PSY322 Exam 1

specific feature associated with a diagnostic category

specifier

surgical method from the Stone Age that chipped away part of the skull to provide exit for an evil spirit

trephining

the extent to which a test or procedure actually measures what it was designed to measure

validity Content validity means that an assessment is measuring what it's designed to measure. A test designed to diagnose a psychological disorder should have items that measure all symptoms, not just a small subset of them. Predictive validity means that an assessment can accurately forecast a person's behavior in the future.

Techniques for treating hysteria that were used by Friedrich Anton Mesmer, an Austrian physician, led to the discovery that which of the following can cause certain symptoms of mental and physical disorders? a. classical conditioning b. stress c. chemical dependency d. suggestion

d. suggestion

use of identical procedures in the administration of tests

standardization

comparison group on which test norms are based

standardization sample

genetic or physiological susceptibility

biological vulnerability

prevalence

the percentage of individuals in a targeted population who have a particular disorder during a specific period of time

Although field observation in natural settings provides useful information about mental illnesses, but cannot identify causal relationships. a. Fact b. Fiction

a. Fact

Experiments provide the most powerful evidence about the causes and treatments of mental disorders. a. Fact b. Fiction

a. Fact

During the clinical interview, the clinician makes observations about the person being interviewed. The mental status exam is a way of systematically organizing observations of a person's behavior, which helps a clinician identify whether a psychological disorder might be present. It also helps the clinician identify which aspects of the person's behavior and condition need to be assessed in greater detail. Observations about a person's feelings, for example, would be put into the category of _____. a. mood and affect b. general knowledge c. appearance d. abstract thought

a. mood and affect

Incidence statistics describe how common a disorder is and prevalence statistics describe how severe it is. a. Fact b. Fiction

b. Fiction

Which mental health professional typically has a doctoral degree, had an internship, and focuses on life-adjustment problems rather than mental illnesses? a. psychiatric nurse b. psychiatric social worker c. counseling psychologist d. clinical psychologist

c. counseling psychologist

Those who espoused the belief that demons caused mental illness might rely on which procedure to get the demons out of the person's body? a. bloodletting b. amputation c. trephining d. purging

c. trephining

used to assess common symptoms not specific to one disorder

cross-cutting measure

Two perspectives have emerged in recent years about the best way to evaluate and classify mental disorders. One perspective is that a comprehensive model should be used that considers all factors that may influence the client's condition. The other perspective advocates increased reliance on _____. a. the sociocultural model b. the social model c. the psychological model d. the biological model

d. the biological model

prejudicial treatment toward a person based on their actual or perceived membership in a group

discrimination

treatment technique that has strong research support

evidence-based therapy

treatment using prayers and other methods to cast spirits out of a person's body

exorcism

technique involving making a prediction about two variables, manipulating one variable, and measuring the results

experiement

procedure that provides data about physiological and biochemical brain processes

functional imaging

tentative explanation for certain facts or observations

hypothesis

degree to which the dependent variable changes because of the independent variable

internal validity

EEG Electroencephalography (EEG)

is a basic functional technique based on applying electrodes to a person's scalp. These electrodes record broad patterns of electrical activity generated by the brain. It is used primarily to detect seizures and monitor a person's sleep patterns. One drawback of EEG is that it's not precise in localizing activity to specific parts of the brain.

psychological or behavioral symptoms causing distress and/or interfering with overall functioning

mental disorder

a mental health condition that negatively affects a person's emotions, thinking, behavior, relationships with others, or overall functioning

mental illness

The National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) categorizes disorders based on _____. a. personality structure b. neurobiological traits c. emotional pathology d. behavioral patterns

neurobiological traits

concrete description of the variables being studied

operational definition

condition involving loss of contact with or a distorted view of reality

psychosis

likelihood that a research finding is not due to chance

statistical significance

form of mass hysteria prevalent in the Middle Ages characterized by jumping, dancing, and convulsing

tarantism

spirtuality

the belief in an animating life force or energy beyond what we can perceive with our senses

group of principles and hypotheses explaining an area of study

theory

anognosia

a lack of awareness of or insight into one's own mental

mental health professional

a proposed course of therapy, developed collaboratively by a therapist and client, that addresses the client's most distressing mental health symptoms

treatment plan

a proposed course of therapy, developed collaboratively by a therapist and client, that addresses the client's most distressing mental health symptoms

Few mental health professionals today advocate the extreme of either cultural universality or cultural relativism. That said, most psychologists do gravitate toward one or the other. Consider the following syndrome: Ghost sickness reportedly occurs among Native American tribes. People with ghost sickness are preoccupied with death or a deceased person whom they believe to be the source of their affliction. Physical symptoms can include weakness and fatigue, diminished appetite, or other digestion problems. There may be dizziness or fainting and sometimes even loss of consciousness. Dr. Kim believes that ghost sickness is a form of depression and has had success treating patients with antidepressants. Dr. Boyd believes that ghost sickness is a culturally bound syndrome and uses Native American traditional language and even rituals when treating ghost sickness. Which psychologist has a cultural relativist perspective? a. Dr. Boyd b. Dr. Kim

a. Dr. Boyd

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders contains information about the symptoms that characterize specific, recognized mental disorders. a. Fact b. Fiction

a. Fact The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders contains the detailed diagnostic criteria for specific disorders and is used by the majority of mental health professionals in the United States.

Asylums appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century as institutions for people with psychological disorders. How did individuals such as Philippe Pinel, William Tuke, Benjamin Rush, and Dorothea Dix work to change asylums? a. They were advocates for more humane treatment of patients in asylums. b. They recommended the closure of all asylums due to the poor living conditions. c. They emphasized the use of medication to treat patients in asylums. d. They pioneered research on new methods of restraint for use in asylums.

a. They were advocates for more humane treatment of patients in asylums.

