PSYC 181 Ch 12

Which social psychological phenomenon is probably MOST relevant to the fact that online conversation tends to strengthen social movements as different as Black Lives Matter on the one hand, and alt-right White supremacism on the other?

Group Polarization

This is the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Group think

_____ levels of the hormone _____ are related to delinquency, hard drug use, and aggressive-bullying responses to frustration.

High; testosterone

Suppose a researcher creates a measure of anti-LGBTQ prejudice. High scores indicate greater prejudice. The researcher should find a _____ correlation between scores on this measure among a sample of straight people and the suicide rate among gays and lesbians in the same community.

Positive

_____ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.

Prejudice

_____ psychologists investigate how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Social

Siblings Josh and Jackie share the use of their parents' second car. They constantly argue over who gets the car for each night of the weekend. If a mediator were brought in to settle the dispute, which approach might the mediator first apply?

The mediator would lead each sibling to think about the other's underlying needs and goals.

This substance has been known to increase aggressive responses to frustration.

alcohol

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory BEST explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

cognitive dissonance theory

Festinger is to Zimbardo as _____ is to _____.

cognitive dissonance; role playing

_____ love is the deep affectionate attachment one feels for those with whom one's lives are intertwined.

companionate

The adage that "familiarity breeds contempt" is _____ by research on the _____ effect.

contradicted; mere exposure

Many studies cited in the textbook have shown that, in order to reduce conflict between groups, it is suggested that these groups be put in situations where _____ is/are needed to solve a problem.

cooperation

The fact that support for interracial dating has dramatically increased represents a(n) _____ in _____ prejudice.

decrease; explicit

Although Regina receives slightly greater rewards from her marriage than her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This BEST illustrates the significance of:

equity

It is often heard that successful long-term relationships are 50/50 or 100/100, highlighting the role of _____in companionate love.

equity

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group is called:

group polarization.

Group members sometimes fail to consider a range of viewpoints and alternatives in an effort to maintain cohesiveness and a united front. This is called:

groupthink

Which phenomenon was at least partially responsible for the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the escalation of the Vietnam war, the Watergate cover-up, the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident, the space shuttle Challenger explosion, and the Iraq war?

groupthink

Which factor MOST affects first impressions?

physical attractiveness

A _____ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a social position.

role

Some American citizens living in a depressed Texas town on the Rio Grande blame undocumented individuals for depressing wages and taking jobs. The citizens therefore support harsh roundup and deportation measures. This is BEST explained by _____ theory.

scape goat

The _____ theory proposes that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

scape goat

Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the _____ theory.

scapegoat

A 14-year-old student slams a 13-year-old into a metal locker. A 15-year-old student spreads a cruel rumor about a classmate. Based on this information, which of these students who is being aggressive?

both

Which statement reflects the fundamental attribution error?

Eryn cheated on the exam because she is dishonest.

Based on her experience, Nadine tends to view the supporters of a particular political party somewhat negatively. Nadine has a(n):

attitude

Social thinking is to _____ as social influence is to _____.

attitude; obedience

Feelings that predispose one to act in certain ways to people, objects, or events are called _____,whereas the explanations one develops for others' behavior or one's own are called _____.

attitudes; attributions

Discrimination is a negative _____, whereas prejudice is a negative _____.

behavior; attitude

Discrimination is to _____ as prejudice is to _____.

behavior; attitude

Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of:

beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression.

frontal lobe

When the temperatures go up in the summer, the rates of violent crimes increase. This is BEST explained in terms of the:

frustration-aggression principle.

A student fails to speak or raise his hand in class all semester. The teacher assumes that the student is exceptionally shy. The teacher is illustrating the:

fundamental attribution error.

Pit bulls have a reputation for aggressive behavior, are frequently involved in dogfighting, and have acted aggressively toward people. This BEST demonstrates _____ influences on aggression.

genetic

In a phenomenon called _____, groups make decisions that are more extreme than would the individual members of the group.

group polarization

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This BEST illustrates the subtle nature of:

implicit prejudice.

People with whom a common identity is shared is a(n):

in group

Kelly is a Republican, and Carlos is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief BEST illustrates:

in group bias

The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom one shares a common identity, is called:

in group bias

People often accept other people's opinions about reality because they wish to be accurate. This is called _____ social influence.

informational

The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the:

just-world phenomenon.

Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were informed that they were involved in a study of:

learning

After watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable television, Myron will probably be:

more likely to treat women in a punitive manner.

Those perceived as different or apart from one's group are their:

outgroup

A cell-phone manufacturer uses a famous pop singer to advertise its product to teenagers. The company is relying on _____ route persuasion.

peripheral

Judith purchased a nice home, whose value depreciated as a result of the housing crash. She was able to have the majority of her remaining mortgage payments forgiven, which eased a huge financial burden for her. She reasoned that the debt she was forgiven would not negatively impact the overall debt of the country. Judith's reasoning is an example of:

social trap

Casandra is a devoted Catholic and volunteers five hours each week at a local women's shelter. Casandra may volunteer so much because of:

social-responsibility.

Marla is at a physician's office waiting in the waiting area for her name to be called. She notices that an elderly woman is struggling physically to complete the new patient forms. Marla asks the elderly woman if she would like assistance and then proceeds to complete the forms for her. This BEST demonstrates:

social-responsibility.

Belief is to _____ as behavior is to _____.

stereotype; discrimination

This hormone circulates in the bloodstream to influence the neural systems that control aggression.

testosterone

Betty is trying to convince her parents to send her to Europe. First, she asks them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send her on the longer trip. This technique is known as:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Beth and Marsha have worked together for about a year. They work well together and both are advancing in their careers. Which factor can BEST explain why Beth and Marsha like each other?

the reward theory of attraction