is mostnegatively impacted by

losses in the ability to smell and cognitive declines impacting memory.

Searching for a hidden toy is part of the assessment of _____ scale on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.

mental

On the fifth edition of the Stanford-Binet test,

mental age is no longer used to calculate IQ.

The average level of agegraded problems a person can solve is used to determine the person's

mental age.

An information processing theorist would most likely refer to _____ as being part of the mind's "software."

mental problem-solving strategies

Seriation involves

mentally arranging elements along a quantifiable scale.

Jack knows that he can more easily memorize and recall a list of 10 familiar words than he can 10 unfamiliar words. This knowledge provides an excellent example of

metamemory.

On an everyday problem such as what to do if you cannot pay your electric bill, _____ tend to out-perform other groups.

middle-aged adults

Sensory threshold is defined as the

minimum amount of stimulation that can be detected.

Supertasters are people with

more taste receptors than average.

The phrase, "I really want to be the best," illustrates the key element of _____ that exemplifies the behavior of many child prodigies.

motivation

Otis has just been told that his son Goober is going to be assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. As a knowledgeable psychologist, Otis would know that this test will assess Goober's

motor skills (e.g., ability to grasp and throw a ball).

Four month-old infants can best organize the world into distinct objects when the objects they are trying to make sense of are

moving.

Peter believes that his newborn already detects a difference between when he walks away from her and when he walks toward her, and that she understands that these two actions will lead to different outcomes for her. Peter's beliefs are most similar to those of a(n)

nativist

Given that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution was based on Darwin's extremely insightful observation of animals, it is likely that Gardner would have viewed Darwin as having exceptionally high _____ intelligence.

naturalistic

Research comparing elderly hearing Americans, deaf Americans, and hearing Chinese have demonstrated the effect that _____ can have on memory performance.

negative stereotypes

The most accurate summation of declines in information-processing skills in older adults is that they are

neither inevitable nor universal.

Limitations in working memory in older adulthood appear to be most directly related to reduced functioning of the_____ system.

nervous

Shirley is introduced to her friend's mother. While Shirley heard the woman's name, she had no idea what the woman's name was immediately after it was spoken. It is most accurate to say that the woman's name

never made it past Shirley's sensory register.

On a pure recall memory task,

no memory cues/aids are presented.

Ten-year-old Conrad has difficulty remembering anything that happened between his birth and his second birthday. Conrad is best thought of as

normal.

A study on the long-term retention of foreign language (Spanish) learned in high school in individuals who are elderly found that

not only did the individuals recall the foreign language courses, but as much as half of the vocabulary was retained nearly 50 years later.

A production deficiency is best described as

not producing a strategy but benefiting from strategies you are taught.

Fluid intelligence is usually

not taught and emphasizes using the mind in new ways.

Habituation is best described as learning

not to respond.

IQ and creativity scores are

not well correlated.

The best example of elaboration is

noting that the red chair and the green piano remind you of last year's Christmas party.

To a young infant, out of sight is literally out of mind. Piaget stated that this was due to a lack of

object permanence

Deferred imitation always

occurs after a delay between seeing an action and the response.

The sense of smell is also referred to as the sense of

olfaction.

Older adults seem to have the greatest visual perceptual problems

on tasks that are complex and novel.

Research on wisdom suggests that

only adults with expertise or experience display wisdom.

Research has indicated that procedural memory is mediated by the straitum. This means that

only information that is attended to is recalled.

The research study of infant memory involving a ribbon tied to an infant's foot relied heavily on _____ conditioning techniques.

operant

In an effort to study the acquisition of speech, Dr. Verball reinforces an infant every time it makes a sound. Given his research method would best be described as a(n) ____ task.

operant conditioning

Adam has a schema for saying, "Hi." He has a second schema for holding out his hand. He has another schema for making eye contact. With time, Adam is able to combine the simple schemas into a complex structure of a greeting (i.e., simultaneously making eye contact, saying "Hi," and holding out his hand to be shaken). According to Piaget, Adam is demonstrating

organization.

Piaget refers to the process of combining existing schemas into new and more complex ones as

organization.

