PSY1010CH13SocialPsychologySummativeQuiz

group polarization

A group of racially-prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues. During the conversation, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This BEST illustrates: group polarization. the bystander effect. social facilitation. deindividuation.

social loafing

A person in a group tends to exert MORE effort when he is individually accountable than when he is working with others toward a common goal. This is known as: normative social influence. social facilitation. deindividuation. social loafing.

informational social influence

At a meeting in Manny's office, three of his colleagues agree that the plan is correct as is; Manny feels the pressure to get the plan out today and agree. His behavior illustrates: normative social influence. informational social influence. mirror-image perceptions. the mere exposure effect.

cultural norms

At a social gathering, Latin Americans may behave in a manner that North Americans consider intrusive and overly expressive. This BEST illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing: cultural norms. gene complexes. gender identities. heritability estimates.

social facilitation

At her health club, Bonnie pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This BEST illustrates: the bystander effect. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. social facilitation. group polarization.

cognitive dissonance theory

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student, despite his doubts about her competence. After writing the letter, he began to develop a more favorable attitude about the student's abilities. Which theory BEST explains why? cognitive dissonance theory social exchange theory two-factor theory equity theory

the frustration-aggression principle

Shortly after learning he did not make it onto his high school football team, Alex vandalized the team's locker room and broke several of the school's windows. His behavior is BEST explained in terms of: group polarization. the mere exposure effect. social loafing. the frustration-aggression principle.

outgroup

Those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup are called: enemies. scapegoats. outgroup. other group.

participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers

Based on Solomon Asch's research, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when: participants announce their own answers only after the other group members have done so. participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers. it is very difficult for anyone to make correct perceptual judgments. judgments are made in a group that has more than three people.

groupthink

Denia is the expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on her choice of scales. She decides to change her opinion for the good of the group. This BEST illustrates: group polarization. the bystander effect. social facilitation. groupthink.

behavior; attitude

Discrimination is a negative _____, whereas prejudice is a negative _____. attitude; behavior behavior; attitude belief; action behavior; action

harmony

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for: self-disclosure. harmony. passionate love. cognitive dissonance.

65

In a follow-up obedience experiment, Stanley Milgram used 40 new teachers to determine whether participants obeyed because the learners' protests were not convincing. Once again, the new teachers complied fully, to the last switch, _____ percent of the time. 25 45 65 85

the just-world phenomenon

While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment!" This reaction is BEST explained in terms of: mere exposure effect. the just-world phenomenon. the social responsibility norm. deindividuation.

the frustration-aggression principle

When temperatures go up in summer, the rate of violent crimes increases. This is BEST explained in terms of: the mere exposure effect. the just-world phenomenon. the social responsibility norm. the frustration-aggression principle.

normative social influence

While Dean disagrees with his boss, he laughs at the joke anyway to gain her approval. Dean's behavior illustrates: normative social influence. informational social influence. mirror-image perceptions. the mere exposure effect.

no others were pulling with them

In a study on social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students pulled hardest when they thought: three others were pulling with them. three others were pulling against them. no others were pulling with them. no one was monitoring how hard they pulled.

normative social influence

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of: social facilitation. normative social influence. mirror-image perceptions. the mere exposure effect.

the chameleon effect

In one study, participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his face or shook his foot, were observed to produce the same behaviors. This mimicry illustrates: the mere exposure effect. the chameleon effect. social loafing. the bystander effect.

a situational attribution

Mario's friend yells at him for being five minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe his friend is a rude jerk, Mario decides that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Thus, her behavior is the result of: her personality traits. a situational attribution. a dispositional attribution. None of these would be an explanation for why Mario's friend yelled at him.

a social trap

Max does not recycle glass, metal, or plastic garbage because he thinks it is inconvenient and has minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction BEST illustrates the dynamics of: the mere exposure effect. the fundamental attribution error. a social trap. social facilitation.

