Psy of adulthood 1-4
The term ____________ is used to refer to individuals who fought in World War II:
Greatest Generation
The parents of people in the Baby Boom generation are known as
Silent Generation
Changes due to normal aging include which type of processes?
Universal and progressive
In process called identity ______________, people are able to accept negative information about themselves as part of their sense of self without feeling unduly disturbed or devastated
accommodation
When people are first confronted with new ideas or approaches, they often resist accepting them and instead use their existing schemas or ways of responding. According to Piaget, this process is called:
assimilation
The ________________ principle of adult development and aging proposes that changes build on themselves over life in a cumulative fashion.
continuity
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of development, the macrosystem includes:
culture, nationality, and the economic structure.
The Gompertz curve shows the relationship between
death rate and age.
The telomere theory proposes that the cause of aging is due to
destruction of the ends of chromosomes
The least percentage growth in populations over the age of 65 will occur around the world in countries that are described as:
developed.
Genevieve is 27 years old, finishing graduate school and living with her parents. As she makes her transition into adulthood, psychologists would consider her an example of someone in the age period called _______ adulthood
emerging
According to the plasticity principle in development, individuals can alter the course of their own development by:
engaging in physical and mental exercise.
The increased population of adults 65 and older in the U.S. can be attributed specifically to the higher life _______ being achieved by current generations.
expectancy
According to one random error theory of aging, the _________ are unstable molecules that bond to other molecules, causing cells to misfuntion.
free radicals
The behavioral genetics method in which genetic researchers scan the entire genome looking for signs of genetic disorders is known as what type of study?
genome-wide association
The behavioral genetics method in which genetic researchers study the entire genomes of family members who seem to have a higher risk of developing a particular disorder is known as what type of study?
genome-wide linkage
The idea that people become more different from each other as they grow older is known as the principle that:
individuality matters.
In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual?
microsystem
The number of people 65 and older projected to be alive around the world in 2050 is approximately
1.5 billion
The number of people 65 and older projected to be alive around the world in 2050 is approximately:
1.5 billion
People now considered supercentenarians, such as Jeanne Louise Calment, live past the age of:
110
As of the latest estimates in 2010, the percentage of people in the United States population 65 years and older is
13.0
An older adult couple in your neighborhood retired from their jobs as teachers but continue to work in the community as school volunteers. It seems as if they enjoy maintaining similar roles that they had when they were working. They would be a good example of which role satisfaction theory of aging?
Continuity
Researchers are identifying a possible genetic candidate for determining longevity known as the _________ gene.
FOXO
People who find it difficult to establish long-lasting, mutually satisfying, close relationships would be considered, in Erikson's theory, to be high on which specific quality?
Isolation
A person using the process of identity balance would have which reaction to age-related changes in physical functioning?
Maintaining a stable view of self despite the change.
Which of the following is considered an example of secondary aging?
Marrying for the third time at age 55.
The greatest emphasis on the environment is associated with which model of development?
Mechanistic
In Erikson's theory, which of the following behaviors would be considered specific to a person high in generativity
Mentoring a younger colleague.
Which of the following topics would be considered to provide evidence on the effect of sex in development?
Role of hormones in behavior.
In the Whitehall II study, the fact that social class was related to physical functioning provided a demonstration of which type of influence on development in Bronfrenbrenner's model?
Sociocultural
How does the fact that older adults are survivors influence research on aging?
The available samples are positively selected on important characteristics
Which of the following might account for the fact that the people who live to old age are the "survivors"?
Their families provided a strong support network
Individuals who are in the period of emerging adulthood are likely to show which qualities?
Transition to responsible family and work roles.