According to a 2018 report from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), what percentage of U.S. adults aged 18-25 had experienced a severe mental disorder such as schizophrenia during the previous 12 months? a. about 8% b. about 12% c. about 16% d. about 20%

a. about 8%

What are the major criteria involved in determining whether a given behavior represents psychopathology? a. distress, deviance, dysfunction, and dangerousness b. self-stigma, biological vulnerability, behavior, and resilience c. volatility, expressiveness, self-efficacy, and unconscious disruptors d. participation, phobias, personality, and stability

a. distress, deviance, dysfunction, and dangerousness

Johann Weyer (1515-1588) asserted that many people who were tortured, imprisoned, and burned as witches were mentally disturbed, not possessed by demons. His book helped pave the way for a perspective that emphasized which values? a. evolutionary b. humanistic c. spiritual d. social

a. evolutionary

Which branch of psychology concentrates on finding ways to facilitate optimal human functioning by addressing personal strengths, civic virtues, and psychological resilience? a. positive b. cognitive c. psychodynamic d. behavioral

a. positive

Jim believes that schizophrenia is due to possession by evil spirits. What view of psychological disorders is Jim espousing? a. supernatural b. biological c. humanistic

a. supernatural

stereotypes

an oversimplified, often inaccurate, image or idea about a group of people

Epidemiologists study the pattern and extent of public health problems, including mental disorders, among the general population. Knowing how common a disorder is can be important for both treatment and prevention efforts. A psychiatric epidemiologist wants to know the total number of people who had schizophrenia in the United States during the last five years, regardless of when each person was first diagnosed with the disorder. The epidemiologist is interested in which indicator of schizophrenia? a. 5-year incidence b. 5-year prevalence c. Lifetime prevalence

b. 5-year prevalence

Mental health professionals find the best way to diagnose a mental disorder is to ask a client what disorder they think they have. a. Fact b. Fiction

b. Fiction Clinicians primarily use four methods of assessment to evaluate a client's mental health: observations, interviews, psychological tests and inventories, and neurological tests.

Thanks to medical advances, only biological data such as brain scans and neurotransmitter and hormone levels are needed to accurately diagnose mental illnesses. a. Fact b. Fiction

b. Fiction Comprehensive assessment models that include psychological, social, and sociocultural as well as biological factors are recommended by some groups.

Psychologists tend to combine elements of both the biological and the psychological positions when thinking about mental illness, but certain findings early on helped strengthen the two different viewpoints. Which viewpoint is most strengthened by Fritz Schaudinn's research on the microorganisms that cause syphilis? a. The psychological viewpoint b. The biological viewpoint

b. The biological viewpoint

What is a psychiatric epidemiologist likely to study? a. the ways in which people with a specific disorder are regarded by others in their community b. the percentage of a population that has a specific disorder during a specific interval of time c. the average cost of medication and therapy for a specific disorder d. the evolving understanding of the neurobiological causes of specific disorders

b. the percentage of a population that has a specific disorder during a specific interval of time

belief that mental disorders have a physical or physiological basis

biological viewpoint

In 2018, the U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) found that what proportion of U.S. residents between the ages of 18 and 25 had experienced a mental disorder (not including an alcohol or drug use disorder) during the previous 12 months? a. About 1 in 10 b. About 1 in 2 c. About 1 in 4

c. About 1 in 4

While studying county-level rates of depression, a researcher found three counties with virtually identical population sizes/demographic characteristics and rates of depression. The researcher decided to survey the residents of these counties to find out what percentage of them believe the common stereotype that people with depression are just lazy. The researcher also collected data on the percentage of people with depression who actually sought treatment. The results are summarized in this figure. Which county appears to stigmatize depression the most? a. County 1 b. County 2 c. County 3 Note that as the number of residents who think that people with depression are actually just lazy increases, the number of people who seek treatment for depression decreases. Although this could be just a coincidence, what is a likely reason this relationship is found? a. Greater stigma in the general public can decrease self-stigma and reluctance to seek treatment. b. Higher levels of stigma in the general public and higher levels of self-stigma can increase reluctance to seek treatment. c. Greater self-stigma can decrease stigma in the general public and therefore decrease reluctance to seek treatment.

c. County 3 b. Higher levels of stigma in the general public and higher levels of self-stigma can increase reluctance to seek treatment.

Psychological disorders are stigmatized and people with such disorders may be viewed in negative or demeaning ways. If an individual who has been diagnosed with a mental disorder internalizes these negative beliefs, they are exhibiting _____. a. prejudice b. discrimination c. self-stigma

c. self-stigma

idea that a person's beliefs, values, and behaviors are affected by their culture cultural relativism biological viewpoint theory of mind tarantism psychological viewpoint

cultural relativism

assumption that a set of mental disorders exists with similar manifestations across nations

cultural universailty

What is the "etiology" of a disorder? a. The record of research that has been conducted to study the disorder b. The linguistic origin of the name of the disorder c. The recommended strategies for treating the disorder d. The proposed causes of the disorder

d. The proposed causes of the disorder

According to a 2018 report from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), what percentage of U.S. adults aged 18-25 had experienced a mental disorder (not including a drug or alcohol use disorder) during the previous 12 months? a. only about 10% b. nearly half c. about one-third d. about 25%

d. about 25%

Researchers have found that the social stigma of mental disorders _____. a. can be eliminated by educating the public about the biological basis of mental illness b. prevents anyone who has a mental illness from making a positive contribution to his or her community c. encourages people who have a mental disorder to seek help as quickly as possible d. is particularly challenging for those who are also stigmatized for reasons besides mental illness

d. is particularly challenging for those who are also stigmatized for reasons besides mental illness

belief in one's ability to succeed in a specific situation

self-efficacy

co-occurrence of different disorders in the same person

comorbidity

range of qualities including subjective well-being, optimism, self-determinism, resilience, courage, and ability to manage stress

optimal human functioning

The field of abnormal psychology focuses on the signs of mental illness and why the illnesses occur in individuals. a. Fact b. Fiction

Fact Abnormal psychology is the study of the symptoms and causes of behavioral and mental disorders to describe, explain, predict, and modify distressing emotions and behaviors.