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Once people have agreed to a small request, they have a tendency to comply with a larger request. This is known as: the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. the fundamental attribution error. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. the cognitive dissonance theory.

the chameleon effect

People feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. This is known as: the chameleon effect. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. the place theory. the cognitive dissonance theory.

the behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation

People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain why someone's attitude is ever-changing. animal pack behavior. the behavior of close friends. the behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation.

cognitive dissonance theory

People tend to feel discomfort when their thoughts are inconsistent, and so they act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as: cognitive dissonance theory. motivated forgetting. the fundamental attribution error. the confirmation bias.

temporary situation; mean disposition

People who are happily married will attribute a spouse's cutting remarks to a _____, whereas people who are NOT happily married will attribute such remarks to a _____. temporary situation; mean disposition mean disposition; temporary situation permanent condition; short-lived circumstance stable personality trait; misunderstanding

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Researchers asked homeowners for permission to install a large, poorly lettered sign in their front yards. Only 17 percent of the homeowners consented to the installations. Researchers then approached different homeowners and asked if they could post a small sign. Nearly all agreed. Then, when asked two weeks later if they could post the large, ugly sign, 76 percent consented. The results of this experiment support: the fundamental attribution error. the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. motivated forgetting. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

one is made to feel secure

Researchers find that conformity to the group increases when all of these occur EXCEPT: one is made to feel secure. one admires the group's status. the group is unanimous. one admires the group's status and attractiveness.

individualism

Shawn's sister-in-law always has a smile on her face and a joke to tell. The moment she walks into Shawn's house he starts smiling, even before she says something funny. This is NOT caused by: automatic mimicry. mood linkage. chameleon effect. individualism.

attitudes-follow-behavior principle

The _____ indicates that, although people often cannot directly control all of their feelings, they can influence their feelings by changing their behavior. confirmation bias attitudes-follow-behavior principle perceptual adaptation theory bystander effect

norms

The dramatic increase in Americans' premarital sexual activity over the past half-century BEST illustrates that sexual behavior is influenced by: temperament. natural selection. testosterone. norms.

two-factor theory

The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate passionate love. This is BEST explained by: social exchange theory. cognitive dissonance theory. two-factor theory. equity theory.

underestimating situational influences on another's behavior

The fundamental attribution error involves: becoming more extreme in one's individual opinions following group discussion. performing a complex task more poorly when in the presence of others. underestimating situational influences on another's behavior. losing self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.

individualistic cultures; East Asian cultures

The fundamental attribution error is more apparent in _____ than it is in _____. East Asian cultures; individualistic European countries individualistic cultures; East Asian cultures males; females females; males

the bystander effect

While walking 30 yards from the ocean shoreline, Mr. Hughes heard a swimmer cry for help. However, he continued walking because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction BEST illustrates: the fundamental attribution error. group polarization. the bystander effect. the mere exposure effect.

cognitive dissonance theory

Will has very strong opinions about the tuition increase. However, once he is the student representative for the College Board, he develops a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory BEST explains why? two-factor theory social exchange theory cognitive dissonance theory equity theory

attitudes

_____ are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events. Perceptions Attitudes Attributions Algorithms

Prejudice

_____ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice Discrimination The just-world phenomenon A social trap

Culture

_____ is better way of being social. It allows enduring ideas and traditions shared by a group of people to be transmitted from one generation to the next. Culture Personal space Normative behavior Collectivism

Social

_____ psychologists explore how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Developmental Cognitive Psychoanalytic Social

Culture

_____ represent(s) the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions that are shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. Evolution Culture Norms Individualism

attribution theory

According to the _____, people explain behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory psychoanalytic theory social influence theory

the scapegoat theory

After the attacks on the United States in September 2001, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any Middle Eastern person they saw. This behavior is BEST explained in terms of: group polarization. the mere exposure effect. the scapegoat theory. the frustration-aggression principle.

empathy

Alexandra is well liked by her friends. When one watches her, one can see that she mimics her friends' gestures and seems to match their moods. Tanya Chartrand would suggest that this automatic mimicry is a component of: empathy. subjectivity. authenticity. prejudice.

equity

Although Natalie receives slightly greater rewards from her marriage than her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This BEST illustrates the significance of: equity. deindividuation. social facilitation. the mere exposure effect.

mirror-image perceptions

Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the actions of the other country as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation BEST illustrates: deindividuation. the mere exposure effect. the just-world phenomenon. mirror-image perceptions.

