Psy exam 3
Only a small proportion, about _____ percent, of U.S. teens wish they were someone else.
20
From ages _____, the brain's neural network is sprouting MOST rapidly in the _____ lobes, which enables rational planning.
3 to 6; frontal
According to the textbook, approximately _____ percent of friendships formed in the seventh grade dissolve by the end of eighth grade.
75
What is a possible explanation as to why Asian-American students outperform their European-American counterparts academically?
Asian-American students are more pessimistic.
Charles looks down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. He immediately feels his heart start to pound and he simultaneously experiences fear. Which theory BEST explains this emotional response?
Cannon-Bard theory
Dr. Murphy studies a group of schoolchildren and follows their progress through college. Dr. Murphy is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.
Developmental
Marjorie has just completed an introductory course in psychology at a local community college. She would like to take another psychology course next semester. The college offers courses in developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology. Marjorie is especially interested in change and growth across the life span. Based on this information, Marjorie should consider the course in _____ psychology.
Developmental
Marshall was involved in a traumatic head injury that damaged the right frontal lobe of his brain. Based on the textbook's discussion, Marshall may experience which emotional change?
He may be less irritable and more affectionate.
Which statement BEST reflects a conclusion of the Carolyn Rovee-Collier infant research discussed in the textbook?
Infants retained specific motor learning, but not generalized motor learning.
habituation.
Jake is a 3-month-old baby who is no longer as interested in a puppet head as he once was. In this example, Jake is BEST seen as demonstrating:
Which theory of emotion is matched with its description?
Lazarus—Emotions reflect a person's interpretation of situations.
Al is applying for a new job with a large company. As part of the application process, Al will need to take a personality test. The test has 10 scales including a scale that assesses depressive tendencies. Al is MOST likely taking the:
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
Jason is 16 years old. One day he has blonde hair; the next day it is green. One day he looks goth, and the next he looks like a jock. He recently asked his parents if he could get a tattoo. Should Jason's parents be worried?
No, this is just Jason trying to find his identity.
Lately, 5-year-old Adam has been acting strangely. He clings to his mother and expresses jealous feelings toward his father, almost as if his father is a rival for his mother's love. Freud would suggest that Adam is experiencing the _____ complex.
Oedipus
The psychologist _____ is known for early demonstrations of the universality of emotional expressions among Americans and New Guineans.
Paul Ekman
In a psychology class debate on the trait perspective, Colin needs to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which criticism of the trait perspective would he cite?
People do not act with predictable consistency, and behavior varies from one situation to the next.
During adolescence, most individuals achieve _____'s cognitive stage of formal operations.
Piaget
Which statement about death and dying is false?
Terminally ill and bereaved people go through predictable stages of grief, such as denial before anger.
fetal
The second and third trimesters of pregnancy occur entirely within the _____ period of prenatal development.
_____ refers to people's ideas about their own and others' mental states; that is, how feelings, perceptions, or thoughts might predict behavior.
Theory of mind
Nikolas is suspected of a crime and is asked to take a polygraph test. Although he is innocent, what are the chances that he will be falsely accused?
These tests are inaccurate about one-third of the time.
Why did research participants state that they would kill one person to save five when it involved flipping a trolley switch, but then refuse to apply the same rule when it involved pushing a person?
They used the emotional part of the brain to refuse to push.
the first 3 years of life provide a poor basis for predicting a person's eventual traits.
Those who emphasize change over stability would MOST likely cite as an example the fact that:
Emotion is a response that includes physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience. These components may be exemplified, respectively, by:
a pounding heart, increased pace, and a sense of fear.
The increasing rates of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may suggest:
a relabeling of childhood disorders.
"We were arguing and the gun just went off!" This statement illustrates one's tendency to accept less responsibility for one's bad deeds. This is called:
a self-serving bias.
Samantha is typically described as soft-hearted, trusting, and helpful by her peers. She is likely to score high on the Big Five trait of:
agreeableness.
Amir is concerned because he cannot remember events before he was about 4 years old. This is called infantile _____.
amnesia
With respect to Joseph LeDoux's idea of emotional processing pathways, low is to high as _____ is to _____.
amygdala; cortex
A teratogen is:
an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.
Tom is someone who always needs to be in control. As a young child, he had a difficult time with toilet training. In which psychosexual stage would psychoanalysts say Tom is fixated?
anal
Juanita is a young doctor preparing to take her surgical skills exam. In order to avoid being overconfident and failing, many researchers would recommend that she: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices
ask other doctors to score her abilities.
Mary Ainsworth devised the strange situation to assess:
attachment.
Maura and Trish are eighth graders who have been caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her, ground her for a month, and take away her television and internet privileges for 2 months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern; additionally, they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. With respect to Baumrind's parenting styles, Maura's parents are MOST likely _____ and Trish's are MOST likely _____.
authoritarian; authoritative
With respect to parenting style, coercive is to confrontative as _____ is to _____.
authoritarian; authoritative
Leon's parents set firm rules, but are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself, and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight. Leon's parents have a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritative
Luca's parents set firm rules but are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself, and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight. Luca's parents have a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritative
Kelly is 11 months of age and just began crawling. This is likely a result of Kelly sleeping on her:
back
In his 1872 book, The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin stated "He who gives way to violent gestures will increase his rage." This quote BEST fits with which theory?
behavior feedback phenomenon
Elaine just received her grade for the final exam in her psychology course. She was absolutely sure she knew the material but received a 67 on the exam. Elaine is likely to:
blame the exam for her grade.
Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
cognition
Western legal systems that suggest that children who are 7 or 8 years old have attained the ability to reason are consistent with Piaget's theory because basic reasoning skills appear during the _____ period.
concrete operational
Geneva has an extremely clean dorm room. She keeps no clutter on her desk, she awakens very early to keep up with her schoolwork, and her car is spotless. Based on this information, Geneva would MOST likely score high on a scale measuring the Big Five factor of:
conscientiousness
Max is 17 years old. He has decided to help out at Buddy Ball this summer. He will help disabled children play baseball. Max knows that this will look good on his college applications. Max is probably in the _____stage of moral development.
conventional
Babies should be put to sleep on their backs to prevent:
crib death.
A(n) _____ period is an optimal time early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli must take place to facilitate proper development. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.
critical
Dr. Grove studies how obesity rates change from childhood through old age. Dr. Grove is MOST likely a _____psychologist.
developmental
Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-raising practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is MOST likely that Dr. Matsuko is a _____ psychologist.
developmental
An introductory psychology student expresses an interest in growth and change during childhood and adolescence. Which psychology course should the student consider taking next semester?
developmental psychology
Bonnie is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor. Instead, she is critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates:
displacement
Boris was raised in a Russian orphanage where he was given minimal care. At age 6, he was adopted by a loving American family. As he matures, it is MOST likely that Boris will:
display anxiety.
The correct order of prenatal development is zygote, _____, and fetus.
embryo
_____ is an organism's response to a stimulus that includes a mixture of bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
emotion
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was originally developed to identify:
emotional disorders.
Freud believed that as a child develops, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on a(n) _____ zone, a distinct pleasure-sensitive area of the body.
erogenous
Eli has always been an extravert. There is some evidence that people like Eli seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low. For example, extraverts:
exhibit less activity in a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition.
In a study, researchers temporarily deflated the self-image of participants by telling them they did poorly on a test. The participants were then more likely to:
express heightened racial prejudice
According to the facial feedback hypothesis:
facial expressions can affect a person's emotional experience.
If people wrinkle their noses in disgust when presented with a strange-looking food, they are likely to experience an increasingly intense emotional aversion to the food. This BEST illustrates the:
facial feedback effect
During adolescence, most individuals achieve Jean Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
Several survivors of a 2018 school shooting in Parkland, Florida, have become nationally recognized advocates for gun control. These students' ability to think abstractly about a complex topic reflects Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
Freud believed that this would retrieve painful unconscious memories, often from childhood, and then help them overcome their current troubles.
free association
Morris is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Morris was moved from one foster family to another. He was never adopted. It is MOST likely that Morris will:
have anxiety and lower intelligence
Julia was born in France. For the first three years of her life, she spoke both French and English. Then she moved to the United States. From age 3 on, she only spoke English. Now, as a high school student, Julia will study French. It is MOST likely that she will:
have less difficulty with the French accent.
Unconditional positive regard is to the id as _____ theory is to _____ theory.
humanistic; psychoanalytic
Which choice correctly pairs a personality theory with a proponent?
humanistic—Maslow
The process of developing a sense of _____ during adolescence was highlighted by Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
identity
After midlife, positive feelings _____, and negative feelings _____.
increase; decrease
The humanistic perspective has been criticized for promoting an excessive degree of:
individualism.
Wilbur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Wilbur is in the stage of development called _____versus despair.
integrity
ontinuity and stages
is one of the major issues addressed by developmental psychologists.
With respect to adolescence, biology determines:
its beginning, but not its end.
Like infants all over the world, Jonah could sit before he could stand, and stand before he could walk. This orderly sequence of motor milestones reflects:
maturation.
Research participants are presented with this scenario: "There is a runaway trolley headed for five people. All will certainly be killed unless you throw a switch that diverts the trolley onto another track, where one person will die. Will you throw the switch?" What is this scenario measuring?
moral intuition
When adolescents reach the stage of formal operations, they tend to become:
more idealistic
Vincent is a famous rock musician from the 1980s. Even though he has not had a popular hit in more than 25 years, he has his own reality television show and a line of cologne. His psychologist thinks he displays excessive self-love and self-absorption and believes Vincent displays a high level of:
narcissism
George is a participant in an experiment in which he will be asked to assess a person's trustworthiness based on a brief exposure to a photo of the person. Based on prior research results, what is the briefest exposure possible that will enable George to make an accurate assessment?
one-tenth of a second
Which choice BEST expresses the number of genes that have been linked to autism spectrum disorder?
over 400
The spotlight effect means that people:
overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them.
