PSY237 middle childhood

Debbie, a 9-year-old has developed early, and older men make physical advances at her, expecting her to act as old as she looks. What are these older men doing to Debbie, mentally?

false self-training

The impact of divorce on children varies depending on a wide array of factors. Which of these short-term factors is among the strongest impacts on children of divorced parents?

financial/economical issues

pre-conventional moral development:

first 2 stages of moral development where morality comes from outside the person, and the concern is on physical consequences of actions

Information processing theory proposes three main levels of memory to compare human memory to computer processing Which of the following is NOT one of the components of memory introduced in information processing theory?

flash memory

Davin's parents divorced a few years ago, and he's mostly adjusted to the change. What is one of the likely positive outcomes he will experience?

greater emotional independence

School-aged children are able to tell and appreciate jokes like "knock-knock" jokes and puns, thanks to what advancement in language?

greater sophistication in vocabulary

Which of the following is not a long-term consequence of divorce on children?

grief over losses suffered

Jonathan's parents divorced 2 years ago. Which of the following is likely true of his current situation?

he has a greater emotional independence

Hoyt is 10 years old, and is a victim of sexual abuse. Which of the following is least likely?

he is being abused by a female

long-term memory

he third component of the memory system where information is stored for long periods of time

Jessa feels increasing social pressure to look like the other girls in her class, wearing the same brands of clothing as they do. She feels like she will fit in and be well-liked if she wears similar clothing, but she just doesn't like it, so she doesn't conform. What is this brand-name pressure influencing within Jessa?

her self-concept

false self-training:

holding a child to adult standards while denying the child's developmental needs

In Kohlberg's studies, what mattered most in the decision making process?

how the child arrived at their decision

While children in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development are more logical thinkers, what type of thinking is still too challenging for them at this stage?

hypothetical thinking

Alejandro's mom has noticed that he seems overweight. What is the best strategy to help Alejandro lose the extra weight he is carrying?

increase Alejandro's activity level

What physical change allows children in middle childhood to engage in longer, sustained periods of strenuous play?

increased lung capacity

According to Erikson, a successful resolution of the crisis in middle childhood will lead a child to a sense of what?

industry

Which Eriksonian crisis do children face in middle childhood?

industry vs. inferiority

Sternberg's concern over what he perceived as an over-emphasis on aptitude testing led him to propose a triarchic theory of intelligence, which includes all of the following components, EXCEPT:

interpersonal

How is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) typically treated?

it is treated with stimulants

Jamal, a third-grader, likes to tell jokes, and his peers find him hilarious. Which of the following types of jokes might Jamal tell to amuse his classmates?

knock-knock jokes

Yazmine is taking an IQ test. Which of the following skills might be measured with this test?

linguistic

Sophia is trying to learn material for an exam. Which component of memory will store the information she is learning?

long-term memory

Megan evaluates several different problem-solving techniques when approaching a task. What thought process is she engaging in, as she selects which strategy she will use to perform her task?

metaconginition

Minor failures do not destroy a child's self-concept during middle childhood. Rather, learning from failure can give the child a healthy sense of what?

modesty

Francisco is not really liked or disliked by his peers. Francisco would be considered a ________ child.

neglected

Chuck goes to a fairly small school, yet nobody seems to notice him, and most days he's alone. What category of child is Chuck?

neglected child

About what percentage of children are obese in middle childhood?

20%

Paula sits down to read a book, and the words jumble around the page like an indecipherable code. What disorder does Paula most likely have?

dyslexia

Teaching children languages in middle childhood involves a different process than children in early childhood. Why might teaching children languages in middle childhood be successful?

Middle childhood is a good time to learn grammatical rules

Adrik is having difficulties in school. He is not reading well, but this seems to be because he cannot focus on the readings. Adrik also has difficulty paying attention when he is completing his math work. Which of the following learning disabilities is likely affecting Adrik?

ADHD

Which of the following is NOT a reason boys tend to report sexual abuse less often than girls?

Boys are more likely to be abused by someone outside the family

ecological systems model:

Brofenbrenner's theory that we all belong to many communities and are influenced in the context of multiple environments, also known as ecological systems; organized into five levels of external influence: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem

concrete operational stage of cognitive development:

Piaget's stage of development during middle childhood that emphasizes the use of logical thought, especially as applied to concrete, or physical objects

A child answering the Heinz dilemma with a rationale that Heinz should not steal the medicine because it is against the law demonstrates what stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory?

conventional

hidden curriculum

cultural values, concepts, behaviors and roles that are part of the school experience but are not part of the formal curriculum

Leah, age 8, is teased at school for being overweight and she's self-conscious about her body image. How can Leah's parents best support her in losing weight?

Encouraging physical play and joining her in increasing physical activity.

theory of multiple intelligences:

Garner's theory that there are many kinds of intelligence. The modern version of the theory recognizes 9 forms of intelligence

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding physical growth in middle childhood?

Growth rates slow during middle childhood.

Josie, a 7-year-old, begins playing soccer and her parents are impressed by how well she's doing. What major physical changes contribute to Josie's abilities?

Improved motor skills with decreased physical growth rate.

Kyle just had his 7th birthday. Which of the following is true of Kyle's brain?

Kyle's brain is nearly the size it will be when he is an adult

Lysa has an autism spectrum disorder, and people often think she is rude because she doesn't wave back to them when they wave at her. What is the more likely explanation for Lysa not waving?

