PSYC 305 EXAM 4 REVIEW
Which of the following statements BEST summarizes gender differences in motivations for infidelity?
Men seek sexual variety; women are motivated by relationship dissatisfaction
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the challenges to traditional views of marriage?
People are not as interested in monogamous relationships now.
Which of the following statements BEST reflects research on "friends with benefits" (FWBs) presented in your textbook?
People more likely to engage in FWB arraignments tend to be hedonistic and nonromantic
Which of the following provides the BEST explanation as to why college graduates may become underemployed?
Some college graduates do not have college-level reading, writing, and quantitative skills.
Evolutionary theorists assert that gender differences in male ____ reflect the division of labor in ancestral hunting-and-gathering societies and the adaptive demands of ____.
Spatial abilities; hunting
Which of the following reasons for cohabitation is associated with greater relationship commitment and satisfaction?
Spending time together
What is the BIGGEST challenge of the face-to-face interview
To convince the hiring committee that you fit in their company
A man is orally stimulating his female partner. In which of the following is he engaging?
Cunnilingus
The first time you met the parents of your significant other, they got out the photo albums and showed you embarrassing childhood photos of your fiancé/fiancee. As a child, your significant other seemed to be frowning more often than not. Based on the research presented in your textbook, you might predict which of the following?
a higher likelihood of divorce
Regarding overall marital satisfaction and sexual satisfaction, research indicates there is
a strong relationship
The finding that males exhibit more cerebral specialization than females supports which of the following biologically based explanations for gender differences
brain organization
Which of the following is NOT a communication style identified by Gottman as a risk factor for divorce?
complaining
Which of the following statements about sex education programs in schools is MOST accurate, according to research presented in your text?
comprehensive programs reduce high-risk sexual behavior
Some experts suggest that people react to losing their job much like they do when they _______________________.
confront their own death
In earlier societies, gender roles
constituted a division of labor
Men's career paths are usually ___________, and women's tend to be __________.
continuous; discontinuous
In general, research on family background and marital success has found that children of divorce tend to
demonstrate negative communication styles
Which of the following patterns of gender differences would be the strongest form of support for evolutionary hypothesis?
differences that are consistent across cultures
Womens sexual problems are likely to focus on which of the following?
difficulty enjoying sex
___________ workers are those who are unemployed because their jobs have disappeared
displaced
Which of the following BEST reflects your authors' suggestion for gaining experience in the field—especially if you are unable to land an internship, part-time employment, or summer job?
do volunteer work
Research suggests that homosexuality, in and of itself, ___________________ impair(s) psychological functioning.
does not
Which of the following was NOT identified, in your text, as a popular leisure pursuit?
drinking alcohol
Women tend to be more distressed by _________________; men tend to be more distressed by ___________________.
emotional infidelity; sexual infidelity
which of the following is NOT considered a key element of the traditional male role?
emotional sensitivity with women
Intelligence does not necessarily predict occupational success, but it does predict the likelihood of ___________.
entering practical occupations
Produced by the ovaries are ___________- the principal class of female sex hormones; produces by the testes are _________- the principal class of male sex hormones
estrogens; androgens
Occupational interest inventories were often developed decades ago, and the authors of your text note that ___________.
ethnic bias is less of a concern than gender bias
Which of the following was NOT discussed by your authors as a possible cause of premature ejaculation?
excessive porn consumption
Stacy is in the initial phase of sexual arousal. Her muscles are tense and her heart rate and blood pressure are elevated. She is in which phase of Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle?
excitement
According to Masters and Johnson, the four phases of the sexual response cycle are
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
The four phases of the human sexual response, according to Masters and Johnson (1966, 1970), are _____________________.
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Bruce has been diagnosed with low testosterone; he is likely to
experience low sexual desire
The Spotlight on Research study by Crain and colleagues (2014) found that employees who were high in work-to-family conflict (WTFC) ___________.
experienced less sleep and more insomnia
The vast majority of children who were raised in same-sex families identify as
heterosexual
The so-called "cohabitation effect" refers to the frequently observed association between premarital cohabitation and _______
higher divorce rates
Marissa is a psychology major and has read articles on prenatal influences on homosexuality and finds research on the potential genetic factors involved in sexual orientation compelling. Based on this information, Marissa is MOST likely to
hold relatively favorable, if not neutral, attitudes toward homosexuality.