Toni sees herself as creative and intelligent. In Carl Rogers' terms, these attributes are:
part of Toni's self-concept.
Critics have argued that Kohlberg's _____ stage is culturally defined because it seems to appear in individualistic nations more often than in collectivistic nations.
postconventional
Preoperational children know that objects exist even when they are not visible. They can also:
pretend that one object is another.
Jung, Adler, and Horney are the key proponents to which personality theory?
psychodynamic
According to social-cognitive psychologists, the BEST place to assess behavior is in:
realistic situations.
Brenda's past experiences in college classes influence her attitude toward academic achievement, which then influence how she prepares for her current classes. This is an example of:31eqcc
reciprocal determinism
Laurent is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Laurent is in the stage of development called identity versus _____.
role confusion
Dianne feels overwhelmed. She helps her adult daughter regularly with finances and caring for her grandchildren. She is also the primary caregiver of both her aging mother and her father-in-law. She feels like she never has a minute to herself. Dianne can be referred to as being in the _____ generation.
sandwich
Piaget used the word _____ to refer to a mental framework that organizes and interprets information.
schema
Humanistic psychologists suggest that people are consciously motivated to reach their maximum potential; that is, people have a fundamental drive toward:
self-actualization.
Melissa believes that she is intelligent, caring, thoughtful, and compassionate. These qualities make up her:
self-concept.
One's sense of competence and success in meeting challenges is called __
self-efficacy
One's sense of competence and success in meeting challenges is called:
self-efficacy.
At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions are based on:
self-interest.
Preconventional moral reasoning is to conventional moral reasoning as _____ is to _____.
self-interest; social relationships
Stephanie is 33 years old. She has a full-time career and is not married. She does not have any children. Stephanie's grandmother keeps asking her when she will get married and have children, insisting that Stephanie should be married and a mother by now. She also insists that Stephanie should not focus on her career because once she is married she should not be working. Stephanie's grandmother is referring to the _____ clock of her generation.
social
Conditioning and observational learning are important elements of the _____ theory of personality.
social-cognitive
The _____ perspective on personality involves reciprocal determinism.
social-cognitive
These theories build from research on learning and thought processes.
social-cognitive
Based on the textbook's introductory discussion of adolescence, the teen years are LEAST likely to be described as a period of:
stability.
Ian is an inexpressive person who is taking part in a research study on personality. He is being encouraged to be more expressive. At the end of the study, researchers will MOST likely notice that Ian was:
still less expressive than expressive individuals acting naturally
Beginning at around 8 months of age, infants may become fearful around unfamiliar people. This is called _____ anxiety.
stranger
Which individual is expected to show the MOST severe grief?
sudden deaths
Which personality concept is matched with the correct theory?
superego—psychoanalytic
Gabriel recently signed up for a website that reunites one with former classmates from grade school. He is curious to see if many of his former friends still look and act the same. Research on stability and change would predict:
that some things about his friends will be the same while other aspects will be quite different.
Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck BEST illustrate:
the self-serving bias.
Even though Joe had been in a car accident that left him with amnesia, he was still able to remember how to do many basic tasks such as driving a car, washing his clothes, and cooking. This supports Freud's view of the role of:
the unconscious.
Which personality theory emphasizes the Big Five?
trait
Which factor is NOT a biological influence in the biopsychosocial model of personality?
unconscious thought processes
According to the behavior feedback effect, what could one do to improve a depressed mood?
walking while moving arms and looking farward
While personality traits do not do a good job at predicting specific behavior at a specific time, they do influence our music preferences, personal spaces, _____, and social-networking sites. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices
written communications
Justyce is in a movie theater and on the screen one of the actors is cut across the arm. He gasps but everyone else in attendance is silent. Which country might he be in?
China
Dr. Cole's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-raising practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is MOST likely that Dr. Cole is a _____ psychologist.
Developmental
fetal alcohol
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that are the result of a pregnant woman's heavy drinking reflect a condition known as _____ syndrome.
With respect to the pioneering theorists of cognitive development _____ emphasized the child's interaction with the _____ environment.
Piaget; physical environment, whereas Vygotsky emphasized the child's interaction with the social
Developmental
Research on how people change physically, mentally, and socially across the life span is MOST often conducted by _____ psychologists.
_____ proposed that children learn by internalizing their culture's language and relying on internal speech.
Vygotsky
With respect to personality, Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of:
unconscious processes.
_____ gave Stanford preschool children a choice between a marshmallow now and two later. He found that the children who were able to wait had higher completion rates and incomes and were less likely to experience addiction as an adult. He also found that this tendency to wait or not persisted even 40 years later. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices
Walter Mischel
_____ suggested that one can stimulate the subjective experience of cheerfulness simply by acting as if already cheerful.
William James
Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the BEST developmental outcomes for children?
authoritative
growth and change across the life span
What do developmental psychologists seek to understand?
remembered the original stimulus, making the new stimulus seem different.
When an infant gazes more intently at a new stimulus, researchers conclude that the infant recognizes that stimulus as different. It follows that the infant has:
Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck BEST illustrate a _____bias.
self-serving