PSY Final Pt. 2

Which of the following is a good reason a researcher may give for using observational methods as opposed to self-report methods?

"I want to measure something that people may not know how often they do it."

Which of the following is NOT possible?

A measure is valid but not reliable.

Which of the following is a poll likely to measure?

A person's opinions about a healthcare law

According to its conceptual definition, a variable should be related to a particular behavior. If a researcher is able to demonstrate that his measure of the variable is related to the behavior, then he has established which of the following?

Criterion validity

Which of the following is another term for response sets?

Nondifferentiation

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using open-ended questions?

The answers must be coded.

What is the first step in calculating the mean?

Add up all the scores.

In interrogating the construct validity of a measure, which question should a researcher ask?

Is there enough evidence that this measure is valid?

Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people's opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This could be an example of all of the following EXCEPT:

fence sitting.

The _____ is the arithmetic average.

mean

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey.What is Dr. Kramer's likely population of interest?

All students he is currently teaching

In a normal distribution, why isn't the percentage of scores between 0 and 1 SD above the mean the same as the percentage of scores between 1 and 2 SDs above the mean?

As you move away from the mean, the scores occur progressively less frequently

What is the most common sampling technique in behavioral research?

Convenience sampling

Online surveys commonly suffer from which of the following?

Self-selection

Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample?

Convenience sample

Which of the following is true when asking people questions about themselves?

The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory.

What does a large number for variance mean?

The scores tend to be spread out.

Why are techniques like cluster sampling and multistage sampling just as externally valid as simple random sampling?

They all contain elements of random selection.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using the standard deviation over variance?

Using the standard deviation is a more accurate measure of variability.

Under what circumstances should you calculate the median instead of the mean?

When there are a limited number of extreme scores in the distribution.

Which of the following is true of a nonrepresentative sample in a research claim?

You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring.

The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is:

cluster samples use randomly selected clusters; stratified random samples use predetermined strata.

An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity?

r = −0.18

Which of the following statements is true of observational data?

Observational measures can be used to make frequency claims

Observer bias relates mainly to __________, whereas observer effects stem from _________

researchers; participants

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special."Dr. Rodriquez decides to test the internal reliability of her measure. Which of the following results would make her happy?

α = 0.95

what does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"?

If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.

Which of the following statements is true of random assignment and random sampling?

Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random sampling is necessary for external validity.

Which of the following is true of operational definitions?

The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special."Dr. Rodriquez calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r = −0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? Correct!

There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale.

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption?

Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

Darnell would like to calculate a measure of central tendency for his rank-ordered data. Darnell should use the

median

Joseph would like to find a measure of central tendency for his occupation variable (measured as "sales," "teacher," or "other"). Joseph should use the

mode

The difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is:

multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters.

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs.Imagine that Dr. Ewell wants to videotape the children interacting in the park. Which of the following is true?

He will likely need to get permission to videotape the children prior to doing so

In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question?

It is a double-barreled question.

You are interested in how well you did on Exam 1 relative to your classmates. You convert your exam grade into a z-score and find z = 1.25. Which of the following is the best interpretation of your z-score?

You did better than average by more than 1 standard deviation from the mean

If researchers measure every tenth member of a population, they have:

collected a sample.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group of people in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. This procedure is known as a:

known-groups paradigm.

Isabelle would like to calculate a measure of central tendency for the number of errors rats made while running a maze. Isabelle should calculate the

mean