Researchers studying the volume of the hippocampus within the brain showed the importance of examining individual differences in aging by finding that:
at least some older adults studied had equal or higher brain volume than some young adults
Researchers studying caloric restriction find that rats fed on diets low in total calories
have longer lifespans
A 35-year-old woman feels concerned about her career because she believes that, by this age, she should have advanced further than she has by now. Her concern would be best explained by which theoretical approach to understanding development?
life course
The view that development is best viewed as continuous throughout life is referred to as the __________ perspective
life span
[As discussed in class], mice with mitochondrial DNA defects show what effects on aging?
loss of muscle and spine strength.
Which of the following would be considered an example of "normal" age-related psychological changes?
moderation of personal qualities
Which of the following would be considered a "social" age-related factor in the biopsychosocial perspective?
Becoming a grandparent
The multiple jeopardy hypothesis proposes that ageism will be most severe for people who have which characteristic?
Being from more than one category of minority status.
People referred to as "old-old" have which specific characteristic?
Between the ages of 75-84
Organismic models of development are most likely to include which types of aging theories?
Biological
Of the following areas of aging, which would be considered a "biological" component of the biopsychosocial model?
Changes in muscle mass
The country with the highest number (not percent) of individuals 65 and older is:
China
The Centers for Disease Control regards which of the following as one of the five most important "bad habits" that can reduce the quality and quantity of a person's life?
Cigarette smoking
Which of the following is a documented risk factor for developing cataracts?
Cigarette smoking.
In the Selective Optimization with ____________ model, older adults are proposed to cut down on the abilities they are weak and make up with the abilities on which they show greater potential for improvement.
Compensation
A 79-year-old woman's exercise routine includes resistance training three times a week for an hour alternating with one-hour workouts on an elliptical machine. As a result, she will experience less of which particular age-related change in physical functioning?
sarcopenia
Due to the process of ______ aging, an older adult may develop a disease such as skin cancer after years of exposure to the sun.
secondary
When the unhealthy members of a sample die out, the scores of the survivors seem to "rise" even though they may not change in reality. This research problem in studies on aging is referred to as:
selective attrition
The feeling that a person is able to succeed at a specific type of task is referred to as
self-efficacy
The term "gender" refers to:
self-identification as male or female
In ____________ studies of aging, researchers collect data from more than one cohort at more than one time period
sequential
In genome-wide association studies on genetic causes of aging, researchers are seeking to identify genetic variations in sequences of amino acids known as:
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).
A world-class tennis player decides to end her career and retire at the age of 24. Her _____ age would be approximately 65 years old.
social
The main focus of the large British study known as Whitehall II is on the role of ____________ as a factor in development.
social class
The idea of being "on-time" or "off-time" in achieving major life goals is considered an important element of adjustment in the __________ model.
social clock
The changes that individuals experience in income and residence when they retire and move out of the home where they spent their working lives would fall into the ____________ domain of the biopsychosocial model.
sociocultural
The term life ______ refers to the maximum number of years that a species lives, reflecting its genetic inheritance
span
Research on adaptation to aging suggests that the most important factor determining your health, happiness, and longevity may very well be your ______ age.
subjective
The multiple threshold model of aging predicts that people will experience challenges to their identities as they get older in a ______________ manner.
sudden
Because the _____________ are the individuals we study in later life, researchers caution that the findings may not be true for everyone born in a given period of time.
survivors
The ends of the chromosome lost with repeating cell replications that are thought to underlie the aging process are called the:
telomeres
The gradual loss of cognitive abilities as individuals get closer to death is referred to in research terms
terminal drop
The rapid loss of functioning that individuals may experience at the very end of their lives is known as _________ aging:
tertiary
As proposed by terror management theory, the cause of ageism can be traced to:
the anxiety that people feel about their own deaths.
The main reason that older adults are more likely to die during extreme periods of cold weather is that:
they cannot maintain their core body temperature.
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is controlled by which set of hormones in the endocrine system?
thyroid
Sunscreen protects you from which harmful rays?
ultraviolet
The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration advises that a good working position at a computer involves:
upper arms and elbows to be close to the body
A man is worried about the possibility that his 83-year-old wife might fall and break her one of the bones in her ___________, which is one of the most susceptible in the body to loss of mineral content:
upper thigh
The modernization hypothesis of ageism proposes that attitudes toward older adults will be most negative in societies that:
value people for the amount they can produce and contribute to society.
