PSYC 1101 Midterm Study Guide Hard

Which of the following components are essential to the definition of consciousness? A) awareness and responsiveness B) awareness and arousal C) tolerance and arousal D) alertness and tolerance

B

Which of the following is an example of behavior? A) thinking of a family vacation B) two people holding hands in a park C) a student's memory of a motorcycle trip D) a baby's feelings when his or her mother leaves the room

B

Which of the following statements is true of the practitioners of the psychodynamic approach? A) They believe that personality is shaped entirely by genetic factors. B) They believe that sexual and aggressive impulses buried deep within the unconscious mind influence the way people think. C) They emphasize that psychology should be about what people do and should not concern itself with things that cannot be seen, such as thoughts, feelings, and goals. D) They use evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.

B

Emma, a chemistry teacher for eighth grade, plays a video in class to demonstrate the process of conducting a basic experiment in chemistry. Her students are required to watch the video attentively, remember all the steps and safety instructions, and reproduce the same experiment independently. Which of the following is best illustrated when the students reproduce the experiment? A) operant conditioning B) classical conditioning C) observational learning D) latent learning

C

Which of the following is true of divided attention in the context of memory encoding? A) Divided attention involves concentrating on different activities, one activity at a time. B) Divided attention is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time. C) Divided attention is not likely to impede an individual's ability to pay attention to a specific aspect of an experience. D) Divided attention can be especially detrimental to the process of encoding information.

D

Which of the following theorists primarily used the structuralism approach to studying human behavior?

Wilhelm Wundt

You are listening to a lecture. Then the bell rings in the hallway. In order to hear this stimulus, ________ nerves must carry electrochemical messages from your ears to your brain.

afferent

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called:

associative learning

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities are called:

automatic processes

The function of the ________ is to take messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

autonomic nervous system

________ is a state of being conscious of what is going on, whereas ________ is a physiological state of being engaged with the environment.

awareness; arousal

Melanie is learning how to read Spanish by speaking aloud one letter at a time. Melanie is engaging in:

bottom-up processing

The term "plasticity" refers to the:

brain's special capacity for modification and change

The brain and spinal cord make up the

central nervous system.

The biological cycle that regulates people's pattern of sleep is called a:

circadian rhythm

________ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

classical conditioning

Approaches that sought to explain observable behavior by investigating mental processes and structures that cannot be directly observed by individuals fall were labeled as ________ psychology.

cognitive

Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the ________ of sports.

concept

________ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

concepts

________ is an individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal.

consciousness

________ are the most alert states of human consciousness, during which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal.

controlled processes

Creative people engage in what type(s) of thinking?

convergent, divergent

Which of the following attitudes are central to the scientific approach to psychology?

critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, objectivity

Elsa is studying for her psychology exam with the TV on in the background. Research on the effects of divided attention suggests that watching TV while studying will ________ Elsa's exam performance.

decrease

Lionel is the CEO of a company that is going through a financial crisis. He asks his employees to brainstorm and create a list of all possible solutions to revive the company's business. In this scenario, Lionel is asking his employees to engage in what type(s) of thinking?

divergent

Multitasking is an example of

divided attention

Martin is riding his motorcycle to his office. When he hears the honking of a truck trying to overtake him, he gives way to the truck. In the context of the pathways in the nervous system, in this scenario, which type of nerves communicated information from Martin's brain to his muscles and made him move his motorcycle?

efferent

________ carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body.

efferent nerves

________ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage.

encoding

In the context of sensory receptors, the intensity of the stimulus is communicated to the brain by varying the ________ of action potentials sent to the brain.

frequency

Which of the following characteristics of the brain refers to the brain's ability to pull information together?

integration

________ refers to the retention of information or experience over time.

memory

________ are the thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly.

mental processes

The cultivation of two mental habits is essential to critical thinking; these habits are:

mindfulness, open-mindedness

Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence in:

operant conditioning

While walking in the woods, Rachel feels a sudden pain in her neck. Due to the nature of the pain, she recognizes that she has been stung by a bee. In this scenario, which of the following processes has most likely helped her identify the source of her pain?

perception

________ is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense.

perception

J. B. Watson and B. F. Skinner believed that:

psychology should focus on an organism's visible interactions with the environment

Salivation in response to food is an example of

reflex

If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple repetitions but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is ________ but not ________.

reliable; valid

As you walk barefoot in the park, your nose conveys to your brain the smell of the freshly cut grass; your skin sends information about the feel of the gentle breeze; and your ears transmit the sound of children laughing on the playground to your auditory cortex. This process of detecting stimuli in the environment is called:

sensation

While walking barefoot on a beach, the physical pain that one experiences when stepping on a jellyfish most accurately exemplifies:

sensation

________ is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy.

sensation

In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two:

stimuli

Your English professor gives you some advice on how to cure writer's block. She tells you to sit at your computer for 15 minutes and write whatever comes into your head. You don't censor yourself or worry about spelling or grammar. Instead you merely translate your thoughts into words. This technique will allow your ________ to flow.

stream of consciousness

Wilhelm Wundt's approach to discovering the basic elements of mental processes is called:

structuralism

________ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

sustained attention

________ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

Dan, who often travels in airplanes, experiences sudden fear of flying after he hears the news about an airplane crash. In this case, Dan's experience demonstrates:

the availability heuristic

Hillary meets her brother's friend Drake, who is a tall, lanky man. She concludes that Drake might be a basketball player for his college team. According to the biases and heuristics in decision making, it can be concluded that Hillary mirrors ________ in this scenario.

the representativeness heuristic

Which of the following refers to the fact that robots that represent very close facsimiles of humans are likely to evoke revulsion in people?

the uncanny valley

In Pavlov's experiment, the dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n)

unconditioned stimulus