In the past, mental illness was attributed to supernatural forces such as evil spirits. a. Fact b. Fiction

Fact Ancient peoples believed in demonology and attributed abnormal behaviors to evil spirits that inhabited the victim's body. And with the collapse of the Roman Empire and the increased influence of the church, belief in the supernatural again flourished. During the Middle Ages, some of those killed in church-endorsed witch hunts were people with mental illness.

*In the United States, about 10 percent of adults will experience a mental illness in any given year. a. Fact b. Fiction

Fiction Approximately 25 percent of adults in the United States experience a mental disorder over the course of a year.

Aroldo is taking a test in which he is asked to make up stories about 20 different pictures involving people. His stories will be analyzed to obtain information about Aroldo's personality and unconscious concerns and motivations. Aroldo is taking _____. a. a mental status examination b. the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory c. the Thematic Apperception Test d. the Rorschach test

. the Thematic Apperception Test

The following observations are part of a client's initial assessment by a therapist working in the therapist's office. Sebastian came in for an appointment at the urging of his sister, who was concerned that something was not quite right. Sebastian, however, felt great about things. He reported feeling productive, having finished two novels after a long period of writer's block. He spoke very rapidly but was coherent and lucid throughout the interview. At many points, Sebastian seemed unrealistically optimistic. He refused to acknowledge anything negative. In his mind, the books will be a runaway success, and he has been discussing how to spend the money from the film adaptations. I asked whether any publishers had expressed interest in his books, and Sebastian was unable to imagine that the books might be rejected. For much of our conversation, he was unable to sit still and was constantly fidgeting or tapping his feet. When questioned, he replied, "I'm just so excited for the future; it's like I'm just going to burst with happiness." He then stood up and started dancing around while saying, "Who's gonna be rich? I'm gonna be rich." He was able to recall five words immediately after presentation and five minutes later, but was unable to provide interpretations of proverbs. He knew the current president, was able to correctly answer questions about significant current and historic events and perform basic arithmetic. His vocabulary and knowledge were consistent with his age and educational attainment. Organize these observations into the format of a mental status exam. To do so, choose the appropriate presentation observations identified in the previous description of Sebastian for each of the following five mental status exam categories. Select the description that corresponds to each of the listed categories.

Able to recall five words immediately and at five minutes-memory Can follow a positive train of thought-thought process Constantly fidgeting-Appearance Convinced that he will be successful- thought content Euphoric and overly positive-mood Highly emotional-affect Highly optimistic about the future-thought content Unable to imagine negative scenarios-thought process Unable to interpret proverbs-abstract thought Unable to sit still-appearance Verbal production is rapid but coherent-speech Vocabulary and knowledge were consistent with age and education-general knowledge

What might be viewed as normal in one culture might be viewed as a sign of mental illness in another. a. Fact b. Fiction

Fact Cultural context and sociopolitical factors can influence definitions of abnormality.

Research with animals has proven helpful in understanding mental disorders in humans. a. Fact b. Fiction

Fact

Match the neuroimaging procedure to its description. This functional technique is based on using electrodes along the scalp to record activity within the brain.[Select CT Scan/MRI/PET Scan/EEG] This structural technique provides three-dimensional images of the brain but exposes patients to mild levels of radiation.[Select CT Scan/MRI/PET Scan/EEG] A computer combines information from multiple radiation-sensitive cameras about the location and movement of radioactive tracers to construct a three-dimensional image of where oxygen or glucose is being used in the brain.[Select CT Scan/MRI/PET Scan/EEG] In this neuroimaging technique, radio-frequency waves are used within a magnetic field to create detailed structural cross-sections of the brain.[Select CT Scan/MRI/PET Scan/EEG]

This functional technique is based on using electrodes along the scalp to record activity within the brain-EEG This structural technique provides three-dimensional images of the brain but exposes patients to mild levels of radiation.-CT Scan A computer combines information from multiple radiation-sensitive cameras about the location and movement of radioactive tracers to construct a three-dimensional image of where oxygen or glucose is being used in the brain.-PET Scan In this neuroimaging technique, radio-frequency waves are used within a magnetic field to create detailed structural cross-sections of the brain.-MRI

In which activity does an examiner attempt to uncover a client's attitudes, unconscious conflicts, and personality characteristics by having the client to respond to ambiguous stimuli? a. projective personality test b. mental status evaluation c. structured interview d. case study

a. projective personality test

Asking clients for their opinions about such things as why they are experiencing certain symptoms, how their condition is affecting their lives, how they are coping, and how their personal background supports or aggravates their situation is _____. a. recommended in DSM-5 to assist clinicians in identifying cultural factors that should be considered before making a diagnosis b. used by some clinicians to establish rapport with a client, but have little relevance to reaching an accurate diagnosis c. best avoided because this may reinforce attitudes and beliefs that are contributing to the client's symptoms d. discouraged in DSM-5 because this may suggest that the clinician is biased against the client's culture, beliefs, or lifestyle

a. recommended in DSM-5 to assist clinicians in identifying cultural factors that should be considered before making a diagnosis

