PSY Chapter 7 (memory)

If you read a sentence, and then rehearse it to yourself for the next 20 seconds, you are holding the sentence in:

short-term memory

What is state-dependent memory?

slightly better recall when in the same state of consciousness as when information was learned

An important source of false memories may come from:

source monitoring confusion

What is sensory memory?

temporary activation of perceptual systems duration: very brief capacity: large

What is short Term memory?

the contents of awareness at any given moment duration: short capacity: small

How can the short duration of short term memory be prolonged?

through rehearsal

What is the method of loci?

to remember a sequence of items, imagine encountering them in well-known locations

What is long term memory?

total accumulated knowledge duration: minuets to years capacity: unlimited

What is the mirror drawing procedure test and how do amnesiacs perform on it?

-a procedural motor skill is learned -impaired declarative memory for doing the task -normal non-declarative memory for the learned skil

What happens to the serial position effects is we rehearse all items equally?

-primacy effect goes away -regency effect reappears

What was the conclusion of the foreign language learning study?

-there is an initial drop in memory retention -then a plateau and retention s constant for abt 50 years after initial drop

What is the duration of visual (iconic) sensory memory?

1/4th a second

In Elizabeth Loftus's "lost in the mall" study, approximately what percentage of people distinctly remembered being lost in a shopping mall after being told that this had happened to them, even though it did not really happen?

25

What is the auditory (echoic) sensory memory?

3-5 seconds

What is the magic number of memory?

7 (+/- 2)

There are various techniques available to help people improve their ability to recall material. For example, when you remember something new by connecting it mentally to something you already know, you are using __________.

ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL

How can memory span be expanded?

chunking

What does the tower of hanoi puzzle test?

a procedural problem solving skill

What is a long term memory impairment and what two forms does it have?

amnesia -anterograde (no new memories) -retrograde (cant retrieve old memories)

What is priming?

an improvement in processing after repetition of the same or similar stimulus

Which of the following describes the term "schema"?

an organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory

What is deep processing?

attention to meaning

What is shallow processing?

attention to surface features (sound, appearance)

What is the primacy effect?

better recall for items at the beginning of a list

What are the 3 memory stores of the 3-system memory model?

sensory, short- term, long-term

What memory technique can be used to get around Short-Term Memory's limited capacity and can permit you to hold greater quantities of information in mind?

chunking

Unintentional plagiarism has been attributed to __________, which occurs when someone says they forgot having been exposed to the plagiarized material earlier and thought they had created it themselves.

crytomania

The two primary reasons why short-term memories fade are __________ and __________.

decay, interference

Learning is best when a person adopts which of the following study or practice schedules?

distributed practice

If you read a sentence, and then rehearse it to yourself for the next 20 seconds, you are holding the sentence in:

echoic memory

Supposed you chew gum every day in class, and every time you study. You reason, therefore, you should chew gum for the test too, in order to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to your learning environment. If so, you are attempting to make use of:

encoding specificity

What are the 3 stages of information processing?

encoding, storage, and retrieval

More than 300 convicted prisoners to date have been released because DNA evidence showed they were innocent, despite confident testimony from __________.

eyewitnesses

Emotional memories recalled with extremely vivid detail are called:

flashbulb memories

What is memory span?

how may items you can repeat back immediately

What is the conclusion we should take away from reconstruction during retrievel?

memories are reconstructions of events, not simple reproductions

What is true about memory and retrieval?

memory is better when conditions at retrieval match conditions at study

What is the 3 system memory model ?

memory model that has 3 memory stores that are distinguished by their capacity and duration -NOT COMPLETLY RIGHT

Dave has to remember 4 items that he needs at the corner market, so he visualizes the path he will take to get there. He imagines a bar of soap hanging from a large tree, envisions a roll of paper towels next to a stoplight, "sees" a packet of gum on the newspaper rack, and imagines the fire hydrant spurting out soda. Which memory strategy is Dave relying on?

method of loci

What is working memory?

modern model of short term memory -multiple components for storage + controlling attention

What was the conclusion of the partial report experiment?

most items are in sensory memory at first, but are lost within 0.25 seconds

What is the regenecy effect?

most likely to recall items that you heard most recently

What is memory?

persistence of learning overtime

When we have encountered a stimulus before, we are able to identify it more quickly and easily. The term for this subtype of implicit memory is __________.

priming

What is the conclusion of the trigram memory experiment?

rapid forgetting if rehearsal is prevented

Psychologists measure people's memory abilities by assessing three capacities: __________.

recall, recognition, and relearning

What is context dependent memory?

refers to improved recall of specific episodes or information when the environmental context present at encoding and retrieval are the same

Which of the following would be an example of episodic memory?

remembering where you ate lunch yesterday

Zhenya knows that St. Paul is the capital of Minnesota. Which form of memory is is Zhenya demonstrating?

semantic

The brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory is called ________ memory.

sensory