PSY Study Guide (States of consciousness)

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

Consciousness

List and exemplify the two different kinds of awareness that are part of consciousness

Consciousness describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Awareness of external stimuli includes seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend.

How is consciousness defined?

our awareness of ourselves and our environment; the state of awareness

NREM sleep is a period of sleep

outside periods of REM sleep

What is sleep?

periodic, natural loss of consciousness; low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness

What are the different stages of sleep?

NREM - Stage 1, Stage 2, stage 3 and 4 REM

What is the difference between REM and NREM?

NREM is the period of sleep outside periods of REM. Dreams happen in REM.

What is a circadian rhythm?

biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours

What is melatonin?

important regulator of sleep-wake cycle

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

What is Freud's theory of dreams?

Dreams have meaning; the day residue shapes dreams that satisfy unconscious needs in disguised fashion

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

Four

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

Homeostasis

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Sigmund Freud

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

Sleep

How is sleep different from wakefulness?

Sleep is a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. Wakefulness is characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.

What are the four stages and what happens in each stage?

Stage 1: Transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; when a person drifts to sleep. Stage 2: Body goes into deep relaxation Stage 3: Deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves. Stage 4: Deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

What is Cartwright's theory of dreaming?

We mull over major problems in our lives with reduced logical constraints

The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

circadian