According to DSM-5, in order for symptoms to indicate a disorder, _____. a. the symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning b. the client must confirm that the symptoms occur consistently in all relevant circumstances c. the client must have experienced all of the symptoms listed in the DSM-5 for the disorder within 30 days prior to the diagnosis d. someone other than the client must confirm that the client has exhibited or reported the symptoms

a. the symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning

scientific study of mental disorders

abnormal psychology

psychodiagnosis

assessment and description of an individual's psychological symptoms, including inferences about possible causes for the psychological distress

Which instrument might be used to identify specific neurocognitive impairments resulting from a stroke or other brain injury? a. Stanford-Binet b. Bender-Gestalt Visual-Motor Test c. TAT d. WAIS

b. Bender-Gestalt Visual-Motor Test

Researchers in the field of mental disorders agree that the only real way to accurately classify and categorize mental disorders (and thus to diagnose mental disorders) is to view them as biomedical illnesses. a. True b. False

b. False

There is a growing consensus regarding _____. a. the impossibility of identifying biomarkers for mental disorders b. the extent to which clinician characteristics can bias diagnosis c. the unimportance of culture in the presentation of mental disorders d. the utility of brain imaging in making diagnoses

b. the extent to which clinician characteristics can bias diagnosis

rate of natural occurrence of a phenomenon in the population studied

base rate

dysfunction or disease of the brain

brain pathology

In order for a test, procedure, or classification system to be considered reliable, it must _____. a. give the same results when applied under a variety of conditions b. receive endorsement from recognized professionals in the field c. consistently produce the same results when administered in the same circumstances d. be based on relevant and current research studies

c. consistently produce the same results when administered in the same circumstances

A criticism of the Rorschach Test is that _____. a. standardized sets of images are not available b. guidelines for interpreting the results are too rigid c. interpretation of the results is subject to the evaluator's bias d. clinicians cannot afford to incorporate it into their therapy

c. interpretation of the results is subject to the evaluator's bias

One of the concerns about all of the editions of the DSM has been the extent to which two different clinicians would provide the same diagnosis when presented with the same information about the same client. This is called _____. a. internal consistency reliability b. content validity c. interrater reliability d. construct validity

c. interrater reliability

A computerized axial tomography (CT) scan uses _____. a. electrodes attached to the scalp to record brain wave patterns b. a radioactive tracer and glucose to measure activity and metabolic changes in the brain c. multiple X-ray images to produce three-dimensional cross-sectional brain structure images d. radio waves within a magnetic field to produce cross-sectional images of the brain and its tissues

c. multiple X-ray images to produce three-dimensional cross-sectional brain structure images

Many of the concerns that have been expressed about DSM-5 are related to _____. a. the significant reduction of diagnostic support tools provided in DSM-5 compared to those provided in DSM-IV b. new diagnostic categories that contain information that may prevent clients from obtaining access to medication as a form of treatment c. the potential for a significant increase in the number of people who are diagnosed as having a mental disorder d. the lack of input from professionals who have access to information about pharmaceutical options for treatments

c. the potential for a significant increase in the number of people who are diagnosed as having a mental disorder

cause or origin of a disorder

etiology

industrialization of medical treatment, with large private organizations controlling service delivery

managed health care

In which clinical evaluation process would a clinician use tasks, questions, and observation to assess a client's cognitive, psychological, and behavioral functioning? a. structured interview b. mental status evaluation c. comprehensive assessment d. a personality inventory

mental status evaluation

crusade to institute more humane treatment of people with mental illness

moral treatment movement

Personality tests are used in a wide variety of settings. They're commonly used by mental health professionals to assess and diagnose potential psychological disorders in clients and patients. The variety of approaches to these tests reflects different assumptions about personality. The following table lists three characteristics of personality tests. Identify the type of personality assessment that each property describes. Controversy exists over these measures' reliability and validity Attempts to access the unconscious thoughts and feelings of the respondent Based on objective rather than subjective scoring

Controversy exists over these measures' reliability and validity-Projective Tests Attempts to access the unconscious thoughts and feelings of the respondent-Projective Tests Based on objective rather than subjective scoring-Self-Report Inventories

MRI

During magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the patient's head is placed in a high-strength magnetic field through which radio frequency signals are transmitted. MRIs produce higher-quality brain images without the radiation of a CT scan. Technology now exists that allows the computer to view the brain in layers, which enables precise examination of the structure. MRIs are better than CT scans in detecting brain tumors, blood clots, and other structural abnormalities.

Classification systems allow researchers and clinicians to communicate with one another about different diagnoses and to identify different disorders as distinct from each other to facilitate diagnosis and treatment. The two primary systems used by mental health professionals are categorical and dimensional systems. The following table lists four properties associated with one of these systems. Identify which system is described: One should not attempt to place people into specific diagnostic groupings; instead, one should identify key characteristics and ask, How much? Select dimensional/categorical Every diagnosis has a clear underlying pathophysiological cause, and each disorder is unique. Select dimensional/categorical Abnormal behavior consists of emotional states and cognitive styles that occur along a spectrum of intensity. Select dimensional/categorical There is only one set of causative factors per disorder, which do not overlap with those of other disorders. Select dimensional/categorical

One should not attempt to place people into specific diagnostic groupings; instead, one should identify key characteristics and ask, How much? --dimensional Every diagnosis has a clear underlying pathophysiological cause, and each disorder is unique. --categorical Abnormal behavior consists of emotional states and cognitive styles that occur along a spectrum of intensity. --dimensional There is only one set of causative factors per disorder, which do not overlap with those of other disorders.--categorical

PET scan

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans use injections of glucose with attached radioactive tracer isotopes. When particular areas of the brain become more active, such as when performing a cognitive task like recognizing emotional expressions, the metabolic rate of neurons in brain areas involved in emotional recognition increases, and their need for energy (in the form of glucose) increases as a result. The tracer-laden glucose is drawn to those neurons, as they use more glucose for energy than the surrounding neurons. Multiple images over time are compiled by a computer to show these brain areas and their patterns of activity for that type of cognitive task.