A 77-year-old man has loved to jog for his entire life, and he is still able to keep up a pretty good pace. However, he is suffering hearing loss which makes it difficult for him to enjoy the music he likes to play while out on his run. In addition, he's noticing that it's getting harder for him to see the street signs unless the sun is brightly shining. This man illustrates which principle of aging?
multidirectionality
The idea there are differences within the individual in the rate of aging is referred to as:
multidirectionality.
The large impact that Hurricane Sandy had on residents of the Northeast U.S. in 2012 makes it a ________________ influence on development
normative history-graded
A centenarian falls technically into the category of which division of the older adult population?
old-old
A research lab that focuses on studying the aging process is attempting to find the specific set of genes that control aging at the cellular level. It is likely that the researchers in this lab are operating from the ____________ model of development
organismic
Research on genetic explanations of behavior suggests that stress during a mother's pregnancy can lead to changes in the _______ of the developing child's body.
proteins
Some research evidence suggests that drinking red wine can slow the aging because it contains
resveratrol
To indicate a broadening of our understanding of changes in individuals over time, the term developmental _____________ is increasingly becoming used in the field.
science
Normal changes in the cardiovascular system with age in adulthood are reflected in a lowering of which measure?
Aerobic capacity
A build-up of pressure within the eyeball is involved in which form of blindness that affects older adults?
glaucoma
A psychologist is conducting a study on the effect of intergenerational contact on happiness ratings, focusing on how such contact can be beneficial to older adults. . In one condition, she pairs an older adult with a young child and in the other she pairs two older adults with each other. Both sets of pairs meet for 30 minutes at a time. In this study, the dependent variable is the:
happiness ratings of the older adults
The number of years a person can expect to live with relatively little disability is known as:
health expectancy
Presbycusis seems to have the greatest effect on hearing sounds that are:
high in pitch.
Melatonin supplements, occasionally used by older adults to offset changes with age, may have unwanted effects such as:
drowsiness
The text recommends that the best advice for an older adult trying to maintain his or her digestive functioning is to:
eat a diet that includes a relative balance among nutrients
In epidemiological studies, researchers obtain prevalence statistics when they want to investigate the percent of people who:
ever had a given disease
Research on the olfactory sensation in older adults suggests strongly that one of the most important causes is:
exposure to environmental toxins.
Maintaining healthy cardiovascular functioning throughout your life means that you try to maximize which component in the blood?
high-density lipoprotein
Increases in cortisol with age are thought to have negative effects on which of the body's organs?
hippocampus
Developmental researchers who study time of measurement effects on psychological functioning are most interested in finding out:
how current social conditions affect scores
A natural shrinking with age of the thymus gland contributes to the process known as:
immune senescence
Census 2010 estimates that the number of people 65 plus and older in the U.S. is _____ million.
40.3
What percent of the total U.S. 65 and older population is male?
42
What was the average life expectancy at birth in 2010?
78.7
Central vision is affected but peripheral vision is maintained in which cause of blindness in later life?
Age-related macular degeneration
The ethical principle of debriefing requires that a researcher who uses deception in an experiment is obligated to:
provide a complete description of the study's purposes and answer any questions
Which of the following categories would be considered an example of "race" as used in the 2010 U.S. Census?
American Indian
The most appropriate method of analysis for data obtained from focus groups, such as older adults discussing their views about healthcare, would be:
qualitative
Because age cannot be an independent variable, research on aging uses a(n) ______________ type of design
quasi-experimental
A researcher finds that after completing all three analyses in the Most Efficient Design, the 50-year-olds differ from the 60-year-olds in two of the three analyses. To conclude that age was a factor in producing these results, which design would need to show no significant effects?