Saffron is presented with the following list of items to memorize: bagel, carrot, ham, corn, hot dog, donut, bread, chicken, peas. Her immediate reaction is to think of the items in the following way: (bagel, donut, bread); (carrot, corn, peas); (ham, hotdog, chicken). This reaction would indicate that Saffron is using the strategy of

organization.

The fact that infants' attention seems to involve reacting to environmental stimulation (i.e. an item catches their attention) rather than being deliberately focused, illustrates the concept of a(n) _____ system.

orienting

Long-term research on children who were in Project Head Start indicates that

participation in such programs may reduce the likelihood of teenage pregnancy.

The logic of class inclusion focuses on understanding that

parts are included in the whole.

An autobiographical memory is a memory for

past personal experiences.

Focusing on the most obvious features of an object or situation is referred to as

perceptual salience.

Virginia tells her mom that "there is no Santa Claus" and as evidence, presents the fact that most of the gifts thatare supposed to come from Santa have labels from Target, WalMart, and other retail stores. Virginia's questioning of Santa appears to be based on the concept of

perceptual salience.

A _____ is a basic sound used in human speech.

phoneme

The main purpose of the executive control processor is to

plan and monitor problem-solving.

Terminal drop is best associated with

poor health

Relativistic thinking is best associated with the _____ stage of development.

postformal

Some theorists have proposed the existence of a stage of cognitive development beyond the highest level proposedby Piaget. This hypothesized level of thinking is referred to as _____ thought.

postformal

49. Moesha grew up in a society in which women were supposed to always begin a conversation with a man. While traveling in a foreign nation, Moesha learns that in this culture, a woman who begins a conversation with a man is considered stupid. This cultural distinction in the definition of intelligence illustrates what Sternberg called the_____ component of intelligence.

practical

Dr. Violet is interested in how young children perceive color. In her study, Dr. Violet simultaneously shows young children two blobs of different colors and measures the amount of time they focus on each blob. This technique is known as a(n) _____ task.

preferential looking

Mennella and colleagues found that infants who were fed sour-tasting formula

preferred the taste of sour items when they were preschoolers.

The tendency to keep making the same mistake over and over is referred to as making a(n) _____ error.

preservation

Baby Jay accidently sucked his thumb, now seems to love to suck his thumb, and has learned to do it over and over again. This best exemplifies the concept of a

primary circular reaction.

Four-year-old Jackie often mutters to herself as she builds things with her blocks. Her utterances (e.g., "the blue one goes first") seem to be a running dialogue of her actions that are guiding her behavior. Vygotsky referred to this activity as _____ speech.

private

A utilization deficiency is best described as

producing a strategy but not benefiting from its use

The main theme of Vygotsky's theory is that cognitive growth is

product of the child's social interactions within a cultural and historical context.

While attempting to find his lost toy bear, 10 month old Teddy pulls away a couch's cushion and finds the bear he watched his mother hide there 10 minutes earlier. This best demonstrates the use of _____ memory.

recall

30. In a police lineup, a witness is shown a group of potential perpetrators that includes the actual perpetrator. He or she is then asked to point to the individual who committed the crime. The basic premise of this method involves assessing _____ memory

recognition

Professor Sotomayor gives the students in her law class a multiple-choice test on Supreme Court Justices. This method of assessment requires students to use _____ memory.

recognition

Most people find that test questions requiring _____ memory are easier to answer than those requiring _____ memory.

recognition; recall

Cross-modal perception is the ability to

recognize with one sense an object that was learned through another sense

Crystallized intelligence is the dimension of intellect that includes all of the following abilities EXCEPT

recognizing relationships between two objects you have never seen before.

Programs designed to effectively improve hearing protection in teens should

reduce the stigma associated with wearing hearing protection

Breast feeding an infant who is receiving a vaccination

reduces the behavior signs that they are in pain.

Piaget suggested that the key cognitive acquisition in the pre-operational stage of cognitive development is the ability to

refer to people and objects that are not physically present.

Piaget hypothesized that an infant's first schemas for interacting with the environment always involve

reflexes.

The information-processing approach stresses all of the following basic mental processes EXCEPT

reinforcers.

One of the unique features of Gardner's theory of intelligence is that it

rejects the notion that a single IQ score can meaningfully assess intelligence.