Jim, a virgin, has never experienced or maintained an erection sufficient for intercourse with Marissa over the course of their three-year romantic relationship. Researchers would MOST LIKELY conclude that Jim has ___________________.
lifelong erectile difficulties
A statistical technique called ______ is used to combine the results of many research studies on the same question, and evaluate the impact of that work.
meta-analysis
which of the following is not a work-related trend?
most new jobs will be in the manufacturing sector
The gender similarities hypothesis states that _______
most psychological gender differences are quite small
Compared to European workers, American workers receive
much less paid vacation time
Among gay men, _____________ is more prevalent than _________________.
mutual masturbation; anal intercourse
Which of the following statements about sexual orientation is true?
sexual orientation is complex and malleable
The unique challenge for same-sex couples relative to their heterosexual counterparts is _______
sexual stigmatization
Individuals' career choices are often
similar to those of their parents
In previous decades, the United States was mostly a manufacturing economy, and now it is becoming a service-oriented and professional industry. Given this shift, which of the jobs would be MOST likely to grow in the years to come?
skincare specialist
Taken as a whole, gender differences in verbal abilities are
small and favor females
Which of the following mate characteristics was NOT highly rated by both sexes?
social class
Among the following traits, the largest gender differences are found in
spatial abilities
A young girl is more likely than a young boy to engage in which of the following behaviors?
spreading rumors about another child
Which of the following DOES NOT belong with the others?
tribadism
Which of the following does NOT belong with the other three?
vaginal ring
The left hemisphere is more actively involved in _________ and mathematical processing; whereas, the right hemisphere is specialized to handle _______ processing
verbal; visual-spatial
Different messages about sexuality are conveyed to young adolescent boys and girls in America. One message girls typically receive, according to your text, is to _________________.
view sex as part of a loving monogamous relationship
According to predictions from Robert Karasek's demand-control model, which job is MOST apt to result in the greatest stress?
waiter
Your authors note that the transition to parenthood is likely to be the most stressful under the following conditions: ____________
when there are unrealistic expectations about parenting responsibilities
Which of the following statements is true regarding infidelity?
women are more distressed by emotional infidelity, while men are more distressed by sexual infidelity
Imagine that you are trying to explain aspects of evolutionary psychology to a classmate by focusing one gender differences in mate selection criteria. You tell her than according to Buss and colleagues, men tend to prioritize ______; women tend to value ________.
youthfulness and attractiveness; financial prospects
In a national survey of never married adults, approximately ____% reported that they did not want to get married at some point in time.
12
Two trends affecting the institution of marriage include the increasing percentage of young adults who have never been married (nearly _____), and the median age of first marriage-- which, for both men and women, is now approaching ____years of age.
2/3; 30
_____% of children demonstrate emotional problems and/or psychological issues 2-3 years post-divorce
25
Divorce rates peaked at approximately _____% and now divorce rates are at about ____%
50;40
Approximately ___% of Americans report that having leisure time is important, yet many Americans are taking less vacation time.
60
Experts estimate that between __________ of college students have engaged in a sexual encounter outside of a committed relationship.
60-80%
A recent estimate reveals that women earn nearly _____% of what men earn
80
Research indicates that
All of the above (the negative effects of divorce on psychological well-being is similar for men and women
Sexual prejudice perpetration is correlated with which of the following personality types?
Authoritarian
Which of the following can an individual do to reduce the likelihood of being victimized by date rape?
Be aware of excessive alcohol and drug use
Which of the following statements BEST describes the current thinking on the origins of sexual orientation?
Biopsychosocial models are promising because they account for multiple factors.
Job stress has been found to lead to all but which of the following negative effects
Bipolar disorder
___________________ is typically more effective in producing orgasm in females than intercourse alone. Men are more likely to orgasm through ____________________.
Clitoral stimulation; intercourse
Dirk is a white Protestant who has never been married. He intends to marry his girlfriend of one year, Rebecca, whom he met at church. She is also white, never been married, and of the same social class. This pairing demonstrates
Endogamy
Which of the following statements about the role of hormones in sexual behavior is NOT accurate?
Estrogen levels among women correlate with sexual interest.
The first stage of development in stepfamilies is
Fantasy
In general, scores on occupational interest inventories are MOST likely to do which of the following for test-takers?
Indicate how similar a test-taker's interests are to those with a particular occupation
Which of the following explanations regarding the lower salaries of gay men relative to their heterosexual male counterparts is MOST accurate?