Cross-sequential
The adrenopause observed in older adults reflects age-related changes in which hormone?
DHEA
One way you can communicate more effectively with older adults who suffer from hearing loss is to:
reduce interference from outside noise
Gerontologists recommend that older adults at risk of falling receive which type of intervention?
reduce the fear of falling
Tests that produce consistent results are said to be psychometrically:
reliable
Research shows that the minority of older adults fall into which category of circadian rhythms?
Definitely evening.
The idea that older adults are much more satisfied with their lives when they are able to leave behind their former social roles and involvements is consistent with which role adjustment theory?
Disengagement
Because the state of _______________ has such a high percentage of adults 65 and older, political candidates put heavy emphasis into making promises about Medicare and Social Security when they campaign there.
Florida
The ________ curve illustrates the relationship between death rate and age for different species
Gompertz
The somatopause of aging involves changes in which hormones?
Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor
In the model of aging known as ____________, changes with age in the brain occur in which older adults can activate the hemisphere opposite to the one usually used in a task.
HAROLD
Which parts of the body seem to undergo the greatest losses in touch sensitivity?
Hands and feet.
An older adult faced with issues pertaining to autonomy vs. shame and doubt, in Erikson's theory, might be confronting which situation?
Having to move to a nursing home instead of being able to live independently.
Women experiencing the menopause may encounter which of the following physiological symptoms?
High blood pressure
The qualitatitve method would be most appropriate for research investigating topic in the psychology of aging?
How older adults feel about grandchildren
People who resolve the industry vs. inferiority issue associated with Erikson's psychosocial theory unfavorably are likely to have difficulty in which area of development?
Identifying with the work ethic.
A 70-year-old who refuses to think of herself as hearing impaired even though she truly has difficulty hearing conversations at ordinary levels, would be considered to show which identity process?
Identity assimilation
Which type of epidemiological study do researchers use when they want to estimate the percent of people who first show symptoms of a disease?
Incidence
A researcher conducting a cross-sectional study on age differences in health habits wants to look at people in their 20s vs. people in their 70s. This research might be improved by which of the follow
Include a middle-aged group to reduce the age span being compared
75-year-old Mrs. A. has difficulty with her vision due to cataracts but her friend Mrs. B., also 75, can see perfectly. However, Mrs. B.'s arthritis makes it difficult for her to walk while Mrs. A. recently ran a senior marathon. This example illustrates which principle of adult development and aging?
Interindividual differences.
Which research method was used in the NSHAP study on aging and sexuality in which older adults reported on their sexual experiences?
Interviews
Age cannot be used as an independent variable in developmental research because:
It cannot be manipulated by the experimenter
The nephron is the cell responsible for the efficiency of which organ in the body?
Kidney
A British documentary film maker followed a group of children every 7 years starting when they were 7 years old and continuing to track them down through age 56. This film comes closest to which type of developmental research design?
Longitudinal
Although always a problem in research on aging, the issue of selective attrition most clearly affects what type of study?
Longitudinal
According to the biological theory known as error catastrophe, the most significant effects of aging involve which structure in the cell?
Mitochondrial DNA
The _____________ refers to the approach that combines the three sequential designs
Most Efficient Design
Which racial/ethnic minority group in the U.S. is expected to show the largest decrease in the U.S. population between 2010 and 2050?
Non-hispanic White
According to the World Health Organization, which is one of the stereotypes about aging?
Older people are helpless and unable to care for themselves.
Behavioral controls for helping individuals cope with incontinence include engaging in which type of measures?
Pelvic muscle training
According to the continuity principle of adult development and aging, the experiences you have as a young adult will play what role in your development?
People retain their identities about as they get older, even though their appearance changes
Changes over time in an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as they cope with the physical changes involved in aging fall into which domain of the biopsychosocial perspective toward aging?
Psychological
The index of age that represents a person's functioning on measures such as intelligence, memory, and learning ability is called ___________ age.
