psy ch 9-10

When gender differences in the brain have been revealed, in many cases they _______ psychological differences.

have not been directly linked to

Body mass index (BMI) is computed by a formula which involves what two characteristics of the individual?

height and weight

One possibility for the increased diagnosis of ADHD in children is that it is due to

heightened awareness of the disorder.

Eleven-year-old Meagan has some doubts about Ian's claim that he is the smartest student in the school. This is likely due to

her increased skepticism regarding others' claims.

The ______ subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) applies to children who demonstrate a high level of physical activity and do not do a good job of thinking before they act.

hyperactive/impulsive

Alex is a 10-year-old boy in fifth grade. He cannot sit still in class. He frequently gets up out of his chair at inappropriate times. Which characteristic of ADHD is Alex displaying?

hyperactivity

What are two risk factors for cardiovascular disease that many school-aged children possess?

hypertension obesity

In middle to late childhood, the increased pathways and circuitry in the prefrontal cortex are related to which improvements?

improved cognitive control improved reasoning ability improved attention

Children who have difficulty curbing their reactions and are unable to do a good job thinking before they act are demonstrating what characteristic of ADHD?

impulsivity

The most distinctive feature of intellectual disability is

inadequate intellectual functioning.

The ______ of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) applies to children who get bored with a task after only a few minutes.

inattentive subtype

Some experts attribute the increase in ADHD diagnoses to an increased awareness of the disorder, while others attribute the increase to ______ diagnoses.

incorrect

Areas of the brain that continue to be activated consistently show a(n) ______ in synaptic connections.

increase

Weight gain during middle and late childhood is primarily due to which of the following?

increase in the size of certain body organs

Which of the following are aspects of the development of the self-understanding in middle and late childhood?

increased recognition of social aspects of self increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description increasing social comparison

The incidence of autism spectrum disorders is

increasing

What new skills do children gain upon entering school?

increasing use of language to talk about things that are not physically present ability to recognize and talk about sounds knowledge of what a word is

Information about the importance of developing a growth mindset is referred as ______ theory in the research.

incremental

In terms of Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, the term ________________ summarizes children's interest in how things are made and how they work.

industry

Which of Erik Erikson's stages typically occurs during middle to late childhood?

industry versus inferiority

When an age appropriate individual demonstrates difficulty with the skills to learn and care for themselves, a/an ______ disability may be present.

intellectual

Which of the following concepts encompasses problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to experiences?

intelligence

______________ quotient is a person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by one hundred.

intelligence

Popular children tend to display which of the following traits?

istening carefully showing enthusiasm peer communication

With regard to prosocial behavior, the biggest difference between males and females occurs for

kind and considerate behavior.

Developmental psychologists have come to Melissa's classroom and are asking all the children to fill out surveys asking them whom they like best in the class and whom they like least. This technique is

known as the sociometric status technique.`

Before learning to read, which must a child be able to do?

learn how to recognize and talk about sounds use language to talk about things that are not present learn what a word is

A(n)___________ __________ includes difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language or doing mathematics.

learning disability

Alexis is a 9-year-old girl in fourth grade. She is having difficulty with reading comprehension, spelling, and understanding mathematical concepts. Her teacher is concerned and has referred her to the special education teacher for evaluation. Which of the following special needs might Alexis be diagnosed with?

learning disability

How can parents and teachers foster strong writing skills among children in middle and late childhood?

limit scrutiny of spelling and formation of letters provide multiple writing opportunities

In middle and late childhood, secure attachment is associated with which of the following?

lower levels of anxiety lower levels of depression lower level of internalized symptom

One important aspect of development in middle and late childhood is the ability to self-regulate, which is the ability to

manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as

managers

Using mental images, or imagery, is a strategy for improving

memory

Hank is angered when his younger brother receives the same amount of allowance as he. "I do twice as many chores as he does!" Hank expects fairness according to

merit

Knowing about knowing or thinking about thought is called ________

metacognition

When schools pay attention to helping students develop skills that entail knowing about their own knowing, those schools are fostering:

metacognition

A normal distribution is a bell-shaped curve with a majority of the cases falling within the ______ of the range.

middle

In which period of the life span do individuals have the lowest rates of disease and death?

middle to late childhood

According to Carol Dweck, by emphasizing hard work and determination rather than innate ability, parents and teachers can positively influence a child's

mindset

Dweck argued that an individual's _______________ influences whether they will be optimistic or pessimistic, shapes their goals and motivation, and affects many aspects of their lives.