Projective Tests

Projective Tests Freeform or open-ended responses are recorded by a clinician; for example, the respondent may be asked to describe an abstract stimulus. Clinicians' interpretations of observations and responses form the basis of the assessment. These assessments are based on Freudian or other psychoanalytic principles of projection and are supposed to reveal unconscious conflicts. There is widespread controversy and disagreement over their validity and reliability. They are more widely used than self-repot personality inventories. The most popular of these tests is the Rorschach inkblot test.

Self-Report Inventories

Self-Report Inventories are often questionnaires that require multiple-choice, true-false, or agree-disagree types of responses. They are based on self-report of typical behaviors, feelings, or personality characteristics. These assessments are scored objectively, based on responses rather than the subjective interpretation of the clinician.They are generally considered valid and reliable. The most popular of these tests is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

categorical approach

The categorical approach is derived from a medical model, where patients either have a clinical condition or they don't. Categorical approaches often assume that there are distinct categories of disorders that have little or nothing in common with one another. According to this view, every diagnosis has a clear underlying cause and each disorder is unique. The cause might be pathophysiological, psychological, or cultural, but there is still only one set of causative factors per disorder, which does not overlap with those of other disorders. To be diagnosed with a disorder, an individual must meet all of the criteria. Much of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) is constructed around this approach.

CT scan

The computerized axial tomography (CT) scan was the first neuroimaging procedure and uses multiple X-ray exposures of the brain from different angles; that is, X-rays are passed directly through the head. A computer then reconstructs pictures of various slices of the brain to provide a two-dimensional picture of that cross section of the brain. A CT scan can detect brain tumors and other structural abnormalities sometimes seen in people with schizophrenia.

dimensional approach

The dimensional approach, on the other hand, is not a process of deciding the presence or absence of a symptom or disorder. Instead of making judgments of whether a symptom or disorder is present, patients are assessed on the intensity of their symptoms. The dimensional approach asks the question, "How intense" or "How extreme" the symptoms are. It assumes that people's psychological states exist on a continuum from normalcy to severely impaired. Assessment and diagnosis are geared toward finding out where a person is on the continuum.

Use the dropdown menus in the following table to select the psychological test that best matches each description listed. This is the most widely used personality inventory in the United States. This test is useful in predicting children's school performance. The person undergoing assessment is shown a series of ambiguous pictures and is asked to tell a story about them. A comprehensive set of tests that helps clinicians identify the location of organic damage in the brain.

This is the most widely used personality inventory in the United States. --Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory This test is useful in predicting children's school performance. --Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale The person undergoing assessment is shown a series of ambiguous pictures and is asked to tell a story about them.--Thematic Apperception Test (The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) consists of a series of 31 cards (30 of which have pictures), which serve as the ambiguous stimuli. It is quite common for examiners to use fewer cards (for example, 6, 12, or 20) in an assessment. The instructions for the TAT ask the person undergoing the assessment to tell a dramatic story about each picture.) A comprehensive set of tests that helps clinicians identify the location of organic damage in the brain. --Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery

What is the purpose of the cross-cutting measures in DSM-5? a. To assist clinicians in determining whether a client has a comorbid disorder b. To show a reference list of the criteria for disorders in DSM-5 versus DSM-IV c. To assist clinicians in identifying a combination of issues that may contribute to a disorder d. To assist clinicians in determining whether a client is a good candidate for group therapy

To assist clinicians in determining whether a client has a comorbid disorder

The following scenario is an example of how culture can impact clinical assessment. Read the scenario and answer the question that follows. Bai came to the United States 5 years ago from Taiwan. He was brought in to see a clinician by his cousin, who has been in the United States for 20 years. Bai's cousin is concerned about him because his depressive symptoms have been getting noticeably worse over the past several weeks. Bai seems embarrassed to be at the clinic and is reluctant to discuss his symptoms. Which of the following is important social and cultural information that might influence the client's presentation? a. Bai's depressive symptoms may not be considered acceptable in Taiwan. b. Embarrassment is a common symptom of depression. c. Bai's cousin left Taiwan 15 years earlier than Bai.

a. Bai's depressive symptoms may not be considered acceptable in Taiwan.

There are many methods of assessing personality and psychopathology. The technique, as well as the specific test that is used, depends on theoretical orientation as well as the purpose of the examination. Read the following scenario and answer the question that follows. Alicia has been having disturbing dreams for several weeks. Specifically, she dreams she is physically violent with family members who are the most dear to her. Seeking relief from her nightmares, she goes to see a Freudian psychoanalyst. This therapist suspects these dreams are rooted in unconscious fears and personal insecurities. Which of the following tests would the psychoanalyst use to investigate Alicia's personal fears and insecurities? a. Rorschach inkblot test b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory c. Beck Depression Inventory

a. Rorschach inkblot test

Neuroimaging can be divided into two categories. One category includes procedures examining the brain's structure, while the other category includes procedures examining the brain's operation (function). Read the following scenario and answer the question that follows. A researcher is interested in whether schizophrenia is correlated with loss of cortical grey matter. What type of imaging is the researcher most likely to use? a. Structural imaging b. Functional imaging

a. Structural imaging

Insel's precision medicine approach to mental disorders focuses on identifying and grouping psychiatric symptoms based on _____. a. biological markers b. cultural influences c. cognitive-behavioral underpinnings d. a continuum of pathology

a. biological markers

This scenario also illustrates how culture can impact clinical assessment. Read the scenario and answer the question that follows. Long is Hmong. He came to the United States from the mountainous region of China in the late 1970s. He brought his son in to see a clinician at the recommendation of his school. The school is concerned because of the son's seizures. Long seems very reticent to treat his son's disorder. Which of the following is important for the clinician to know, given the client's cultural context? a. The clinician should find out how to help Long's family return to China. b. The clinician should find out how seizures are viewed by the Hmong. c. The clinician should find out why the school is worried about the son's seizures.

b. The clinician should find out how seizures are viewed by the Hmong.

