PSYC 273 Chapter 9 UNL

Long-term energy storage is accomplished by storage of fat in _______ tissue.

adipose

Angiotensin II acts on the _______ to provoke the release of _______

adrenals; aldosterone

The stimuli associated with food, such as its smell, provoke the release of insulin during the _______ phase.

cephalic

The peptide _______, released by the gut after eating, transmits information about nutrient levels to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) via the vagus nerve.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Two physiological responses to hypovolemia are _______ of blood vessels and the secretion of _______ by the posterior pituitary.

constriction; vasopressin

An excess of glucose in urine is symptomatic of

diabetes mellitus.

Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as

essential.

In mammals, the saltiness of the _______ environment _______.

extracellular; is similar across species

Endotherms may show a significant departure from their average body temperatures as a consequence of

fever.

The body stores glucose for later use after first converting it to a more complex form called

glycogen

One of the reasons we know that insulin is not the only cue for satiety is that

high doses of insulin initiate eating.

Research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the

hypothalamus.

A(n) _______ solution is a solution with the same concentration as physiological saline.

isotonic

Thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because

larger temperature changes trigger smaller responses.

Behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the

lateral hypothalamus.

The population of beneficial bacteria, fungi, and viruses that inhabit the large intestine of human beings is referred to as a

microbiome.

Research shows that mutations that result in defective leptin receptors (LepRa through LepRf) cause _______ both in lab animals and in humans.

morbid obesity

The response to increase in the salt concentration of the extracellular solution is called _______ thirst.

osmotic

A general feature of homeostatic mechanisms is

redundancy

Research on the effects of leptin indicates that activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus

suppresses hunger.

When a cell comes into contact with pure water it

swells.

When an animal loses a lot of blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal

thirst.

The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life.

type I diabetes

One of the reasons we know that glucose cannot be the only cue for satiety is that

untreated diabetics are hungry.

The saltiness of fluid in the stomach and intestine is monitored by neurons in the gut, and this information is communicated to the brain via the

vagus nerve.

Lesions to which brain region would impair physiological responses to temperature in endotherms?

Preoptic area

Which event will trigger osmotic thirst?

A salty meal

Which items are incorrectly paired?

Bulimia nervosa; significant weight loss

_______ involves periodic binge eating followed by _______ or taking laxatives to avoid weight gain

Bulimia; vomiting

Anticipation of glucose in the blood facilitates which phase of insulin release?

Cephalic

Which method is not a current strategy for treating obesity?

Drugs that increase digestive acid levels in the stomach

Which pair of hormones have opposing effects on NPY neurons?

Ghrelin and PYY3-36

Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose?

Glucagon

Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons.

NPY

Which circumventricular organ contains osmosensory neurons?

Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

High circulating levels of leptin activate the _______ satiety neurons and simultaneously inhibit the _______ hunger neurons.

POMC; NPY

The intestinal hormones, _______ and _______, both show a rapid increase in secretion in response to eating, and have the effect of appetite suppression.

PYY3-36; GLP-1

What is the significance of a set zone, as opposed to a precise set point, in terms of thermoregulation?

The wide variety of conditions that animals face makes a tolerance, or set zone, instead of a precise set point, more adaptable.