mindset

What does the role of parents as managers involve?

monitoring and encouraging academic progress setting up routines and schedules structuring the family environment

According to Kohlberg, development of ______ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development.

moral reasoning

Compared to adults who are learning a second language, childhood second-language learners are ______.

more likely to learn from large amounts of input less likely to use explicit strategies less sensitive to feedback

The term dose-response effects refers to the idea that the _______ severe the disaster/trauma (dose), the ______ the adaptation and adjustment (response) following the disaster/trauma.

more; worse

Who is most likely to undertake a managerial role in parenting?

mother

According to Carol Dweck, which of the following traits are affected by an individual's mindset?

motivation achievement optimism

Children's ________ skills become smoother and more coordinated in middle and late childhood. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

motor

Which of the following issues are NOT included in a true learning disability?

motor disabilities hearing impairments visual impairments

A(n) ____________ distribution is a symmetrical curve with a majority of the cases falling in the middle.

normal

Moral reasoning asserts that rules are

obligatory, widely accepted, and somewhat impersonal.

One criticism of the Common Core Standards is their ______ approach.

one-size-fits-all

Self-esteem and self-concept are rooted in

parent-child interaction.

Developmentalists have distinguished five __________ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.

peer

Boys who are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention, as well as being more emotionally reactive, are often ______ children.

peer-rejected

According to research, which of the following methods is most effective and should be emphasized in reading instruction?

phonics

An increasing number of experts in the field of reading now conclude that a key aspect in learning to read is direct instruction in

phonics

Dweck and her colleagues incorporated information about the brain's _______ into their effort to improve student's motivation to achieve.

plasticity

Lila has many friends, shows concern, and listens to her friends. To what peer status group would Lila most likely belong?

popular

Bilingualism has a ______ effect on children's language and cognitive development.

positive

During middle and late childhood, children also make progress in understanding how to use language in culturally appropriate ways, which is best described as

pragmatics

From the ages of 7 to 30 years of age, researchers have found less diffusion and more focal activation in the _________ cortex area of the brain.

prefrontal

Improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control in children are all linked to the increased pathways and circuitry in the ______ cortex.

prefrontal

The highest level of the brain is the

prefrontal cortex.

Efforts to counteract a deprived early environment's negative effect on intelligence focus on ______ rather than remediation.

prevention

In class, girls are more likely than boys to do which of the following?

put forth more effort be more attentive participate more

Most learning disability interventions aim to help children increase their ______ ability.

reading

Interventions with children who have learning disabilities often focus on improving which of the following?

reading ability

Which five peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity?

rejected average controversial neglected popular

Ten-year-old Alexis and her friend Chloe have been spreading untrue rumors around school about their classmate Ginger because they were offended when Ginger declined to join their group. This is an example of _____________ aggression.

relational

Which of the following are influences on children's autobiographical memories?

reminiscing culture

Emotional and behavioral disorders would be LEAST likely to be characterized by

repetitive patterns of behavior.

Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ______ learning.

rote

Children with high self-esteem are more likely than other children to be

securely attached to their parents.

Which of the following describes the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes?

self-efficacy

Ten-year-old Blake tells his classmate, "I know I can figure out this math problem if I work at it." Blake is demonstrating high

self-efficacy.

Conceptualization of metacognition includes which of the following?

self-regulation planning

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autism spectrum disorders?

severe intellectual disability in all types

In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships?

social cognition

Which of the following types of reasoning focuses on rules established to control behavior and maintain the social system?

social conventional

Ten-year-old Karla describes herself as a "cheerleader." Which of the following changes in self-understanding does this best reflect?

social descriptions

Which of the following refers to the extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group?

sociometric status

All of the following are "nurture" characteristics of giftedness EXCEPT

special aptitudes at an early age.

Children who are fluent in two languages perform better than their single-language counterparts in all of the following areas, EXCEPT

spelling ability.

One potential influence on intelligence test performance is anxiety over whether one's behavior might confirm a negative assumption about one's group. This is referred to as

stereotype threat.

Good thinkers routinely use ______ and effective planning to solve problems.

strategies

Bullying has been linked to which of the following?

suicide sleep problems depression disordered eating

Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.