passionate; companionate

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is to _____ love; as deep affectionate attachment is to _____ love. social; companionate cognitive; passionate companionate; passionate passionate; companionate

the fundamental attribution error

As Spencer is driving to campus one day, another car cuts him off and speeds ahead. Immediately he yells out "Crazy driver!" not realizing that the person is rushing to get to the hospital. Spencer's judgment BEST illustrates: the fundamental attribution error. confirmation bias. the gender-typing bias. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

role playing on attitude change

Cognitive dissonance theory is MOST helpful in understanding the impact of: groupthink on social conflict. deindividuation on the bystander effect. team membership on social loafing. role playing on attitude change.

social exchange theory

Corrie decides to spend her free time over the weekend to volunteer at the Special Olympics. Her free time is not as important as the good feelings she has and the joy of giving back to the community. This illustrates the: the fundamental attribution error. social exchange theory. the bystander effect. the mere exposure effect.

norms

Cultural groups have their own _____, which are the rules for accepted and expected behavior. confirmations norms collectives schemas

attitude

Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This _____ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor. attitude foot-in-the-door phenomenon situational attribution exposure effect

Philip Zimbardo

The Stanford Prison experiment consisted of male college students who volunteered to participate in a simulated prison. Half of the students became guards, the other half prisoners. Who is the psychologist who had to call off the study in only six days because of the degrading behaviors displayed by the guards as well as the psychological damage to prisoners? Stanley Milgram Lisa DeBruine Leon Festinger Philip Zimbardo

attitudes-follow-behavior principle

The _____ indicates that, although people often cannot directly control all of their feelings, they can influence their feelings by changing their behavior. confirmation bias attitudes-follow-behavior principle perceptual adaptation theory bystander effect

Normative social influence

_____ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. Normative social influence Informational social influence Situational attributions Dispositional attributions

"She must be having a bad day."

Gussie and Max have been happily married for 54 years. This morning, however, Gussie made an unkind remark about Max's table manners. Given research findings on marital satisfaction and attribution, what did Max think of this comment? "She is always on my case; she is such an unforgiving person." "She must be having a bad day." "She has a negative personality disorder." "She is a perfectionist with no patience."

Stanley Milgram

His experiments on obedience at Yale University are some of the most infamous and involved deception. Stanley Milgram Solomon Asch Frances Cherry Philip Zimbardo

the fundamental attribution error

Marilyn thinks strict class attendance policy is an indication of her professor's overly controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions (the course meets only once a week). Her judgment BEST illustrates: the mere exposure effect. group polarization. confirmation bias. the fundamental attribution error.

close to; far from

In Stanley Milgram's experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was _____ the experimenter and _____ the "learner." close to; close to far from; far from close to; far from far from; close to

the mere exposure effect

If someone asks how much people like various letters of the alphabet, they tend to prefer the letters found in their own names. This BEST illustrates the impact of: social facilitation. the mere exposure effect. the fundamental attribution error. the foot-in-the door phenomenon.

Dr. Cheng is conducting his experiments in a country that honors group standards, whereas his cousin is conducting experiments in a country that prizes individualism

Dr. Cheng studies social influence. He is concerned because he is finding that the rates of conformity in his experiments are much higher than those reported by his cousin, another social influence researcher. Which reason might account for this difference? Dr. Cheng uses more stringent statistical procedures, making it more likely he will find the results he seeks. Dr. Cheng is conducting his experiments in a country where the focus is on independent self, whereas his cousin is conducting experiments in a country that is sensitive to social norms. Dr. Cheng is conducting his experiments in a country that honors group standards, whereas his cousin is conducting experiments in a country that prizes individualism. Dr. Cheng has only male participants, whereas his cousin has only female participants.

Dr. Cheng is conducting his experiments in a country that honors group standards, whereas his cousin is conducting experiments in a country that prizes individualism

Dr. Cheng studies social influence. He is concerned because he is finding that the rates of conformity in his experiments are much higher than those reported by his cousin, another social influence researcher. Which reason might account for this difference? Dr. Cheng uses more stringent statistical procedures, making it more likely he will find the results he seeks. Dr. Cheng is conducting his experiments in a country where the focus is on independent self, whereas his cousin is conducting experiments in a country that is sensitive to social norms. Dr. Cheng is conducting his experiments in a country that honors group standards, whereas his cousin is conducting experiments in a country that prizes individualism. Dr. Cheng has only male participants, whereas his cousin has only female participants.