Psychological
Which model of development emphasizes the influence you have on the other people in your home, school, and community?
Reciprocal
Highly developed countries that have nearly equal birth and death rates have an age-sex structure that resembles which shape?
Rectangle
The role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in the research process involves which procedures?
Requiring that researchers protect the rights of their participants
In the condition known as sleep apnea, the older adult experiences which symptoms during the night?
Restricted airflow in the throat.
Extensive research on exercise involving weight lifting and resistance training shows that these forms of exercise help to offset which normal age-related change in the muscles?
Sarcopenia.
Researchers who want to test causal hypotheses about a set of relationships involving age and other variables are likely to use which specific type of design?
Structural equation model
In the National Social Life, Health and Aging Study, researcher collected data on the sex lives of adults 57 to 85 years of aging by using which type of methodology?
Survey
Research has shown that the regular practice of _________ can help reduce an older person's risk of falling
Tai Chi.
Researchers conducting cross-sectional studies on aging have which specific advantage over researchers who conduct longitudinal studies?
They do not have to worry about practice effects
The cross-sequential design is designed to allow researchers to determine whether cohort and ___________ influence the patterns of results in developmental studies
Time of measurement
In a prospective study of development, researchers use which type of approach?
Track participants before and after they experience a major life transition.
The selective optimization with compensation model proposes that older adults engage in what type of behavior when faced with loss?
Try to put more energy into the abilities which they care about the most
The ageist stereotype that older adults are "past their sell-by date," according to the World Health Organization, is refuted by the fact that:
a 100-year-old Canadian woman completed a marathon in Toronto.
A young woman joins her college's intramural tennis team because it's a sport she always wanted to try but had no opportunities to do so. It turns out that she's virtually a natural and soon advances to the top of the varsity team's roster. This example illustrates which process in in individual-environment interactions?
accommodation
In the process called identity ______________, people are able to accept negative information about themselves as part of their sense of self without feeling unduly disturbed or devastated.
accommodation
In the cohort-sequential design, researchers manipulate cohort and:
age
The Most Efficient Design would most likely be employed when researchers wish to compare the effects of:
age vs. cohort
One of the primary causes of aging of the respiratory system involves changes in the air sacs known as the:
alveoli
When older individuals experience the condition known as ____________________, they are likely to show pattern baldness.
androgenetic alopecia
The ethical principle of ____________ cannot be maintained in longitudinal study, where researchers must keep track of the names of their participants.
anonymity
The term __________ captures the concept that aging involves an interaction among processes such as physical changes, cognition, and social context:
biopsychosocial
Selective attrition typically involves the people initially most ______________ dropping out of a longitudinal study earliest.
capable
The changes that take place over time, according to the ecological model of development, fall into the realm of the:
chronosystem
Older adults with a history of ___________ are more likely than others to experience loss of smell and taste sensitivity.
cigarette smoking
According to a large study conducted in the U.K., older adults who suffer from chronic back pain also have a higher rate of:
cognitive symptoms
Classifying groups of people studied in developmental research based on when they were born involves distinctions based on which type of categorization?
cohort
The fact that the "Greatest Generation" was raised in the 1930s, leading them to share certain sociocultural influences, is an example of which factor affecting developmental research results?
cohort
Changes with age in the dermis layer of the skin are associated with age-related alterations in which protein, also found in connective tissue throughout the body?
collagen
A researcher obtains information about one of her older participants in a study that suggests the participant may have difficulty driving. According to the ethical principle of ______________, however, she cannot report this to the participant's family.
confidentiality
A test that measures what it is supposed to measure and not relate to something else stands up to the psychometric criterion known as ____________ validity.
criterion validity.