According to critics, Kohlberg's theory ignored which of the following?

the role of emotion the importance of gender whether moral reasoning is conscious or automatic

The ability to reduce the stress reaction of a child to a disaster depends on which of the following factors?

the type of support available for them the severity of the disaster

Anti-bullying interventions focused on which of the following have been shown to be more effective?

the whole school

Which of the following are true about the cause of learning disabilities?

they may be due to subtle impairments in brain structures and functions. They are likely due to problems integrating information. The precise cause is unknown.

Based on answers that interviewees gave for the moral dilemmas that they were presented, Kohlberg described ______ levels of moral thinking.

three

Almost ______ of U.S. students in grades 4 through 12 are low-achieving writers.

three-quarters

Some critics of multiple-intelligence approaches suggest that if musical skill reflects a distinct type of intelligence, you could also label the skills of outstanding chess players, prizefighters, and painters as

types of intelligence.

One problem with children in gifted programs is that they are often

underchallenged

African American, Latino, and Native American children are ______ in gifted programs.

underrepresented

For late language learners like adolescents and adults, it is easier to learn new ______ than it is to learn new sounds or new grammar.

vocabulary

The Common Core Standards specify

what students should know and the skills they should develop at each grade level.

Which of the following are considered to be under the umbrella of executive function and linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex?

working memory metacognition critical thinking

To develop children's _____________ skills, parents should encourage early writing but not be overly concerned with the formation of letters or spelling.

writing

According to a recent review of the research on early interventions, which early interventions have been shown to be effective in improving a child's intellectual development?

- providing education to low-income parents on how to be better teachers - teaching parents to be sensitive caregivers - attendance in high-quality child-care programs

One study showed that peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurred ______ years later in children with ADHD than children without ADHD.

3

During the middle and late childhood years, children gain about ______ pounds a year.

5-7

College instructors have found that ____ percent of high school graduates are not prepared for college-level writing assignments.

50

What has been the traditional definition of giftedness?

A gifted person has an IQ of 130 or higher.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the identification of giftedness?

A person could be considered gifted if he or she has intellectual superiority and academic aptitude.

Which of the following is a stimulant medication that can be effective in improving attention in children diagnosed with ADHD?

Adderall

Which medications are prescribed to treat ADHD?

Adderall Ritalin

Which of the following are effective strategies to help improve a children's memory skills?

Advise children to elaborate on what is to be remembered. Repeat instructional information with variations. Encourage children to engage in mental imagery. Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children.

Which of the following is the best example of stereotype threat?

African American students do as well as white students on standardized tests as long as they think that the test does not count.

The poor performance of ______ children and adolescents in math has been well publicized. In a recent comparison, the top scores in math were mainly held by Asian countries.

American

______ intelligence refers to the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.

Analytical

Members of which two of the following groups are most likely to be enrolled in academic college preparatory programs?

Asian Americans non-Latino Whites

Which of the following are generally true regarding gender differences and school?

Boys are in special education more. Girls earn better grades. Girls complete high school more often.

Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.

What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?

Cognitive inhibition Cognitive flexibility

According to Kohlberg, which of the following are true of the timing of the three levels of moral development?

Conventional reasoning begins to appear in early adolescence. The levels occur in a sequence. Only a small number of individuals in early adulthood reason in postconventional ways.

______ thinking produces one correct answer and characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.

Convergent

______ intelligence consists of the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine.

Creative

_______________ thinking is when a person thinks reflectively, productively, and evaluates evidence.

Critical

______ understanding occurs when students are stimulated to rethink previously held ideas.

Deep

Select all of the following recommendations that can be used to teach rejected children how to interact appropriately.

Discuss hypothetical situations. Engage in role playing. Watch videos tapes of appropriate behaviors.

______ thinking produces many different answers to the same question and characterizes creativity.

Divergent

______ disorders are serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.

Emotional and behavioral

_____________ function refers to a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex.

Executive

Differences between the sexes stem from primarily biological factors.

False

Most people have begun to reason in postconventional ways by early adulthood.

False

True or false: Concrete operations do not allow the child to consider multiple characteristics of an object.

False

True or false: In middle and late childhood, children become less skeptical and more accepting of claims made by others, particularly those that involve social desirability.

False

What does it mean if a person's IQ is 115?

His/her mental age is higher than his/her chronological age

Mindfulness can be used to increase all of the following EXCEPT

IQ

______________ is the ability to solve problems as well as to learn from and adapt to experiences.

Intelligence

Which of the following is true about the concept of general intelligence?

Its advocates point to its success in predicting school and job success.

