psy test 1

A correlation coefficient that is close to ___ would indicate a strong negative correlation.

-1

A correlation coefficient that is close to ___ would indicate a strong positive correlation.

1

How many and what type (measured or manipulated) of variables are necessary to support each of the claims below? Then provide an example of each and variables that could be used. Frequency claim Association claim Causal claim

1) one measured variable 2) at least two measured variables 3) measured and manipulated variables

What is problematic about being swayed by a good story?

A good story may not be supported by data

How are basic and applied research different?

Basic research is research of basic info. Applied research take a basic research and created new development, tech research is creating new product with the info from basic and applied

Name and describe the kinds of biases of intuition discussed in the text

Being swayed by a good story: Accepting a conclusion just because it makes sense or feels natural. Being persuaded by what comes easily to mind: Availability heuristic. Things that pop up easily in our mind tend to guide our thinking. Failing to think about what we cannot see: People forget to think about the information that is not put in front of them. Focusing on the evidence we like best: Confirmation bias, Seeking and accepting only the evidence that supports what we already think. Biased about being biased: The belief that we are unlikely to fall prey to the other biases previously described

Imagine that Dr. Toegel is talking to herself about biases that might influence a hiring decision. Being an expert in psychology (or at least a specific area of psychology), she exclaims: "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would!" What is kind of bias described in the chapter is Dr. Toegel experiencing?

Bias blind spot

Science journalists have argued that cigarette smoking leads to a variety of health problems. What type of claim are they making?

Causal claim

Provide three examples of causal claims

Eating 5 pickles a day leads to an increase in dopamine Smoking a cigarette once a month for 6 months can ruin your lung capacity by 40% Family vacations curb teen depression rates

_______________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory

Empiricism

If a researcher wants to identify results that can apply to the most number of people possible, what kind of validity would they be trying to maximize?

External validity

What are some tips that can help you 'read with a purpose'

Highlight, annotations, and have a reason for reading

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic

Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases

Provide three examples of language that would hint that a person is making an association claim

May predict, is linked to, at higher risk

What kind of research is it called when a researcher finds all of the studies that have examined this topic, combines the results of all these studies, and calculates an effect size

Meta-analysis

Scientists often say that more data are needed to draw conclusions about the accuracy of new theories and are reluctant to accept new claims without empirical support. What scientific norm does this illustrate?

Organized skepticism

Provide as many reasons as you can think of that research studies are superior to personal experience

Personal experience is very biased, and research studies are based on actual facts that have been researched, tested, and studied. There are always exceptions to research studies. By using personal experience you could be spreading disinformation

Provide three examples of association claims.

Smaller cars could lead to more car crashes Driving at night could improve eye sight Countries with more bread have happier citizen

What is true of variables?

Some variables can be either manipulated or measured.

Why is it important to adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner?

To avoid being swayed by personal opinions or a story that is not supported by data

How does research overcome problems related to experimental confounds?

Using careful controls to make sure that they are changing only one factor at a time

Provide three examples of language that would hint that a person is making a causal claim.

Worsens, promotes, affects

Assuming that there is a positive relation between variables X and Y, what should happen to X as higher levels of Y are measured?

X will reach higher levels

What kind of bias is invoked if a person asks questions only to get the answers that he/she/they want

a confirmation bias

What is a "hypothesis"?

a prediction

Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as _______________ research

applied research

If you want to be able to make a causal claim, what kind of research do you need to conduct?

casual exploratory research

Different factors that could account for significant results that are not ruled out by the experimental design are called what?

confounds

In addition to a group or condition in which participants are exposed to the experimental variable, what kind of group or condition is necessary to include in order to determine effects of an experimental manipulation

control group

What kind of variable does a researcher measure in an experiment?

dependent variable

________ validity tends to be higher in experiments than in other types of studies

external

Why is peer review a useful tool for scientific journals

helps prevent flaws in research and also to uphold the quality of the literature and the knowledge base. It is also useful to provide another form of scientific communication between researchers

What kind of variable does a researcher manipulate in an experiment?

independent variable

When researchers conduct an experiment comparing two different treatment conditions, they are likely to be more concerned with ________ validity than ________ validity

internal external

Assuming that there is no (or Zero) relation between variables X and Y, what should happen to X as higher levels of Y are measured?

not move

Advice that is based on ________ is most likely to be correct.

research

who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study?

researcher

Provide an example of an operational definition from your knowledge of psychology in everyday life.

the statement of procedures the researcher is going to use in order to measure a specific variable

According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as _______________ research

transitional

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing the components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object, is known as _______________ research

transitional

Assuming that there is a negative relation between variables X and Y, what should happen to X as higher levels of Y are measured?

y gets lower

A correlation coefficient that is close to ___ would indicate no correlation

zero

1. Provide three examples of frequency claims.

Most people in america eat red meat 65% of people dont fully stop at stop signs 84% of people brush their teeth before breakfast

Provide three examples of language that would hint that a person is making a frequency claim.

Most, percentage, all

Provide a description of an experimental confound using an everyday example

Testing whether boys/girls do better on an exam:Sleep the night before, Have they eaten, How much did they study, Stress levels, Age. These could be confounding variables in the study of whether boys/girls do better on exams because these variables could all alter the performance of the students taking the exam

1. Describe the kind of information that would be included in each of the following sections of a journal article: Title page Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion References Tables Figures Appendix/Supplementary Materials (Optional)

Title page: title Abstract: Summary of the article Introduction: Introduction to the area of research: Method: Description of the way participants were assigned to conditions and the setting used to conduct the study Results: The outcome of the experiment Discussion: you find an authors interpretation of the results in the context of the research area References: List of referenced articles Tables: Presents numbers for comparison Figures: Visual representation of results