Gay men may not possess all of the legal protections against employment discrimination.
There has been an increase in the number of homosexuals opting to have children in the context of their gay relationships. Preliminary evidence suggests that.
Gay parents are similar to their heterosexual counterparts
________ is an individual's perception of the self as male or female
Gender Identity
Cognitive structures that guide the processing of gender-relevant information is called
Gender Schemas
Which of the following perspectives proposed that to be fully human, people need to move beyond gender roles as a way of organizing their perceptions of themselves and others
Gender-role transcendence
Scholars often use ________ to refer to male-female differences that are learned and _______ to designate biological differences.
Gender; sex
Your classmate Rosario is a new psychology major. She is fearful of math, writing, and conducting research. Often, Rosario prefers to provide her own opinion rather than looking for scientific evidence to provide more objective answers to important questions. Using Holland's model, how would you predict Rosario to do in the major?
Her personality characteristics are not a good fit, and the major may not be ideal for her.
___________________ is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD).
Human papilloma virus
Which of the following characteristics in young children is related to maternal employment?
Increased prosocial behavior
Which of the following BEST explains the relationship between intelligence and the likelihood of entering professions such as law or medicine?
Intelligence is related to academic success, and this success is necessary to earn advanced degrees.
Which of the following statements MOST accurately conveys researchers' criticisms of the Kinsey model of sexual orientation?
It is inaccurate to depict sexual orientation as fixed and stable.
Which of the following statements about condoms is true?
It's okay to use water-based lubrication with latex condoms
In _______, the Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling that same-sex marriage was legal nationwide.
June 2015
The ______ model of sexual orientation makes use of a continuum (from "clusively heterosexual" to "exclusively homosexual"); the ____________ model, though, posits that sexuality can vary based on interpersonal and situational factors.
Kinsey; Diamond
__________ pursuits are unpaid—but meaningful—activities.
Leisure
Truc and Hiroshi have plenty of financial resources. In their marriage, arguments about money
May be common
The website ___________ was mentioned in the text as a place to learn more about various occupations.
Occupational Outlook Handbook
Which of the following workplaces is MOST likely to promote the development of workaholism among its workers?
One that does not encourage work-life balance
Which of the following is a social trend that is undermining the traditional model of marriage?
Reduced premium on permanence in marriage
Based on trends in the data, which of the following couple has the greatest likelihood of marital success?
Ruth and Randy, who had a long courtship
Which of the following has been supported by research on intimate relationships among gay men and lesbians?
Same-sex couples avoid becoming involved in long-term relationships AND most gay men and lesbians desire a stable, long-term relationship
Sylvia and Devon have two children in high school. Recently, Devon's mother moved in with them to recover from a broken hip. Sylvia and Devon are said to be part of the ______ generation.
Sandwich
Which of the following statements regarding the consumption of sexual media BEST reflects current thinking about media effects?
The link between sexual media and sexual behavior is bidirectional.
What does research tell us about the relationship between women's employment status and the quality of infant/mother emotional attachment?
There appears to be no relationship
Women tend to be overrepresented in "pink collar ghetto" occupations such as secretary, preschool aide, and kindergarten teacher. This is an exampled of differential
access to jobs
Aaron exhibits both masculine and feminine personality traits. According to gender identity theory, he would be classified as
androgynous
Sexually transmitted diseases
are most common among people younger than age 25
Sexual fantasies
are quite normal
Marty is a first-year in college. Throughout high school and now in college, he has felt that the pursuit of sexual partners is not all that interesting, and romantic-emotional connection is not at all important to his well-being either. Based on this information, his sexual orientation appears to be ____________.
asexual
Findings on education and earnings show that
at all levels of education, men earn more than women
Meta-analysis techniques have allowed researches in the area of gender to do which of the following?
better assess overall trends
A _____ allows employees to raise their status and prestige through accomplishment; whereas, a _____ allows employees to serve a greater social purpose.
career; calling
Your authors note that couples can often overcome women's orgasmic challenges by ______________________.
clearly expressing and being assertive about sexual needs
Samirah's kids are all college graduate with families and no longer live in the house with her. She is most likely to experience which of the following?
feeling free from child-rearing responsibilities
Professor Garcia is in her seventies and walks slowly with a cane. Often male students will attempt to open and hold the door for her, but she often remarks, "I can do it for myself!" Professor Garcia may be interpreting peoples actions as _______ sexism
gender
Which of the following statements about gender equality in household chores is MOST accurate?
