PSYC 273 Chapter 9 UNL
Long-term energy storage is accomplished by storage of fat in _______ tissue.
adipose
Angiotensin II acts on the _______ to provoke the release of _______
adrenals; aldosterone
The stimuli associated with food, such as its smell, provoke the release of insulin during the _______ phase.
cephalic
The peptide _______, released by the gut after eating, transmits information about nutrient levels to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) via the vagus nerve.
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Two physiological responses to hypovolemia are _______ of blood vessels and the secretion of _______ by the posterior pituitary.
constriction; vasopressin
An excess of glucose in urine is symptomatic of
diabetes mellitus.
Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as
essential.
In mammals, the saltiness of the _______ environment _______.
extracellular; is similar across species
Endotherms may show a significant departure from their average body temperatures as a consequence of
fever.
The body stores glucose for later use after first converting it to a more complex form called
glycogen
One of the reasons we know that insulin is not the only cue for satiety is that
high doses of insulin initiate eating.
Research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the
hypothalamus.
A(n) _______ solution is a solution with the same concentration as physiological saline.
isotonic
Thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because
larger temperature changes trigger smaller responses.
Behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the
lateral hypothalamus.
The population of beneficial bacteria, fungi, and viruses that inhabit the large intestine of human beings is referred to as a
microbiome.
Research shows that mutations that result in defective leptin receptors (LepRa through LepRf) cause _______ both in lab animals and in humans.
morbid obesity
The response to increase in the salt concentration of the extracellular solution is called _______ thirst.
osmotic
A general feature of homeostatic mechanisms is
redundancy
Research on the effects of leptin indicates that activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus
suppresses hunger.
When a cell comes into contact with pure water it
swells.
When an animal loses a lot of blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal
thirst.
The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life.
type I diabetes
One of the reasons we know that glucose cannot be the only cue for satiety is that
untreated diabetics are hungry.
The saltiness of fluid in the stomach and intestine is monitored by neurons in the gut, and this information is communicated to the brain via the
vagus nerve.
Lesions to which brain region would impair physiological responses to temperature in endotherms?
Preoptic area
Which event will trigger osmotic thirst?
A salty meal
Which items are incorrectly paired?
Bulimia nervosa; significant weight loss
_______ involves periodic binge eating followed by _______ or taking laxatives to avoid weight gain
Bulimia; vomiting
Anticipation of glucose in the blood facilitates which phase of insulin release?
Cephalic
Which method is not a current strategy for treating obesity?
Drugs that increase digestive acid levels in the stomach
Which pair of hormones have opposing effects on NPY neurons?
Ghrelin and PYY3-36
Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose?
Glucagon
Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons.
NPY
Which circumventricular organ contains osmosensory neurons?
Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
High circulating levels of leptin activate the _______ satiety neurons and simultaneously inhibit the _______ hunger neurons.
POMC; NPY
The intestinal hormones, _______ and _______, both show a rapid increase in secretion in response to eating, and have the effect of appetite suppression.
PYY3-36; GLP-1
What is the significance of a set zone, as opposed to a precise set point, in terms of thermoregulation?
The wide variety of conditions that animals face makes a tolerance, or set zone, instead of a precise set point, more adaptable.