PSY1030 - Chapter 4 Culture and Developmental Processes

Accommodation

the process of changing one's understanding of the world to accommodate ideas that conflict with existing concepts

Assimilation

the process of fitting new ideas into preexisting understanding of the world

Behavioural inhibition

an aspect of temperament where a child shows signs of wariness, discomfort, or distress when confronted with novel, challenging, or unfamiliar situations.

Conservation

an awareness that physical quantities remain the same even when they change shape or appearance

ethic of community

moral reasoning that emphasises interpersonal relationships and community.

ethic of divinity

moral reasoning that emphasises the centrality of religious beliefs and spirituality

Preconventional morality

1st stage - emphasises compliance with rules to avoid punishment and gain rewards

Conventional morality

2nd stage - emphasises conformity to rules that are defined by others' approval or society's rules

Ambivalent attachment

A style of attachment in which children are uncertain in their response to their mothers, going back and forth between seeking and shunning her attention

Avoidant attachment

A style of attachment in which children shun their mothers, who are suspected of being intrusive and overstimulating

Slow to warm up

A type of temperament in which infants need time to make transition in activity and experience

Difficult temperament

A type of temperament that is characterised by an intense irregular, withdrawing style that is generally marked by negative moods.

Sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs)

Children understand the world through their sensory perceptions and motor behaviours. By perceiving and doing.

goodness of fit

How well a child's temperament fits into the expectations and values of the parents, environment and culture

ethic of autonomy

Moral reasoning that emphasises individual rights and justice

Gilligan 2 types of moral reasoning

Morality of Justice (male) Morality of caring (female)

Kohlberg's Theory of Morality - 3 stages

Preconventional Conventional Postconventional

Keller 3 cultural models

Psychological autonomy Hierarchical Relatedness Hybrid

Ainsworth 3 attachment styles

Secure Ambivalent Avoidant

Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Preoperational Operational Formal Operational

Formal operation (11 onwards)

Think logically about abstract concepts

Preoperational (2 yrs to 6/7)

Thinking at this stage in terms of 5 characteristics: Conservation Centration Irreversibility Egocentrism Animism

Secure attachment

a style of attachment in which infants are described as warm and responsive to their caregiver

Easy temperament

a type of temperament that is defined by a very regular adaptable, mildly intense style of behaviour that is positive and responsive

6 temperament dimensions

activity level smiling and laughter fear (behavioural inhibition) distress to limitations soothability duration of orienting

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development

cognitive development inseparable from culture

Concrete operational (6/7 to 11)

develop the ability to think logically

Postconventional morality

emphasises moral reasoning on the basis of individual principles and conscience.

reactivity

expressing emotionality

The Strange Situation (Ainsworth)

infants separated from their mother and a stranger comes into interact with the infant. The separation and interaction is thought to trigger the attachment system in the infant.

Temperament

is a biologically based style of interacting with the world

Cognitive development

is a speciality in psychology that studies how thinking skills develop over time. The major theory of cognitive development is Piaget.

Human development

is how people change over time on many different levels - biological, physical, cognitive, emotional and social.

nonreactivity

not expressing emotionality

Developmental contextualism

perspective proposes that the multiple levels of a developing child are all intertwined and function as an integrated system.

Bowlby's evolutionary theory of attachment

proposes that infants have a preprogrammed, biological basis for becoming attached to their caregivers. Attachment is a survival strategy

Irreversibility

the ability to imagine 'undoing' a process

Egocentrism

the ability to step into another's shoes and understand the person's point of view

Animism

the belief that all things including inanimate objects are alive

Zone of proximal development

the gap between the actual development level of a child versus the potential developmental level that a child is capable of with some assistance.

Attachment

the special bond that develops between the infant and their primary caregiver

Centration

the tendency for focus on a single aspect of a problem