gender equality is increasing, but wives still do the bulk of the household chores
Which of the following was NOT discussed in your text as an aspect of sexual identity
gender expression
The idea that individuals can move between gender identities is referred to as
gender fluidity
Parents tend to respond negatively to ______ behavior, especially in _______
gender inappropriate; boys
________ are cultural expectations about what is appropriate for each gender
gender roles
Supposed Pat takes a personality inventory online. After clicking the submit button, the score on the masculinity and femininity are both found to be in the low range. This patterns of scoring is referred to as
gender-role undifferentiated
Supposed you are explaining the participants section of a research article to a first-year student. You explain that researches use _______ when referring to male-female differences that you learned and _____ to designate biological differences.
gender; sex
The evidence suggests that the negative effects of divorce on former spouses' physical health and mortality are
greater for men than women
Which of the following BEST characterizes the differences in money handling strategies between happily married couples and divorced couples?
happy couples engage in more shared financial decision making
Mark is a handsome, college-educated man who has never been married. He intends to marry his girlfriend of two years, Marina, a former pageant winner who is graduating with her graduate degree in psychology, and also never married. This pairing demonstrates __________, and based on its discussion in your text, you would expect their relationship to demonstrate _________
homogamy; high levels of satisfaction
Ling is growing increasingly tired and uncomfortable at her job in the university's information technology office. Her co-workers sometimes watch porn in their cubicles, and make inappropriate sexual remarks about one another. Ling is experiencing which type of workplace harassment?
hostile environment
Occupational interest inventories are designed to predict
how satisfies a person is likely to be in a job
The ___________ of a contraceptive method is the probability of conception when the method is used correctly; the _______________ of a contraceptive method is the probability of conception when the method is used in the real world.
ideal failture rate; typical failure rate
Which of the following statements regarding research on kissing is MOST accurate?
increased kissing frequently contributes to lower stress and higher relationship satisfaction
Hari has spoken to his supervisor and the vice president of the company over the past 2 months about his feelings of burnout. As a result, in an effort to prevent him from leaving the company, the vice president has reassigned Hari to a new division. Hari is excited about the prospect of finding a better fit within a company he likes. This situation is an intervention at the ___________ level.
individual-organizational
A national survey by Herbenick and colleagues (2010) revealed that over 90% of males in their sample experienced orgasm during intercourse, but nearly 65% of women reported orgasm via intercourse in the past year. Which of the following explanations best explains the observed gender differences in orgasm?
intercourse I snot the optimal mode of stimulation for women
The Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network (RAINN) encourages the knowledge of the three stages of date rape. The first stage is ____, second _____, and the third stage is ______.
intrusion; desensitization; isolation
Research indicates that intelligent people tend to have lower job satisfaction than their less-intelligent counterparts when their work ___________.
is not challenging
Sexual satisfaction _________________ relationship satisfaction in ___________.
is positively correlated with; gay, lesbian, and heterosexual couples
The notion that cerebral specialization is linked to gender differences in mental abilities __________
is still under debate
Which of the following statements best reflects the effect that television has on gender-role socialization?
it contributes to traditional stereotypes
A family member nearly bores you to tears about her husband's virtues, but you try to be understanding because it is still the honeymoon period. Further, you would not want to put a damper on her marital bliss. Your family member's expression of bliss is most characteristic of the ______ state of the family cycle.
joining of families
Couples who, prior to having children, have high levels of intimacy, closeness, and commitment tend to
keep a high level of satisfaction after childbirth
Which of the following is a good tip for preparing an effective resume?
keep it short
Which of the following was NOT discussed in your text as a common barrier to sexual communication?
lack of sexual vocabulary
Neil complains that aside from the medical, vision, and dental plan, there is not much to like about his current job. Based on this description, Neil's job is ___________.
low in intrinsic job satisfaction
Imagine that you landed a Fortune 500 job right after college. You meet one of your co-workers who has been at the company for the last 20 years. He is quick to tell you that he is in no hurry to retire, and that he keeps current in the field by attending conferences and reading books related to his professional development. Based on what your co-worker has conveyed, which stage of Super's developmental model of career choice is being demonstrated?
maintenance
Holland's theory of occupational choice emphasizes
matching personality traits and job environment
Studies of sexual assault perpetrators indicate which of the following?