She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.d. from a prestigious university

Dr. Yen is designing an experiment on obedience to authority. She will set up a learning laboratory and have participants deliver loud blasts of sound as punishment for incorrect answers (given by a confederate of the researcher). How can Dr. Yen increase the likelihood of the participants' obedience? She can set up the learning laboratory in a room above a restaurant. She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.d. from a prestigious university. She can make the participants think she is unsure of her role as an authority figure. She can have a second confederate in the room who could model defiant behavior.

deindividuation

During a riot, a large sporting event, or mob action, people lose self-awareness and self-restraint. This is known as: denormative social influence. social facilitation. deindividuation. social loafing.

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Early one Halloween evening, Bart's friends asked him to join them in smashing their neighbors' decorative pumpkins. He complied. Later, he was surprised by his own failure to resist them when they asked him to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience BEST illustrates the: bystander effect. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. fundamental attribution error. frustration-aggression principle.

a social trap

Everyone is attempting to get onto the Internet at the same time despite the fact that the Internet provider has asked people to log on during off-peak hours. This BEST illustrates the dynamics of: the mere exposure effect. the fundamental attribution error. a social trap. social facilitation.

scapegoat theory

Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the: cognitive dissonance theory. social exchange theory. scapegoat theory. attribution theory.

diminishing

Following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed _____ racial prejudice. increasing substantial partial diminishing

deindividuation

Frieda is typically very shy. However, while watching a rock concert with a huge crowd, she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is BEST understood in terms of: the bystander effect. social facilitation. deindividuation. the mere exposure effect.

superordinate goals

Hostilities between a riverfront community's two racial subgroups were dramatically reduced when the threat that the river would flood its banks required them to work together to save their town. This BEST illustrates the impact of: groupthink. superordinate goals. deindividuation. the bystander effect.

one is made to feel proud

In Solomon Asch's conformity experiments, researchers find that conformity to the group does NOT increase when: one is made to feel insecure. one admires the group's status. the group is unanimous. one is made to feel proud.

a difference in cultural norms

In some countries, toddlers in strollers are routinely parked outside of shops or restaurants while parents do business within. However, in the United States, this behavior is not acceptable and may even lead to criminal charges. This is an example of: a difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures. differences in cultural expectations about personal space. a difference in cultural norms. the way that cultures vary over time.

we are in a hurry

In terms of the bystander effect, the best odds of our helping someone include all of these EXCEPT: we are in a good mood. we are in a hurry. the victim is similar to us. the victim appears to need and deserve help.

60

In the original Milgram obedience experiment, men aged 20 to 50 had complied fully, right up to the last switch, _____ percent of the time. 20 40 60 80

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

It is an election year, and a volunteer asks if Jay would put a small sign in his yard. He agrees. The next week, Jay's wife cannot believe he agreed to put the 3-foot sign on the front lawn. This scenario is explained by: the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. the fundamental attribution error. motivated forgetting. the cognitive dissonance theory.

culture

Jane is celebrating the New Year at her boyfriend's home. His family has a meal consisting of primarily fish to bring good luck in the New Year. This is part of their: culture. personal space. normative behavior. collectivistic style.

companionate love

John and Julie have been married for 10 years. Their love may be BEST explained as: companionate love. passionate love. social love. distance love.

norm

John's family would always have a pasta dish on Sundays and only fish on Fridays. This is an example of: evolution. norm. devolution. individualism.

He feels a strong sense of individual self when in the group

Juan's friends ask him to participate in some activities. He feels pressure to join them, even though the adventures might not be in his best interest. Which statement is NOT a reason strengthening Juan's conformity to the group? His friends make him feel incompetent. He admires the group's status. His culture strongly encourages respect for social standards. He feels a strong sense of individual self when in the group.