Seefeldt doesn't understand why his psychology instructor doesn't just tell the class the correct answer. When asked, his instructor says that there is no single correct answer; it depends on each individual's interpretation. Seefeldt's difficulty in accepting his professor's answer would indicate that Seefeldt lacks _____ thinking.

relativistic

Research on aging and memory has shown that d. the severity of memory loss is unrelated to age.

reliance on data from cross-sectional studies may mean that what appear to be age differences in memory are due to other factors.

The key characteristic of a primary circular reaction is that they are

repeated actions related to one's own body thatoriginally happened by chance.

Infants appear to remember best when they experience an event

repeatedly and are provided with recall cues.

The key to a memory script is that it

represents a typical sequence of events.

When information is taken out of long-term memory, it is being

retrieved.

Su Meck is known for her astonishing

retrograde amnesia.

The process of mentally "undoing" an action is referred to as

reversibility.

While watching a pizza being cut into 10 pieces, eight-year-old Domino suddenly realizes that the 10 pieces of pizza are actually the same amount as the original one pizza. This realization best reflects the process of

reversibility.

Robert Siegler investigated the type of information that a child takes in during a problem-solving task and also what strategies he or she formulates when attempting to solve the problem. Siegler called his model the _____ approach.

rule assessment

Perceptual _____ involves focusing on the most obvious features of a situation or object.

salience

When 10- to 15-year-olds in Papua New Guinea are asked to draw pictures of the human body, they are most likely to

scribble or draw tadpole-like forms.

A _____ circular reaction is a repetitive action that involves something in an infant's external environment.

secondary

Within a minute after birth, a typical infant

sees colors and can track slow-moving objects.

Seventy-year-old Ace decides that he cannot remain effective at all types of gambling so he decides to focus only on blackjack, with the hopes that this narrow focus will allow him to perform better in this one area. According to the SOC approach, the decision to abandon other forms of gambling represents

selection

Elkind suggested that adolescent egocentrism is due to increased

self-consciousness

Nerves are stimulated during the process of _____, and the brain interprets this information in the process of _____.

sensation; perception

Piaget argued that newborns enter the world with

senses and reflexes that can assist in adaptation.

Rather than using the term critical period, it is more accurate to characterize the effects of early experience on vision as a "___"

sensitive period

Almost all of Timmy's cognitive structures appear to involve basic behavioral schemas for coordinating sensory input and motor responses (e.g., put hand near object, if object is hot, then pull hand away from object). Given this description, Timmy is best classified as being in Piaget's _____ stage of development.

sensorimotor

Information typically stays in _____ for the briefest amount of time.

sensory register

Amber can quickly and accurately arrange crayons from lightest to darkest. This demonstrates a capacity for

seriation

Bell is shown a set of jars and is asked to arrange a group of them from shortest to tallest. This is a test for

seriation

Four month-old infants appear to use object _____ to determine whether two side-by-side objects are separate.

shape

When describing the practical component, Sternberg argues that an intelligent person will

shape an environment to better suit his or her skills.

Ethel looks up the phone number of a gas station and remembers it just long enough to walk over to the telephone and dial. When she is dialing, the information is contained in her=

short-term memory.

Research has shown that children who participate in early intervention programs

show immediate gains in IQ, but the gains fade after the programs end.

Three-month-old Jordan reacts as if he believes that the basketball he is playing with actually shrinks as it rolls away from him. This reaction would indicate that Jordan lacks

size constancy.

The intelligence concept of "g" was based on the observation that

skill levels are consistent across tasks.

When driving at night, an elderly person may have trouble seeing well when exiting a lighted freeway onto an unlighted road. The most likely cause of this trouble involves

slower dark adaptation abilities.

A hallmark achievement of concrete operational thought is being able to

solve conservation tasks.

A preoperational thinker is most likely to exhibit _____ thought.

static

While observing her mother bake cookies, Lorna ignores the process by which eggs, flour, and sugar are combined and baked, but focuses on the end product of a cookie. Lorna's thought best exemplifies

static thought.

