PSY1012 Chapters 6-10

8. You want to teach a dolphin to swim through a hoop. First, you reward the dolphin for swimming near the hoop. Next, you reward the dolphin for touching the hoop. Then, you reward the dolphin for sticking his nose through the middle of the hoop. Finally, you reward the dolphin for swimming through the hoop. Psychologists call this process _____. A) Shaping B) Modeling C) Stimulus generalization D) Imprinting

Answer: A) Shaping

In addition, you should be able to identify each type of processes based on a description of specific scenario. 15. Example: Moments before his exam, Daniel glances through a chapter on bioreactors in his textbook—a chapter that he has not looked at before. When he starts the exam, he is surprised to find a question on bioreactors. All Daniel can remember is the physical appearance of bioreactors and how they were labeled in the textbook. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that Daniel has engaged in while encoding the information on bioreactors? A. Shallow B. Intermediate C. Deep D. Intimate

Answer: A. Shallow

In addition, you should be able to identify types of learning based on a description of specific scenario. 6. Example: Ryan, a five-year-old boy, receives a pat on the back every time he says "please" or "thank you." This encourages Ryan to use good manners as often as possible. In this scenario, Ryan demonstrates learning through: A. operant conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. observational learning. D. implicit learning.

Answer: A. operant conditioning.

7. Millie feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her feel unwell. In this scenario, Millie is demonstrating learning through: A. positive reinforcement. B. classical conditioning. C. observational learning. D. operant conditioning.

Answer: A. positive reinforcement.

16. Vivian visits the public aquarium in her city. While looking at the fish tank, she notices apple snails stuck to the glass wall of the tank. She feels nostalgic because she remembers collecting apple snails with her brothers when they were younger. Later, she was asked to recall what kind of sea creatures she had seen at the aquarium. She would be ____ likely to remember having seen apple snails because she had engaged in _____ processing to encode the information about apple snails. A. less; shallow B. less; intermediate C. more; intermediate D. more; deep

Answer: D. more; deep

2. What is associative learning?

Associative learning is learning through making connections between 2 events

1. What is behaviorism?

Behaviorism is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of mental activity

14. Discuss the differences between shallow, intermediate, and deep processing.

Encoding Levels of process: o Shallow: Physical/Perceptual traits o Intermediate: Categorized /labeled o Deep processing: Semantic, meaningful, symbolic characteristics

11. What is observational learning?

Observational learning is the imitation of behavior. Aka modeling /imitation

12. What did Albert Bandura show in his well-known Bobo doll experiment?

The experimental group of children watched a video of adults interacting with the doll aggressively while the control group of children watched a video of adults interacting with the doll peacefully. Results showed the kids in the experimental group imitated aggressive actions and came up with new way to aggressively hit the Bobo Doll

23. Make sure to know the differences between explicit & implicit memories, semantic & episodic memories, procedural memory & priming. Explicit & implicit memories, semantic & episodic memories, procedural memory & priming. In addition, you should be able to identify types of memories based on a description of specific scenario.

Types of Long-term memory o Explicit memory: Conscious memory that can be described at will and can be triggered by a direct question o Implicit memory: Memories that we may not recall consciously but that are still demonstrable through an indirect test Types of Explicit memory o Semantic memory: General/ everyday knowledge (ex. Birthdays, Names) o Episodic memory: Specific events Types of Implicit memory o Procedural memory: Memory for skills, behavior/physical skills (ex. Driving, riding a bike) o Priming: The activation of info that influences thoughts & perception

21. Describe echoic and iconic memory, and give an example of each.

Types of Sensory memory o Echoic memory: Sensory memory of Auditory stimuli o Iconic memory: Sensory memory of Visual stimuli

22. Describe chunking in the context of memory.

o Chunking: Process of organizing info into meaningful groups/units

3. Explain how classical conditioning works. In doing so, make sure to correctly use the following terms: unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.

o Classical conditioning is a learning process in which a neural stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response o Before Conditioning o Unconditioned stimulus (US): A stimulus that unconditionally (automatically) triggers a response o Unconditioned response (UR): The unlearned naturally occurring response to the uncontrolled stimulus (US) Ex. Dog + food—Food in mouth (US)=Salivation (UR) o During Conditioning o Conditioned stimulus (CS)- An originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to a trigger a conditioned response after being associated with unconditioned stimulus Ex. Neural Stimulus (Tone, ex. Bell) + US (food in mouth) = UR (Salivation) o After Conditioning o Conditioned response (CR): The learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus Ex. CS (tone) = CR (Salivation)

Ch7 13. Describe the process of encoding, storage, and retrieval involved in memory.

o Encoding: Information goes into memory storage o Storage: Retain information overtime o Retrieval: Retained information in memory comes out of storage

10. You should understand the following terms in the context of learning processes: Generalization, Discrimination, Extinction, Spontaneous recovery, Continuous reinforcement, Partial reinforcement, Fixed ratio schedule, Variable ratio schedule, Fixed interval schedule, Variable interval schedule

o Generalization: The tendency to respond to stimuli to the original conditioned stimulus (CS) o Discrimination: The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others o Extinction: Weakening of the CR when the US is absent o Spontaneous recovery: The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context o Continuous reinforcement: The desired response is reinforced every time it occurs o Partial reinforcement: A response is sometimes rewarded sometimes not (more effective) o Fixed ratio schedule: Reinforce response after a specified number of times o Variable ratio schedule: Reinforce response after an unpredictable number of responses o Fixed interval schedule: Reinforce response after a specified time has elapsed o Variable interval schedule: Reinforce response after unpredictable time interval

4. Explain how operant conditioning works. In doing so, you should correctly use the following terms: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.

o Operant conditioning: a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of a behavior's occurrence o Positive reinforcement: Increases a behavior by adding a positive stimulus o Negative reinforcement: Increases a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus o Positive punishment: Decreases a behavior by adding an aversive behavior o Negative punishment: Decreases a behavior by removing a positive stimulus

5. Explain the process of shaping by providing an example.

o Shaping: Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior o Example: Teaching a dog to surf