______ influences what people notice and how they interpret information.

Knowledge

Engaging in cyber bullying is related to which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply)

Loneliness Fewer friendships Lower self esteem

______ awareness refers to knowledge about language, such as knowing the definition of a preposition or being able to discuss language sounds.

Metalinguistic

Why are most tests not considered culture-fair?

Most tests tend to reflect what the dominant culture deems important.

Beginning in the 1990s, governments demanded increased accountability from schools, which has resulted in the spread of state-mandated tests to measure only what students have or have not learned. This approach became policy in 2002 with the passage of which legislation?

No Child Left Behind

Which of the following are cautions one should consider when utilizing IQ scores?

Overall score is not indicative of intelligence in all domains. IQ is not a sole indicator of competence. IQ score is not a measure of fixed potential.

Which of the following explains why some intelligence experts have doubts about multiple-intelligence approaches?

People who do well in one area of intelligence tend to do well in other areas; therefore the need for multiple intelligences is not necessary.

______ intelligence involves the ability to use, apply, and implement ideas.

Practical

Which of the following are some of the gender differences that research has found in brain structure and activity between the genders?

The area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills tends to be larger in males. Female brains have more surface brain tissue than males. Female brains are approximately 10 percent smaller than male brains.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Wechsler Intelligence Scales?

The scales begin before children reach the school-age range.

Rebecca is an 8-year-old girl in 3rd grade who has recently taken the Stanford-Binet intelligence test. The results indicated that Rebecca should be placed in a special education classroom for the next three years based on her overall lower IQ score. Which of the following statements is correct regarding Rebecca's situation?

The school psychologist should only assign Rebecca to one year in a specialized classroom and then assess again using multiple intelligence measures.

When viewing gender differences, which of the following must be considered?

There is considerable overlap between the sexes even when differences are reported. The source of the differences may be biological, sociocultural, or both. The differences are averages.

What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior.

Which of the following are possible disadvantages of schools in low-income areas?

They are more likely to encourage rote learning. They may have environments that aren't conducive to learning. The buildings are more likely to be older and in disrepair. They are more likely to have low achievement test scores.

Which of the following are true of many inner-city schools?

They are still segregated. They do not provide adequate opportunities for effective learning. They are grossly underfunded.

Why are children in the concrete operational stage able to perform conservation tasks?

They can consider several characteristics of an object at once.

According to research conducted by Dweck and her colleagues, what happens when people learn about how the brain changes when they learn and study hard?

They develop a growth mindset and their grades improve.

What is a current concern in the United States about many of today's children?

Too many grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance and thus have inflated self-esteem.

True or false: Across childhood, females engage in more prosocial behavior than males.

True

True or false: Before learning to read, children generally learn to use language to talk about things that are not present, learn what a word is, and learn how to recognize sounds and talk about them.

True

True or false: Children's social cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle and late childhood.

True

True or false: Disease and death are less prevalent during middle and late childhood than during adolescence.

True

True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person.

True

Match the age of administration to the appropriate Wechsler Intelligence Scale. 2.5-7.25 age 6-16 age 16 and older

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)

Which of the following is NOT an example of autobiographical memory?

Where did you leave the keys to your car this morning?

Dodge found that ______ boys are more likely to perceive another child's actions as hostile when the child's intention is ambiguous.

aggressive

When a child's intent is ambiguous, a(n) ______ boy is more likely to perceive it as hostile.

aggressive

The term relational _______________ describes harming someone by manipulating a relationship. (Watch your spelling.)

agression

Public Law 94-142 is the education act that provided free and appropriate public education to which group of students?

all students with disabilities

As children enter school, they learn the ______ principle—the fact that the letters of the alphabet represent sounds of the language.

alphabetic

To a 6-year-old child, being fair would most likely mean giving

an equal amount to all.

One of the most important aspects of the self in middle and late childhood is:

an increased capacity for self-regulation.

Studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater ______ during middle and late childhood.

anxiety

Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, required that all students with disabilities be given a free and ______ public education.

appropriate

Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are

arbitrary and can be changed by consensus.

Stimulant medication can be an effective way to help improve ______ in children with ADHD.

attention

What is the name of the family of disorders that is characterized by problems in social interaction, problems in verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors?

autism spectrum disorders

Maria has a detailed memory of her first day of school. She went with her mom who held her hand as they walked three blocks to get to the school. When her mom left her at the classroom, she cried. This is an example of ______ memory.

autobiographical

Memory of significant events and experiences in one's life is called ______ memory.

autobiographical

Researchers have found that inflated praise may cause children with low self-esteem to

avoid important learning experiences like tackling challenging tasks.

