PSY1030 - Chapter 4 Culture and Developmental Processes
Accommodation
the process of changing one's understanding of the world to accommodate ideas that conflict with existing concepts
Assimilation
the process of fitting new ideas into preexisting understanding of the world
Behavioural inhibition
an aspect of temperament where a child shows signs of wariness, discomfort, or distress when confronted with novel, challenging, or unfamiliar situations.
Conservation
an awareness that physical quantities remain the same even when they change shape or appearance
ethic of community
moral reasoning that emphasises interpersonal relationships and community.
ethic of divinity
moral reasoning that emphasises the centrality of religious beliefs and spirituality
Preconventional morality
1st stage - emphasises compliance with rules to avoid punishment and gain rewards
Conventional morality
2nd stage - emphasises conformity to rules that are defined by others' approval or society's rules
Ambivalent attachment
A style of attachment in which children are uncertain in their response to their mothers, going back and forth between seeking and shunning her attention
Avoidant attachment
A style of attachment in which children shun their mothers, who are suspected of being intrusive and overstimulating
Slow to warm up
A type of temperament in which infants need time to make transition in activity and experience
Difficult temperament
A type of temperament that is characterised by an intense irregular, withdrawing style that is generally marked by negative moods.
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs)
Children understand the world through their sensory perceptions and motor behaviours. By perceiving and doing.
goodness of fit
How well a child's temperament fits into the expectations and values of the parents, environment and culture
ethic of autonomy
Moral reasoning that emphasises individual rights and justice
Gilligan 2 types of moral reasoning
Morality of Justice (male) Morality of caring (female)
Kohlberg's Theory of Morality - 3 stages
Preconventional Conventional Postconventional
Keller 3 cultural models
Psychological autonomy Hierarchical Relatedness Hybrid
Ainsworth 3 attachment styles
Secure Ambivalent Avoidant
Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Preoperational Operational Formal Operational
Formal operation (11 onwards)
Think logically about abstract concepts
Preoperational (2 yrs to 6/7)
Thinking at this stage in terms of 5 characteristics: Conservation Centration Irreversibility Egocentrism Animism
Secure attachment
a style of attachment in which infants are described as warm and responsive to their caregiver
Easy temperament
a type of temperament that is defined by a very regular adaptable, mildly intense style of behaviour that is positive and responsive
6 temperament dimensions
activity level smiling and laughter fear (behavioural inhibition) distress to limitations soothability duration of orienting
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
cognitive development inseparable from culture
Concrete operational (6/7 to 11)
develop the ability to think logically
Postconventional morality
emphasises moral reasoning on the basis of individual principles and conscience.
reactivity
expressing emotionality
The Strange Situation (Ainsworth)
infants separated from their mother and a stranger comes into interact with the infant. The separation and interaction is thought to trigger the attachment system in the infant.
Temperament
is a biologically based style of interacting with the world
Cognitive development
is a speciality in psychology that studies how thinking skills develop over time. The major theory of cognitive development is Piaget.
Human development
is how people change over time on many different levels - biological, physical, cognitive, emotional and social.
nonreactivity
not expressing emotionality
Developmental contextualism
perspective proposes that the multiple levels of a developing child are all intertwined and function as an integrated system.
Bowlby's evolutionary theory of attachment
proposes that infants have a preprogrammed, biological basis for becoming attached to their caregivers. Attachment is a survival strategy
Irreversibility
the ability to imagine 'undoing' a process
Egocentrism
the ability to step into another's shoes and understand the person's point of view
Animism
the belief that all things including inanimate objects are alive
Zone of proximal development
the gap between the actual development level of a child versus the potential developmental level that a child is capable of with some assistance.
Attachment
the special bond that develops between the infant and their primary caregiver
Centration
the tendency for focus on a single aspect of a problem
