psy test 1 review

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which two questions should you ask yourself as you read?

"What is the argument?" and "What is the evidence to support the argument?"

Name three ways that articles published in scientific journals are different from journalistic articles.

1. The intention of audience is different between scientific journals and journalistic articles. When scientists are reporting their findings, their intentions are for the scientific world to see. On the other hand, journalist are reporting for the general body of people to see. Usually they will report on something cute or with the intentions of creating click-bait. 2. When scientists are submitting their work, it goes through a peer-review process and the published of the journal must approve of it's publication. The peer-review process ensures that people in the scientific world can approve of the findings and the study. With journalists, they may have their article reviewed by an editor at their magazine or newspaper but these editors are not specialists in the field. 3. Lastly, and probably the most simple difference, is the writer of the journal vs article. The journal is written by the scientist who knows the ins and outs of every part of the study and findings, while the journalist is simply trying to recap/dumb-down what the scientist said. This can lead to the journalist misunderstanding the study or results.

which of the following is NOT an example of applied research

A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure

Which of the following is the correct ordering of the sections of an empirical journal article?

Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References

Which of the following is the difference between claims based on personal experience (anecdotal claims) and frequency claims?

Anecdotal claims are not based on scientific studies but frequency claims are.

what does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic?

Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Anton is concerned that the researcher made a Type I error. What does that mean?

The researcher concluded there was a relationship, but there isn't really one.

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her iPod. She typically remembers to charge her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music?

Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner.

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1 Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions. Susan's prediction that students who have all three needs met will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of which of the following?

a hypothesis

Diego is interested in examining the relationship between a person's attachment style and his or her relationship satisfaction. He finds 65 studies that have examined this topic. He combines the results of all these studies and calculates an effect size. His research is most accurately described as:

a meta-analysis

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1 Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions. Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following?

a theory

which of the following could be considered a source of empirical evidence?

a thermometer

When reading an empirical journal article "with purpose," why should you read the abstract first?

abstract

which of the following is an example of being a producer of research?

administering an anxiety questionnaire

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Why should Anton NOT interrogate the internal validity of the study?

because the study's claim is an association claim

The two biases of intuition discussed in the text are:

being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind

Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims?

both strong positive associations and strong negative associations

asking questions to get the answers we want is known as

confirmation bias

which is one way to avoid being misled by journalism reports on scientific research?

consult the source of the article - the original scientific findings

articles that could be considered journalism:

do not require specialized education to read

Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research. All of the following relate to this requirement EXCEPT:

he wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. Which of the following questions assesses the construct validity of this study?

how did the researchers measure expectations of unfair treatment?

Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion. In which section would he find this information?

method

Which of the following could be an independent variable in a causal claim?

one that is manipulated

Which of the following is NOT a section or subsection commonly found in an empirical journal article?

outcomes

Occam's razor states that the simplest solution is the best, all things being equal. this speaks to a theory's:

parsimony

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, ________ is a conceptual definition of one of their primary variables.

perceived prejudiced attitudes

another word for hypothesis is a/an _____

prediction

James is asked about the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and he made As. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made As and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of:

present/present bias

You read research that found that first-born children tend to have higher IQs than their siblings. However, you typically earn higher grades than your older brother. Scientists might explain this discrepancy by saying that:

research is probabilistic

how does research overcome the problem of confounds?

research systematically compares multiple conditions

which of the following is true of the research process?

researchers rarely stop at one study - they usually follow up on findings with additional studies

RESEARCH STUDY 2.1: Charlotte is studying subliminal messages and weight loss. She is curious whether people will lose more weight if they hear subliminal messages that encourage weight loss ("don't eat that food," "you want to be thin," etc.) in the music on their iPods compared to people who do not have subliminal messages in their music. She studies 40 people and finds the following results: Number Who Lost Weight Number Who Did Not Lose Weight Exposed to Subliminal Messages (Cell A) 15 people (Cell C) 5 people Not Exposed to Subliminal Messages (Cell B) 10 people (Cell D) 10 people To understand whether the subliminal messages have an effect, Charlotte needs to consider which of the following cells in the chart?

she must consider all of the cells

which of the following is a reasonable causal claim?

texting while driving reduces impulse control

Javier wants his lab partner to tell him if he thinks the article he found for their project is appropriate. Rather than have him read the article, which two parts of the paper could Javier have his lab partner read to get a summary of the article?

the abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion

Franchesca read about Elliot et al.'s (2007) study in which students scored lower on a cognitive test when the test had a red booklet cover. Franchesca is interested in the idea that the color red influences the perception of caution. Franchesca decides to conduct a similar study in which she has students rate themselves on several achievement-related characteristics, including critical reasoning skills, vocabulary, and math ability. Like the original study, the students write their self-ratings in booklets of either red, green, or white color. Franchesca predicts that, in line with the original study, students with red booklets would rate themselves lower than students with white or green booklets. Franchesca runs the study and finds that the results match her prediction. The data matched Franchesca's prediction. What conclusion can Franchesca make?

the data support the theory

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing?

the external validity of the study

looking for which of the following in a trade book will give you a hint as to its scientific rigor?

the number of references

Franchesca read about Elliot et al.'s (2007) study in which students scored lower on a cognitive test when the test had a red booklet cover. Franchesca is interested in the idea that the color red influences the perception of caution. Franchesca decides to conduct a similar study in which she has students rate themselves on several achievement-related characteristics, including critical reasoning skills, vocabulary, and math ability. Like the original study, the students write their self-ratings in booklets of either red, green, or white color. Franchesca predicts that, in line with the original study, students with red booklets would rate themselves lower than students with white or green booklets. Franchesca runs the study and finds that the results match her prediction. Franchesca writes up her experiment and submits it to a journal to be published. What is this process called?

the peer-review process

who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study?

the researcher

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following?

the study's construct validity

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1 Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions. Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean?

the theory may need to be amended

When the data from a study do not support the theory behind the study's hypothesis, what does that mean for the theory?

the theory should be revised

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a constant in this study?

the type of game

A statement, or set of statements, that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another is a ________________.

theory

why is it important to adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner?

to avoid falling into the pitfalls of personal biases

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. The results of this study can be generalized to which of the following groups?

white women and African American men

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship?

zero association