The clinical interview is at the core of most clinical assessments. It is used to gather important information about an individual's current and past behaviors. The clinical interview typically assesses what brought the individual into treatment as well as significant events from the individual's history. Which of the following statements is true of a formal standardized clinical interview? a. This interview is so cut-and-dry that no formal training is required to administer it. b. This interview is less subject to interviewer bias than other kinds of interviews.

b. This interview is less subject to interviewer bias than other kinds of interviews.

Which of the following is an important factor when determining whether a test has been appropriately standardized for a particular population? a. Every person who completes the test or assessment receives a similar score. b. The test, to date, has only been administered to individuals who are different than the target population of the test. c. Procedures and rules for administering the test are specified so that testing conditions are consistent for everyone.

c. Procedures and rules for administering the test are specified so that testing conditions are consistent for everyone.

What is a benefit of using a classification system to label a client's disorder? a. Clients who are labeled embrace their condition and behave in accordance with the diagnosis. b. Labeling a mental disorder that is defined in DSM-5 eliminates stereotyping. c. Using labels helps clinicians communicate more efficiently about the client's disorder and treatment. d. Assigning a DSM-5 label ensures the client's treatment will be covered by their insurance.

c. Using labels helps clinicians communicate more efficiently about the client's disorder and treatment.

In arguments about whether individuals with intellectual disabilities ought to be executed for crimes such as murder, some courts have supported _____, a. the Constitutionality of execution even if the individual is profoundly limited in their ability to understand what is happening b. providing rehabilitation services to raise the individual's intelligence quotient to an acceptable level c. using "cultural adjustment" to adjust IQs upwards, since tests often yield inaccurate IQ scores for individuals from impoverished backgrounds d. the creation of new tests of intelligence designed to solely determine whether an individual should be eligible for execution

c. using "cultural adjustment" to adjust IQs upwards, since tests often yield inaccurate IQ scores for individuals from impoverished backgrounds

Dr. Pierce is designing an evaluation tool to assess symptoms of performance anxiety in instrumental musicians. Dr. Pierce wants to be sure that the tool only assesses performance anxiety and not other emotions or moods. Dr. Pierce is concerned about _____. a. standardization b. reliability c. validity d. internal consistency

c. validity

Psychological tests include specific tools to determine cognitive, emotional, or behavioral responses that might be associated with a specific disorder and more general tools that assess long-standing personality features. The following situation is about a forensic psychologist who is interested in assessing a prisoner: A forensic psychologist would like to find out whether a prisoner who is being considered for parole has antisocial personality characteristics. To assess this, the psychologist asks the inmate to respond to a series of statements, such as "If people get taken advantage of, it's their own fault" and "If I really want someone to do something for me, I can get them to do it." The prisoner indicates how strongly he agrees with each statement. What type of test is the forensic psychologist using in this scenario? a. Intelligence test b. Projective test c. Neuropsychological battery d. Self-report inventory

d. Self-report inventory

Researchers using the Research Domain Criteria focus on examining how interactions between which factors influence the development and trajectory of specific behaviors and psychiatric symptoms? a. psychological and social b. social and environmental c. environmental and psychological d. biological and environmental

d. biological and environmental

The DSM provides a listing of disorders and the various characteristics associated with each and the clinician must judge whether or not a client meets the criteria for a particular diagnosis. Because of this present/absent, yes/no approach to diagnosis, the DSM is best described as what sort of system? a. dimensional b. comprehensive c. definitive d. categorical

d. categorical

system racism

deeply imbedded societal policies and structures that disadvantage certain racial groups

biased, preconceived judgment about a person or group based on supposed characteristics of the group

prejudice

A concern about self-report inventories that ask the client to respond to structured self-descriptive statements (e.g., by choosing true/false, agree/disagree) is that _____. a. when clients do not like the options presented, they often write their own response, which makes the test difficult to score b. the few structured self-report inventories that have been researched have shown low validity c. the results are easily interpreted, which reduces the need for consultations with trained professionals d. presenting structured options may result in the client choosing answers that provide misleading information

presenting structured options may result in the client choosing answers that provide misleading information

prediction of the probable outcome of a disorder

prognosis

Sometimes assessments are used to determine what someone will do rather than what they are currently doing. Consider the following scenario: During the testing of a new semi-structured diagnostic interview, the interview developers find that multiple clinicians interviewing the same patient disagree on whether the patient meets the criteria for borderline personality disorder. This suggests that the new interview has poor [Select validity/reliability], specifically poor [Select interrater reliability/predictive validity/test-retest reliability/construct validity]

reliability/interrater reliability

approach of inquiry that provides for systematic collection of data, controlled observation, and testing of hypotheses

scientific method

negative societal belief about a group

social stigma

Thomas Szasz asserted that mental illness is a fictional creation that society uses to control and change people who do not conform to its preferred norms. Which psychological perspective is consistent with his viewpoint? a. psychodynamic b. sociopolitical c. humanist d. behavioral

sociopolitical

procedure allowing for visualization of brain anatomy

structural imaging

microaggressions

subtle comments or actions that intentionally or unintentionally insult or invalidate members of socially marginalized groups

mutually exclusive subgrouping within a diagnosis

subtype

Lifetime prevalence

the percentage of people in the population who have had a disorder at some point in their lives