men with nontraditional views of gender roles often become perpetrators
Difficulties in expressing emotions are MOST likely to occur in which of the following groups?
men with traditional attitudes
Research on gender differences in cognitive abilities reveals which of the following?
no significant differences in overall intelligence
Aaron is a psychology professor. He spends early mornings in his faculty office to hold required office hours, teaches his daily midmorning classes, and then goes back to his office and shuts his door. His writing keeps him at his desk until nearly midnight every day, including weekends. When asked about his workload, he notes that he feels driven to teach and write, but he hates it. Aaron is MOST likely a(n)________.
non enthusiastic workaholic
Relationship status and whether sexual acts have occurred in the past are
not indicators of consent
Children's tendency to imitate the behavior of same-gender models is most consistent with which of the following?
observational learning
Four-year-old Rachel seems to pay particular attention to what her mother and her older sister do, and she often imitates them. What is taking place?
observational learning
Carmen hypothesizes that high-quality parenting practices root from one factor-- the quality of parent-child interactions. Based on this hypothesis, it would follow that the best parents are likely to be
of any sexual orientation
When researches demonstrate that gender roles are shaped by the power of rewards and punishment, they are likely to cite classic research in the area that
operant conditioning
The results of the Spotlight on Research study by Scheele and colleagues (2012) on the effects of oxytocin on relationship infidelity found that _________________.
oxytocin influenced behaviors, but not attitudes, about an attractive female experimenter
Children may come to believe that sex is "dirty" because
parents may punish innocent, exploratory sex play
Which of the following actions contribute to traditional gender roles
parents purchasing gender-appropriate toys for their children
A meta-analysis of nearly 200 studies found that __________ discrimination is associated with increases in depression and distress, as well as a heightened stress response
perceived
K identifies as a man at school, but identifies as a women at work. On weekends K may identify as a women at times, while other times as a man. There are also times when K rejects gender labels altogether. K demonstrates a notion of
post gender reality
Singlism has been coined by researches who note that _______ unmarried adults
prejudice and discrimination toward
Which of the following statements regarding the adjustment of stepchildren is NOT true?
psychological adjustment is similar to that of children from same-sex families
Which of the following is one the text's suggestions for enhancing your sexual relationships
pursue adequate sex education
Julia reminded Dale that he was unlikely to be hired for another job because of his criminal record, and then proceeded to grab his crotch. He told her repeatedly to stop and reminded her that he has a fiancée. But she threatened to fire him if he did not give in, and so Dale gave in to her request in order to remain employed. Julia is perpetuating ___________ harassment in the workplace.
quid pro quo
According to law, the two types of sexual harassment are
quid pro quo and hostile environment
Sara's supervisor implied that she would get a promotion if she would go out on a date with him. This is an example of
quid pro quo harassment
Which of the following is likely to be a typical reaction by a father to gender-inappropriate behavior in his son?
ridicule
Michelle and Luis have a son entering high school and another about to graduate. Michelle's father moved in with them because he is widowed and of declining health. This couple appears to be in the ______ phase
sandwich
If Raul is a stereotypical male, he will generally be
self-confident
Which of the following is a problem unique to research on sexuality?
sex studies are especially susceptible to participant bias
The androcentric bias in gender stereotypes refers to
the belief that traits associated with males represent the norm
Which of the following has NOT been found in studies on hemispheric specialization?
the cerebral Cortex is more convoluted in males than in females
Marriage is
the legally and socially sanctioned union of sexually intimate adults
Which of the following it not a problem associated with the male role?
the marriage mandate
The transition to parenthood tends to be easier when
the parents have realistic expectations
Becky complains to you that she is sick and tired of working retail and wants to quit. The customers are rude, the hours are inconsistent, benefits nonexistent, and the clothing discount does nothing to offset the low take-home pay. This situation is referred to as ______________ by researchers.
the sticky floor
Endogamy refers to
the tendency to marry within one's social group
The overall body of empirical evidence suggests that biological factors play a relatively minor role in gender differences, creating predispositions that are largely shaped by _______
the way males and females are socialized
When researches determine a statistically significant difference between genders on some outcome of interest, it is MOST likely that
there is another factor that explains the data
Empirical research comparing the marital satisfaction of couple in arranged marriages versus those born out of choice has revealed that
those in arranged marriages were significantly more satisfied
When there is only one women or minority person in a workplace setting, that person becomes a symbol of his or her group and is referred to as a
token