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Kate is trying to convince her parents to send her to Europe. First, she asks them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send her on the longer trip. This technique is known as: the fundamental attribution error. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. motivated forgetting. the cognitive dissonance theory.

ingroup bias

Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief BEST illustrates: the social responsibility norm. the just-world phenomenon. deindividuation. ingroup bias.

social facilitation

Lars is an excellent violinist. In front of an audience, he tends to play his violin even more beautifully than when he is alone. This is MOST likely caused by: social facilitation. the bystander effect. deindividuation. normative social influence.

the attitudes-follow-behavior principle

Liam decides to make a positive change in his life. Instead of going to work with a frown on his face, he will force himself to smile when he walks in the door. According to _____, by altering one's behavior predicts a good chance of changing one's attitude. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon the attitudes-follow-behavior principle (fake it before you make it) place theory the hindsight bias

attitude

Lila's professor is curt with everyone on the first day of class. Although her professor may have been rude, this _____ will likely influence Lila to act negatively toward her professor. mere exposure effect foot-in-the-door phenomenon situational attribution attitude

the fundamental attribution error

Malerie stops for a cup of coffee and the waitress yells at her when she sits at a table that has not been cleared. Malerie is convinced that the waitress should find another line of work—one in which her angry personality traits will not interfere with her job. However, Malerie disregards the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. She has just fallen prey to: the fundamental attribution error. confirmation bias. the gender-typing bias. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

social facilitation

When people perform better on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, this is called: normative social influence. social facilitation. deindividuation. social loafing.

just-world phenomenon

The jury deliberated on the rape case for more than eight hours. Some of the jurors commented that the rape victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. Looking like that, she asked to be assaulted. This behavior is BEST explained in terms of the: just-world phenomenon. mere exposure effect. scapegoat theory. frustration-aggression principle.

social facilitation

The local basketball team seems to perform better in front of the home audience on their home court. This BEST illustrates: the bystander effect. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. group polarization. social facilitation.

proximity

The most powerful indicator of whether people will become friends is: physical attractiveness. academic competence. proximity. financial well-being.

deindividuation

The students at the university charged the field after the game in response to their team's loss. They vandalized the opposing team's field and the police had to be called. This behavior is BEST understood in terms of: the bystander effect. social facilitation. deindividuation. the mere exposure effect.

ingroup bias

The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom one shares a common identity, is called: a social trap. the just-world phenomenon. outgroup bias. ingroup bias.

a situational attribution

This afternoon, Mica's boss wants to meet with her. She is sure it is about the customers who complained about her yesterday. The best-case scenario would be for Mica's boss to decide that her behavior was the result of: her personality traits. a dispositional attribution. a situational attribution. None of these explanations would produce positive results.

passionate love

This is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. passionate love mere love companionate love erogenous love

companionate love

This is the deep affectionate attachment people feel for those with whom their lives are intertwined. passionate love mere love companionate love erogenous love

the mere exposure effect

This is the phenomenon where repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases the liking of them. social facilitation the fundamental attribution error the mere exposure effect the foot-in-the door phenomenon

Leon Festinger

This psychologist proposed the cognitive dissonance theory. Stanley Milgram Solomon Asch Leon Festinger Tanya Chartrand

the social trap

This situation occurs when each individual rationally pursues his or her own self-interest, but becomes caught in mutually destructive behavior. the social trap the just-world phenomenon the social responsibility norm the frustration-aggression principle

scapegoat theory

This theory proposes that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. cognitive dissonance theory social exchange theory attribution theory scapegoat theory

the bystander effect

Though neighbors heard someone screaming for help as she was being murdered, they failed to call the police in time to save her. This BEST illustrates: group polarization. the mere exposure effect. the just-world phenomenon. the bystander effect.

norms

Waiting to eat one's meal until all of the guests at one's table are served is an example of: confirmations. norms. collectives. schemas.

cultural norms

When Matt went to Mexico, he brushed up on his knowledge of the culture. He knew that he should shake hands with the men, and kiss the cheek of the women with whom he would be meeting. This BEST illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing: gender identities. gene complexes. cultural norms. heritability estimates.

the mere exposure effect

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of: social traps. the mere exposure effect. mirror-image perceptions. deindividuation.

conformity

When people adjust their behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, they are exhibiting: the mere exposure effect. reciprocal determinism. conformity. the self-serving bias.

Normative social influence; informational social influence

_____ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, whereas _____ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality. Normative social influence; informational social influence Informational social influence; normative social influence Situational attributions; dispositional attributions Dispositional attributions; situational attributions

Informational social influence

_____ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions (information) about reality. Normative social influence Informational social influence Situational attributions Dispositional attributions