Assessment is a critical responsibility of mental health professionals. It is the primary way to identify an individual's strengths and weaknesses, which is crucial in developing a treatment plan. Typically, assessments are conducted by examining a client's personality along with their biological, cognitive, and emotional functioning. Assessments can be conducted in several different ways, but the most useful forms of assessment are those that have good reliability, good validity, and are standardized for the population that the individual to be tested is from. Consider the following scenario: Scores on a new screening measure for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) correlate very well with diagnoses of OCD, and the items on the measure reflect the current theoretical understanding of OCD. This new measure seems promising because it has good [Select validity/reliability] , specifically good [Select interrater reliability/predictive validity/test-retest reliability/construct validity]

validity/construct validity

therapeutic use of verbal expression to release pent-up emotional conflicts

cathartic method

Some psychologists believe that we need to consider behavior from a sociopolitical perspective. Indicate whether each of the following assertions is "consistent" with the sociopolitical perspective or "not consistent" with the sociopolitical perspective. Abnormal behavior is a reflection that something is wrong with the individual. Unusual belief systems are inherently wrong. Abnormal behavior is a reflection of something wrong with society. Mental illness is a fictional creation used by society to control people.

*Abnormal behavior is a reflection that something is wrong with the individual. -not consistent Unusual belief systems are inherently wrong. -not consistent *Abnormal behavior is a reflection of something wrong with society. -consistent *Mental illness is a fictional creation used by society to control people. -consistent Thomas Szasz, one radical proponent of the sociopolitical perspective, asserted that mental illness is a myth, a fictional creation that society uses to control and change people. Szasz agreed that people may have "problems in living," but he did not agree that having problems meant having "mental illness." His argument stems from three beliefs: 1. that societal characterization of a behavior as abnormal does not necessarily mean that it is an illness; 2. that unusual beliefs are not necessarily incorrect; and 3. that unusual behavior or emotional distress is a reflection of something wrong with society rather than with the individual.

Psychologists know that all behaviors, normal and abnormal, occur in a cultural context. That said, psychologists differ in the role they feel that culture plays in psychopathology. Select the correct term to match each of the following descriptions. Cultural relativism A group's shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and views about the world Cultural universality The perspective that cultural values and worldviews affect the definition of abnormal behavior Culture The perspective that symptoms of mental disorders are the same in all cultures and societies

Cultural relativism: The perspective that cultural values and worldviews affect the definition of abnormal behavior(the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and behaviors are affected by the culture within which that person lives) Cultural universality: The perspective that symptoms of mental disorders are the same in all cultures and societies Culture: A group's shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and views about the world

Although stigma surrounding mental illness was a problem in the past and individuals might be viewed as "crazy" or viewed as violent and dangerous, such stigma is a thing of the past. a. Fact b. Fiction

Fiction Stigma surrounds people with mental illness. The stigma and stereotypes are based on inaccurate information, such as beliefs that those with mental illness are prone to violence or cannot make important contributions; those coping with mental illness may internalize and come to believe this inaccurate information.

*The way a society views and treats abnormal behavior is influenced by cultural factors such as religion, politics, the economy, and science. Throughout history, several different perspectives on psychological disorders have emerged. Hippocrates was a Greek [Select physician/philosopher]who [Select accepted/rejected]supernatural explanations for psychological disorders.

Hippocrates was a Greek physician and known as the father of modern medicine (the Hippocratic oath historically taken by doctors is named after him and is believed to have been written by him or one of his students). He rejected supernatural explanations for psychological disorders in favor of natural, biological explanations.

Janis is experiencing symptoms of major depressive disorder. She constantly feels sad and pessimistic. Little setbacks that wouldn't have bothered her before seem like major tragedies now, leading to prolonged bouts of crying. Many days, it's a struggle for Janis to even get out of bed. In the past two months, she has used all of her sick and vacation days at work. Recently, Janis has been having thoughts of suicide and wonders if ending things is preferable to her constant struggle. What aspect of Janis's experience represents deviance? a. Janis has trouble getting out of bed and often misses work. b. Janis feels intense sadness and cries frequently. c. Janis's level of sadness is extreme and atypical. d. Janis has had thoughts of suicide.

Janis's level of sadness is extreme and atypical.

Abnormal psychology has undeniably been shaped by advances in our understanding of psychological disorders. It has also been shaped, however, by trends within the broader field of psychology. New viewpoints and approaches have impacted the ways that disorders are diagnosed and treated. In particular, multicultural psychology, positive psychology, and the recovery movement have altered the way that mental health professionals approach their jobs. Match the following trends with the impact they have had on the practices of mental health professionals. Positive psychology It encourages clients to look beyond their present condition and imagine a meaningful future. Multicultural psychology It helps clients develop coping strategies to reduce the risk of psychological disorders. The recovery movement It understands that social norms can produce differences in how disorders appear in men and women.

Positive psychology: It helps clients develop coping strategies to reduce the risk of psychological disorders.(the philosophical and scientific study of positive human functioning focused on the strengths and assets of individuals, families, and communities) Multicultural psychology: It understands that social norms can produce differences in how disorders appear in men and women. The recovery movement: encourages clients to look beyond their present condition and imagine a meaningful future.

As people began to treat people with mental illness more humanely, two schools of thought about the origins of mental illness emerged. Match the viewpoint to its description. Psychological viewpoint Mental disorders are caused by emotional factors Biological viewpoint There is a physical or physiological cause for mental disorders

Psychological viewpoint: Mental disorders are caused by emotional factors Biological viewpoint: There is a physical or physiological cause for mental disorders

Considering Jim's views on the causes of mental disorders, which of the following treatments would he likely favor? For each treatment, indicate whether he would be "likely to favor" it or "not likely to favor" it. Rest Repentance Special diet Trephining

Rest-not likely to favor Repentance-likely to favor Special diet-not likely to favor Trephining-likely to favor Jim is expressing a supernatural view, because "evil spirits" refers to something outside or beyond the natural world. Common treatments adopted by those who believe in supernatural explanations for abnormal behavior included methods such as trephining, which allowed spirits to escape, or repentance, where forgiveness of sin produced recovery.