Why can children in middle and late childhood understand the appropriate use of comparatives (shorter, deeper) and subjectives ("If you were president...")?

because of improvements in logical reasoning and analytical skills

According to Kohlberg, as individuals progress through the levels of moral development, their morality

becomes more internal.

In Ms. Greene's classroom, she displays images of children from diverse ethnic and cultural groups, selects play materials and classroom activities that encourage cultural understanding, and helps students resist stereotypes; she also works with parents to reduce children's exposure to prejudice at home. All of these are methods seeking to reduce ____________

bias

Which of the following would be the LEAST effective way to decrease a bully's behavior?

blaming the bully

The determination of whether a child is considered overweight is accomplished through the measurement of

body mass index (BMI).

Autism spectrum disorders are identified five times more often in _____________ (boys/girls) than in _________________(boys/girls).

boys girls

Autism is associated with abnormalities in which of the following?

brain structure the connectivity between brain regions neurotransmitters

How can underchallenged children be challenged more in the classroom?

by allowing especially precocious children to take college classes in their area of expertise

Which of the following are ways in which teachers can expand children's thinking and help them achieve deep understanding?

by asking students to think by asking students to evaluate by asking students to analyze

Research has shown that teachers can function as cultural mediators in which of the following ways?

by viewing students of color positively by learning more about different ethnic groups by displaying sensitivity to biased content

A recent study found that a larger waist circumference and a higher body mass index placed children at higher risk for developing

cardiovascular disease.

In Baddeley's model of working memory, it is the job of the ______ to monitor and control the system.

central executive

Which of the following are the three main components of working memory, according to Baddeley's model?

central executive visuospatial working memory the phonological loop

A good strategy is for children to learn to ___________ their thoughts, changing their perception of a stressful situation.

change

Friendships in childhood provide the function of ______.

comparison stimulation affection companionship

In middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social

comparison.

Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, didn't say hello to him when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and didn't notice him. This illustrates how older children

cope with stress using cognitive strategies such as reframing.

When people think reflectively and productively and evaluate evidence, they are using

critical thinking.

Robert Sternberg concludes that there are no culture-fair tests, only ______ tests.

culture-reduced

Which type of bullying is a new source of concern?

cyberbullying

As American students go from elementary to high school, their performance assessments of reading, math, and science ______ in comparison with students in other countries.

decline

One of the most effective bullying intervention programs, created by Dan Olweus, focuses on

decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying.

Which of the following is most important characteristic of those who become experts in a particular domain?

deliberate practice

Which of the following was behind the passage of No Child Left Behind in 2002?

demands for school accountability

Researchers have found that children who are bullied are more likely than their unbullied peers to experience which of the following?

depression excess weight gain suicidal ideation

The _____________ _________ approach to education is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for student progress, and maximum time spent by students on academic tasks.

direct instruction

In Mr. Stooker's class, students are expected to listen attentively and take notes as he lectures. This is an example of which approach to student learning?

direct instruction approach

You encourage a friend to run for class officer. This is an example of which function of friendship?

ego support

When someone is engaging in more extensive processing of information for the benefit of memory, that person is most likely using ______ as a memory strategy.

elaboration

Which term refers to an umbrella-like concept that encompasses a number of higher-level cognitive processes?

executive function

The delays in brain development in those with ADHD are in areas that are linked to

executive function.

Which of the following has/have NOT been identified as a possible cause of autism spectrum disorders?

family socialization

Micaela believes she is not doing well in science because she is simply not good in science, and that any effort she makes would be wasted. She is exhibiting a ______ mindset.

fixed

Students who have above-average intelligence and/or a superior talent for something are called _____________ students.

gifted

When individuals have expertise about a specific subject, their memory tends to be

good regarding material related to that subject.

Appropriate use of strategies and thoughtful planning to solve problems is characteristic of

good thinkers.

Abigail is 10 years old and is learning to play tennis. Which of the following changes in development are related to her ability to learn the sport?

greater coordination

Natalie is not doing well in her Spanish class, but she is sure she can improve. She has decided to spend more time studying and has even asked her parents if they would arrange for a tutor to help her. Natalie is exhibiting a ______ mindset.

growth