Online headlines from a major new study report that sexual interest diminishes as people get older. However, as you read the article in more detail, you realize that the study only compared people of different ages. Therefore, this study was _____________ and could not permit conclusions about age changes.
cross-sectional
A method in which researchers gather data on a frequent basis from the same people over a period of weeks or months is called a(n) _______ study:
diary
An 80-year-old woman is suffering from limited range of motion due to degenerative changes in her knees, shoulders, and wrists. If you were her physical therapist, you might suggest that she offset these changes by engaging primarily in:
flexibility training.
Ethical guidelines require that researchers obtain ________________ in which they provide information about a study's risks and benefits to each participant and then obtain their signature indicating they understand it:
informed consent
A man in his 50s finds that he does his best work when he allows himself to daydream or even take a break and play a video game. According to Erikson, this man would be high in the quality of:
initiative
In a large-scale study investigating the relationship between intelligence and lifestyle, researchers administer a set of 10 intelligence tests which they then convert into one underlying factor. They relate this underlying factor, in turn, to various lifestyle variables such as exercise, diet, and leisure activity participation. The converted intelligence factor is known, in structural equation modeling terms, as a(n):
latent variable.
Researchers attempting to predict whether or not a person will develop a disease from a set of risk factors are most likely to use the statistical method called:
logistic regression
Barb E. Dahl is a 72-year-old woman who is pleased that for the first time in her life she has finally been able to shed excess pounds without having to diet. In reality, however, Barb's weight loss is probably not so good because it is due to:
loss of muscle mass
In multivariate correlational studies testing _________, researcher compare the correlation between two variables with and without the effect of a third.
mediation
Age-related changes in the hippocampus are associated with loss of functioning in the area of:
memory
The concept of plasticity in the nervous system refers to the fact that:
mental and physical exercise can offset age-related changes
To evaluate the relationship between gender and psychological well-being, a researcher examines a set of 45 studies that all include similar types of measures. The researcher then is able to provide a measure of "effect size" to indicate the strength of the relationship. This type of approach is called a(n):
meta-analysis
In multivariate study, researchers are attempting to understand the joint contributions of age and gender to the outcome of scores on a measure of depression. Because age does not predict gender nor does gender predict age, both variables have the status of being:
moderators
Sarcopenia is associated with age-related changes in the___________:
muscles
Researchers who study the aging of the central nervous system contrast the view that growth is always possible with the model stating that aging causes inevitable degeneration, known as the:
neuronal fallout model.
In a study examining the factors that influence whether drivers of different ages are likely to speed through an intersection, researchers set up recording devices at several major traffic lights in one town. They then estimate their ages and estimated speeds from the recordings. This would be an example of what type of study?
observational
In the condition known as ______________, the individual has difficulty controlling urination and feels the need to urinate more frequently than normal.
overactive bladder
Experts worry that future generations of older adults will experience more age-related hearing loss due to which preventable behavior?
overuse of earphones in portable listening devices.
Although only experimental studies can ultimately test causality, many researchers in the field of aging use multivariate techniques, such as ____________, because they allow for testing inferences about causality
path analyses
For a researcher in a given field to find that both the time-sequential and the cohort-sequential designs produce significant age effects, then it is possible that the results reflect true ________ aging:
personal
In a cross-sectional study on aging, the most important factor to control for is:
practice effects.
A number of studies relate age-related changes in the ____________ and decreases in planning and ability to encode information in long-term memory.
prefrontal cortex
Normal age-related changes in the lens of the eye results in which condition that afflicts all older adults?
presbyopia
middle-aged and older adults wear bifocals to correct for which age-related change in the eyes?
presbyopia
The normal enlargement of the ___________ gland in men may cause difficulties with urination and pain
prostate
Researchers studying the effects of videogame training on the cognitive abilities of older adults expose separate groups of male and female participants to a training condition and two other groups to a no-training condition in performance on a cognitive test. They then conduct a similar comparison involving male and female younger adults. In this study, the only true independent variable is:
videogame training
Brain scans show that older adults have more of these abnormalities in the brain consisting of clumps of dying neurons known as:
white matter hyperintensities (WMH)