Zofia, who has had obsessive-compulsive disorder since early adolescence, was having a particularly hard time during her first year away from home. A counselor at her college referred her to a group that aligned with the recovery movement. Which statement is Zofia likely to hear at a meeting of this group? a. Acceptance of barriers is a crucial part of learning to live with a disorder. b. Recovery does not begin until you hit rock bottom. c. Recovery is not a continual movement forward. d. Healing involves accepting one's diagnosis as part of one's identity.

c. Recovery is not a continual movement forward.

What is cultural relativism? a. A cultural standard that prohibits certain individuals, based on age, gender, or status, from obtaining mental health counseling unless a parent or guardian has formally granted permission b. A research approach that is based on determining genetic influences on mental illness by identifying all of a patient's family members and defining their familial relationship to the patient c. The belief that the expression and determination of abnormal behavior is influenced by lifestyles, cultural values, and worldviews d. The body of research indicating that the causes and symptoms of mental disorders are nearly the same in all cultures and societies

c. The belief that the expression and determination of abnormal behavior is influenced by lifestyles, cultural values, and worldviews

Kurtis was already struggling with symptoms including hallucinations and delusions when he was diagnosed with schizophrenia and began taking medication and participating in therapy groups. Although his symptoms have lessened markedly, he has repeatedly expressed the belief that he will inevitably wind up unemployed and homeless or will perhaps commit a violent crime and wind up in prison for the rest of his life. This tendency of an individual with a disorder to believe the worst stereotypes of individuals with the disorder is called _____. a. negative self-esteem b. self-efficacy c. self-stigma d. self-handicapping

c. self-stigma

The vast majority of people who are mentally ill _____. a. have a prior history of violence and incarceration b. physically harm at least one other individual during the course of their illness c. have multiple instances of getting into legal trouble d. do not commit crimes, harm others, or get into legal trouble

d. do not commit crimes, harm others, or get into legal trouble

In which approach to healthcare might insurers in the private sector monitor and control the delivery of services? a. preferred-provider system b. socialized medicine c. universal health care d. managed care

d. managed care

Tamica works at an urban mental health center that serves a population in which a high percentage of people are recent immigrants or first-generation Americans and most are impoverished. Their lives are considerably different from what Tamica has experienced and she often finds herself diagnosing multiple disorders in her clients, many more than what she diagnosed when working with a less-marginalized population. Her supervisor challenges her and asks whether she might be unconsciously exaggerating the severity of clients' problems and diagnosing disorders in individuals who are struggling with, what for them, are simply every-day stressors. This tendency to exaggerate the severity of symptoms and disorders is called _____. a. ethnocentrism b. social conditioning c. implicit bias d. overpathologizing

d. overpathologizing

Which approach to understanding mental disorders is based on the belief that cognitive, interpersonal, emotional, and similar factors play an important role in the genesis of mental disorders? a. sociocultural b. biological c. multicultural d. psychological

d. psychological

Kraepelin's system for classifying mental illnesses was based on _____. a. the psychosocial impacts of the disorders b. the extent to which the individual was disabled c. the clusters of symptoms the individual displayed d. the presumed physiological causes of the disorders

d. the presumed physiological causes of the disorders

In order to determine whether a behavior, emotional state, or pattern of thinking should be considered a disorder, psychologists often rely on four basic characteristics: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and dangerousness. Match each of the types of diagnostic criteria to the most appropriate description.

deviance: Behaviors that are displayed by only a small portion of society distress: Negative emotions brought on by the effects of a disorder dysfunction: Impairments in a person's ability to manage daily life dangerousness:A risk that a person will engage in behaviors that harm others

philosophical movement that emphasizes human welfare and the worth and uniqueness of the individual

humanism

outdated term referring to excessive or uncontrollable emotion, sometimes causing somatic symptoms

hysteria

empowerment

increasing one's sense of personal strength and self-worth

study of human functioning emphasizing strengths and assets of individuals, families, and communities

postive psychology

Mental health professionals are people who work in the field of psychopathology, often with the goal of helping individuals achieve a life that is free from distress and disruption. In general, they focus on four broad objectives with respect to the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with psychological disorders. Match the objectives to the appropriate activity. predicting modifying describing explaining

predicting-estimating the possibility that a client will engage in violent or destructive behavior modifying-working with a client to develop an intervention plan that addresses their symptoms describing-observing how a client behaves and responds to questions during an evulation explaining-examing a client's background to identify potential causes of their psychological condition

test involving responses to ambiguous stimuli

projective personality test

study of the prevalence of mental illness in a society

psychiatric epidemiology

process of making conclusions about someone's mental and emotional functioning

psychological assessment

intrapsychic

psychological processes occurring within the mind

capacity to effectively adapt to and bounce back from stress

psychological resilience

belief that mental disorders come from psychological and emotional factors rather than biological ones

psychological viewpoint

study of the symptoms, causes, and treatments of mental disorders

psychopathology

program of systematic intervention intended to improve a client's behavioral, emotional, or cognitive symptoms

psychotherapy

philosophy that treatment improves the lives of those with mental illness, despite limitations

recovery movement

degree to which a procedure or test yields consistent results

reliability Test-retest reliability means that a test will yield similar results when taken at different points in time. If you take a personality test on Tuesday and retake it on Wednesday, both scores should be similar Internal consistency reliability means that different parts of an assessment should yield similar results. Say you complete a questionnaire measuring depression. Your results for the first half of the test should be similar to those for the second half.

significant improvement in the symptoms of a disorder

remission