PSYC 1300 Exam 2

Important elements of classical conditioning

- Learning to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events - Exhibiting respondent behavior

What does the text say about the age group 18 to mid-20s in western cultures? What might be one of the characteristics of their behavior?

- called emerging adulthood - they may feel in between adolescence and adulthood - they may manage their own time and priorities, but from their parents' home - they may still be financially and emotionally dependent - they may remain on their parents' health insurance until 26

Approximately __ children in the United States show visible effects of fetal alcohol disorder.

1 in 30

Piaget's Stages of Development

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

_% of American parents believe that sometimes children need to be spanked.

60%?

What is the difference between a fixed schedule and a variable schedule?

A fixed schedule uses a fixed amount of responses or time. A variable schedule happens unpredictably. Variable schedules yield more consistent responses than fixed schedules.

If a person uses Luminosity, what might they expect to be the results/what benefits are they trying to get?

A person who uses Luminosity is trying to slow down cognitive aging and improve memory, visual tracking, and problem solving. However, Luminosity does not improve overall cognitive performance as it only improves performance on the trained tasks.

What is the difference between a ratio and interval schedule?

A ratio schedule is linked to the number of responses. An interval schedule is linked to the time between responses. Ratio schedules give higher response rates than interval schedules.

What is the difference between assimilation and accomodation?

Assimilation: interpreting new information in terms of our existing schemas Accommodation: adjusting our schemas to incorporate information provided by new experiences.

Why do young children, about 8 months old, develop stranger anxiety?

At this age, children have schemas for familiar faces. When they cannot assimilate the new face into these remembered schemas, they become distressed.

conditioned vs unconditioned

Conditioned is learned, unconditioned is unlearned and reflexive

What are the strengths and weaknesses of correlational studies/research?

Correlational studies show when two things often occur together. However, it does not explain why the two things occur together.

What is the difference between fixed interval and variable interval?

Fixed interval reinforces a response after a specific time period. Variable interval reinforces a response after varying time intervals.

What is the difference between fixed ratio and variable ratio?

Fixed ratio reinforces after a set number of responses. Variable ratio reinforces after an unpredictable number of responses.

What does the text say about how habits are formed?

Habits form when we repeat behaviors in a given context, and we start to associate the behavior with the context. Research says habits form after about 66 days.

preoperational stage

Learning to use language but not yet comprehending the mental operations of concrete logic age 2-6,7

What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement?

Punishment decreases a behavior, while reinforcement increases a behavior.

After one sperm has broken through the egg's coating and enters the egg, what happens next?

This triggers a series of chemical events that will cause the sperm and egg to fuse into a single cell. Then, that cell will subdivide again and again to emerge 9 months later as a human being.

What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Through classical (Pavlovian) conditioning, we associate different stimuli we do not control, and we respond automatically (respondent behaviors). Through operant conditioning, we associate our own behaviors, which act on our environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli, with their consequences.

What is the relationship between shaping and the desired behavior?

When shaping, reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. What does the text say about this? What would be characteristic of these reflexes?

When something touches a baby's cheek, they turn toward the touch, open their mouth, and hope for food. If it is food, they begin to suck. They also have startle and grasping reflexes.

basic idea of operant conditioning

a learned association between behaviors and their consequences

CR

a learned response to a previously neutral (now conditioned) stimulus

milestones of formal operational stage

abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning

classical conditioning processes

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination

teratogen

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

biopsychosocial

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

CS

an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response

positive reinforcer

any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

4 parenting styles

authoritarian, permissive, neglectful, authoritative

rites of passage

celebrations that mark the transition between childhood and adulthood

The once rigid sequence of the social clock has loosened. For example, _ can have lasting significance in how our lives turn out.

chance events

authoritarian parents

coercive; impose rules and expect obedience

authoritative parents

confrontive; both demanding and responsive; exert control by setting rules, but encourage open discussion and allow exceptions

milestones of concrete operational stage

conservation, mathematical transformations

formal operational stage

developing the ability to think abstractly age 12-adult

sensorimotor stage

experiencing the world through senses and actions age 0-2

Compared with teens and young adults, older adults have _ friendships and experience _ attachment anxiety.

fewer; less

Adolescents have a tendency to take risks because...

frontal lobe maturation lags behind emotional limbic system maturation. Puberty also causes a hormonal surge. Teens brains are biased toward immediate rewards.

4 lobes of the brain

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

concrete operational stage

gaining the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events age 7-11

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Among employed women, the task of raising children is most likely to be associated with _ marital satisfaction. The departure of mature children from the home is typically associated with _ marital satisfaction.

less; more

When 3-year-olds play hide and seek, what kind of behavior does it reflect?

object permanence

milestones of sensorimotor stage

object permanence, stranger anxiety

When you give your dog a treat for coming to you after you call his name, you are using...

positive reinforcement

delayed gratification

postponing an immediate reward to gain a greater one late

milestones of preoperational stage

pretend play, egocentrism

longitudinal research

research that follows and retests the same people over time

Children's sense that their parents are trustworthy and dependable is most indicative of...

secure attachment; basic trust

The developmental stage of adolescence is likely to be briefest in cultures where teens are...

self-supporting

We are especially likely to vicariously experience the reinforcing outcomes of those we perceive as...

successful, admirable, or similar to ourselves

extinction

the diminishing of a CR after a US does not follow a CS

acquisition

the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

discrimination

the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that do not signal a US

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR

generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses

UR

unconditioned response an unlearned, naturally-occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US)

US

unconditioned stimulus a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers an unconditioned response (UR)

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to...

understand that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

neglectful parents

uninvolved; neither demanding nor responsive; careless and inattentive; do not seek a close relationship with their children

permissive parents

unrestraining; make few demands, set few limits, and use little punishment