Lysa is probably misreading or miscommunicating social cues.

According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg's theories were biased against women, based on all of the following observations, EXCEPT?

Men focus on logic, while women focus on caring for others and relationships

Michael, who has an autism spectrum disorder, walks into his classroom and discovers that the teacher has rearranged the desks and he becomes highly agitated and uncomfortable. What is the best possible explanation for Michael's behavior?

Michael has difficulties adjusting to changes in routines and how things surrounding him are organized.

Arjun's mom is baking a cake. He realizes that once the batter is mixed, the ingredients cannot be separated out. Which principle of concrete operational thought is Arjun using here?

Reversibility

triarchic theory of intelligence:

Sternberg's theory that recognizes three forms of intelligence: academic, creative, and practical

Eight-year-old Seth is the class comedian. How might his jokes differ from those he would have told at age 4?

The jokes have punch lines

Sariah had difficulties with math in the second grade, but she feels "back on track" now and wants to return to her normal class, instead of the remedial course she's been taking. What obstacle is Sariah most likely to face in having this request granted?

The label she carries from needing the remedial course may follow her and influence others' expectations of her

As children reach middle childhood, they adapt new strategies to meet goals. Which of these developments or strategies does NOT demonstrate this cognitive change?

They begin prioritizing every minute detail, trying to learn everything.

autism spectrum disorder:

a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder:

a neurological and behavioral disorder in which a person has difficulty staying on task, screening out distractions, and inhibiting behavioral outbursts

dyslexia:

a specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities

sanctity state:

a time in which the child is contemplative, quiet, or prayerful. It is a often only a very brief part of the day

Fast-mapping

a word learning process in which children are able to learn words quickly when because they associate new words to words that they already know

What is the approximate number of boys who have been sexually abused?

about 1 in 10

The label she carries from needing the remedial course may follow her and influence others' expectations of her

analytical

Which of the following is not one of the multiple intelligences proposed in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

analytical

Adam spends a lot of time indoors watching television and playing video games for fun. What does this primarily sedentary lifestyle put him at risk for?

childhood obesity

controversial

children who are either strongly liked or strongly disliked by quite a few peers

withdrawn-rejected

children who are excluded because they are shy and withdrawn

Aggressive-rejected

children who are ostracized because they are aggressive, loud, and confrontational

popular prosocial

children who are popular because they are nice and have good social skills

popular antisocial

children who gain popularity by acting tough or spreading rumors about others

average

children who receive an average number of positive and negative nominations from their peers

neglected

children who tend to go unnoticed but are not especially liked or disliked by their peers

Eight-year-old Orianna is figuring out that she is good at some things and bad at others. According to Erikson, if Orianna views herself as successful in most of the things that she does, she will develop a sense of ________.

competence

Ivan, an 8-year-old, no longer thinks a row of pennies in front of him contains more pennies than a row of the same number of pennies with less spacing between coins. What Piagetian concept does this demonstrate Ivan has mastered?

conservation

home state

occurs when parents or siblings visit the school. Children in this state may enjoy special privileges such as going home early or being exempt from certain school rules in the mother's presence, or it can be difficult if the parent is there to discuss trouble at school with a staff member

Katie wanted to be popular like the beautiful "princesses" of her school, until she heard them talking about other people and saying really cruel things. They were mean girls. What category do these mean girls fit into?

popular-antisocial children

Jill, who is in third grade, is studying her multiplication times tables, repeating the information over and over again in an attempt to store these figures in her long term memory, quizzing herself regularly. What strategy is Jill using?

rehearsal

conventional moral development:

stages 3 and 4 of moral development where morality is internalized, and the concern is on society norms

post-conventional moral development:

stages 5 and 6 of moral development where morality comes from personal understanding of rights and justice, regardless of whether that understanding matches societal norms

street corner state

state in which the child is playful, energetic, excited, and expresses personal opinions, feelings, and beliefs

Jess is in school. He is walking slowly from music class back to his room and waves at his friend Ovid. What state is Jess in?

street corner state

The average day of third-grade students places them in what state, as described by Brofenbrenner's ecological systems model, for the majority of the time?

student state

Classification

the arrangement of information into categories or classes

sensory memory

the first component of the memory system where information comes in through the 5 senses and is processed if the mind believes that the information is important

working memory

the second component of the memory system where information that has been processed in sensory memory goes. Working memory includes all the information that you are consciously aware of

Labeling a child as learning disabled can lead to the child lacking self-confidence and performing poorly in school. What is this phenomenon called?

the self-fulfilling prophecy

self-fulfilling prophecy:

the tendency to act in a way that makes what you predict will happen come true

reciprocity

the understanding that changing one quality of an object can be compensated for by changes in another quality of that object

identity

the understanding that objects have an identity or qualities that do not change even if the object is altered in some way

reversibility:

the understanding that some things that have been changed can be returned to their original state

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding learning difficulties?

they may change over time

student state

this state is one in which the student focuses on a task or tries to stay focused on a task, is passive, compliant, and often frustrated

aptitude tests:

used to measure a student's ability to learn or to determine if a person has potential in a particular program

achievement tests

used to measure what a child has already learned

Pamela is taking a state achievement test. What is being measured in the test?

what she has already learned

In Kohlberg's moral reasoning test, what was his main question in the study?

why people answered in the manner they did

These children are often targeted for bullying, as easy targets who do not fight back.

withdrawn-rejected children