Research on early infant ability to imitate (e.g., Meltzoff, 2004) has tended to assess the action of

sticking out the tongue

At one time in his life, Edward could name every province in Canada. Somehow this information has disappeared from where it was being held. Information-processing theorists would most likely argue that this is a failure of the _____ system.

storage

Premature infants who are _____ tend to gain weight faster than those not receiving this stimulation.

stroked over their entire body

The newest aspect of Sternberg's approach to intellect is _____ intelligence.

successful

The ability to taste _____ does NOT appear to decline with age.

sweet candy

The ability to use images or words to stand for objects or experiences is called

symbolic capacity.

Ozzie is planning on attending a very loud rock concert. As such, he should be prepared to experience _____ unless he takes precautions to protect his hearing.

tinnitus

Houdini is watching a magician pour a clear liquid from one glass into another. When the liquid enters the second glass, it magically changes to the color blue. While Houdini finds the trick interesting, he is not surprised that an object can be changed from one state to another. This indicates that Houdini possesses _____ thought

transformational

Oscar, a college student, is checking seven-year-old Meyer to see what cognitive skills he has. He asks him to do some basic conservation tasks. Meyer has correctly responded that there is still the same amount of clay, whether it is in a round ball or rolled out into a hotdog-type shape. When Oscar asks why, Meyer demonstrates how the hotdog-type shaped piece of clay can be rolled back into a ball. This shows that Meyer has a good grasp of

transformational thought.

"Pete is older than Jill, and Jill is older than Pat. Who is older, Pete or Pat?" The ability to solve problems such as this demonstrates competence in

transitivity.

On Piaget's famous pendulum task, most concrete operations thinkers use a _____ approach.

trial-and-error

Sternberg is best associated with _____ theory.

triarchic

If a teacher were to apply Siegler's findings on the use of problemsolving strategies in the classroom, the teacher would

try to notice just what aspect of a problem is causing the child some difficulty.

Testing infants of different ages with the visual cliff apparatus has found that

two-month-old infants perceive drop-offs but do not fear them.

Encoding is best described as the process of

uncued recall

Conservation is best defined as the ability to

understand that some properties of an object remain the same even if other properties change.

Implicit memory is to explicit memory as

unintentional is to deliberate

While trying to solve a math problem, Vector is able to come up with a strategy that might work. Unfortunately, Vector's math performance does not improve by using the strategy. This situation best exemplifies

utilization deficiency.

By late adolescence, most individuals

utilize both scientific reasoning and intuitive reasoning strategies.

Perceptual development

varies across cultures because of socialization differences.

The key to the "fuzzy trace" theory of infantile amnesia is the belief that _____ is/are stored separately in memory.

verbatim

When describing her research, Dr. Rebhuhn says, "Basically, I take young infants and place them on a supported clear glass several feet off the ground. Then I measure whether the kid seems scared or not" Her research sounds like it involves the use of a:

visual cliff.

Research by Hubel and Wiesel on visual deprivation in cats demonstrated that

visual deprivation led to permanentvision loss in kittens and but not adult cats.

Assimilation is best defined as the process in which

we interpret new experiences in terms of existing schemas.

Martin Banks and colleagues suggest that _____ is the most important overall factor in determining what an infant will stare at the longest.

whether or not the infant can see it well

Timmy is visiting the dog pound and looking for a new pet. He looks from cage to cage until he suddenly sees a collie sitting in the far corner. He thinks to himself, "That dog looks great. I think I'll bring her home and name her Lassie." At this moment, the best example of what's in Tommy's working memory would be the

words that Timmy is saying to himself.

1 The text noted that one information-processing-based explanation for infantile amnesia focuses on the lack of space in infant and toddler's _____ memory. a. implicit b. sensory c. working d. long-term -

working

Case suggested more advanced stages of cognitive development are made possible because children make better use of the available space in their _____ memory.

working

When someone asks you, "What's on your mind?" the response you give would best exemplify the information currently in your

working memory.

Research on race, ethnicity, and intelligence has shown that

you cannot predict an individual's IQ on the basis of their race or ethnic status.

Vurpillot's (1968) study on the development of visual search found that

young children conduct extremely unsystematic searches.

Vygotsky referred to the gap between what a learner can accomplish independently and what he can do with guidance and assistance as the

zone of proximal development