PSYC 3100 exam 2
ambivalent sexism
A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings.
stigmatized
Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic.
What did a 2019 study by Eric Apaydin find?
Female physicians report 30% lower earnings than make physicians
prescriptive stereotypes
Refer to beliefs about what characteristics are desirable or appropriate for each sex within the context of a certain culture
Likert Scale, Rensis Likert (1932)
Respondents are presented with a list of statements about an attitude object and are asked to indicate on a multiple-point scale how strongly they agree or disagree with each statement
The primary difference between the research of Sherif (1936) and Asch (1951) is that
Sherif relied on an ambiguous task, whereas Asch used an unambiguous task.
You're out with friends when a talk show host walks up and asks if you'll answer a few trivia questions on camera. When he asks how many feet are in a mile, your first friend says 2,000 and your second friend says 3,000. You don't know the correct answer, so you say 2,500. Your response is similar to the judgments made by participants in which study?
Sherif's
Which of the following was the central focus of Muzzier Sheriff's (1936) study on conformity?
The auto-kinetic affect
bogus pipeline
a phony lie-detector device that is sometimes used to get respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questions
What is a metastereotype?
a stereotype that members of one group have about the way in which they are stereotypically viewed by members of another group.
benevolent sexism
characterized by affectionate, chivalrous feelings founded on the potentially patronizing belief that women need and deserve protection
hostile sexism
characterized by negative, resentful feelings about women's abilities, value, and challenge to men's power
The process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing is called
evaluative conditioning
Chartrand and Bargh (1999)
found that participants in an experiment who worked alongside another person who occasionally rubbed her face were unwittingly more likely to rub their face. They called this: the chameleon effect.
The feeling of ambivalence can be described as an attitude that is
mixed in terms of positive versus negative emotions.
What did Elfenbein and Ambady's (2002) meta-analysis find in regard to culture on perception of emotions and facial expressions?
people are better at recognizing facial expressions from members of their own culture than those from other cultures.
The "anger superiority effect" in social perception refers to the finding that
people are quicker to spot an angry face in a crowd than a neutral or happy face.
How are perceptions of emotions affected by culture?
perception of emotions remains relatively consistent across cultures
Normative influence tends to produce ____, whereas informational influence leads to ____.
public conformity; private conformity
According to Pryor and Merluzzi (1985), What is the script for a first date
-(1) male arrives; -(2) female greets male at door; -(3) female introduces date to parents or roommate; -(4) male and female discuss plans and make small talk; -(5) go to a movie; -(6) they get something to eat or drink; -(7) male takes female home; -(8) if interested, he remarks about a future date; - (9) they kiss; -(10) they say good night.
John Cacioppo and Richard Petty (1981)
-Recorded facial muscle activity of college students as they listened to a message with which they agreed or disagreed -Agreeable message increased activity in the cheek muscles- characteristic of happiness -Disagreeable message sparked activity in the forehead and brow area- associated with sadness and distress -Electrical activity in the brain may also assist in the measure of attitudes
Cacioppo Study (1993)
-participants listed ten items they liked and disliked within various object categories-later, these participants were brought into the laboratory, wired to an EEG, and presented with a list of category words that depicted the objects they liked and disliked-the result= the brain-wave pattern normally triggered by inconsistency increased more when a disliked stimulus appeared after a string of positive items, or when a liked stimulus was shown after a string of negative items, than when either stimulus evoked the same attitude as the items that preceded it-suggests that attitudes may be measurable by electrical activty in the brain
Stages of the interpersonal perception process
1. Selection-What we choose to pay attention to. 2. Organization-How we classify the stimulus. 3. Interpretation-What meaning we assign to the stimulus.
Attitude
A positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea. Attitude formation process is often quick, automatic, and "implicit."
Willis and Todorov (2006) showed college students photos of strangers' faces and found which of the following?
Even when they saw the photos for less than one second, participants' ratings of the faces were highly correlated with the ratings made by others who were allowed to look at the faces for as long as they wanted to.
Russell Fazio (2000)
Found that people who were focused on their positive or negative attitudes toward computerized faces, compared to those who were not, were later slower to notice when the faces were "morphed" and no longer the same
Fritz is a social psychologist who specializes in studying the processes of social perception. Given this interest, Fritz is least likely to specialize in which research question?
How are consumers influenced in their choices by the packaging and positioning of different products?
What does research by Dunham, Qian, and Sacco indicate about explicit racial bias?
It is very difficult to see. "Explicit bias encompasses our conscious attitudes which can be measured by self-report, but pose the potential of individuals falsely endorsing more socially desirable attitudes."
What research findings are consistent with Darwin's hypothesis that the ability to interpret emotion from facial expressions has survival value?
People are quicker to recognize angry faces than happy faces.
Which of the following has NOT been demonstrated by research on mimicry?
People often mimic the facial expressions of others, but never mimic their overt behaviors.
According to research by Emily Prunin and others (2007), which statement explains why people perceive others to be more conforming than themselves?
People tend to judge others by their overt behavior while judging themselves by focusing inward.
How do social perceivers form impressions (based on Sam Gosling's book)
Sam Gosling's book discusses how social percievers can determine a person's personality by looking at their possessions.
what did the study by David Schwegman indicate about property owners?
Same-sex male couples, especially non-white same-sex male couples, were less likely to receive a response to inquiries about rental units advertised on Craigslist.
Wells & Petty (1980) Head Nodding & Embodied Cognition:
Secretly videotaped college students as they listened to a speech and noticed that when the speaker took a position that the students agreed with, most made vertical head movements.
stereotype threat, steele (1997)
The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one's group.
What do psychologists mean when they describe a judgment of another person as based on "thin slices"
The judgement was based on a very limited behavior sample
mind perception
The process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animate and inanimate objects, including other people
social influence
The ways that people are affected by the real and imagined pressures of others. -Conformity -Compliance -Obedience
Based on the research of Todorov and others, which facial expression will be perceived as most trustworthy?
U-shaped mouth with raised eyebrows
When is the insula activated?
When we experience various negative social emotions, such as lust, pride, and disgust.
sleeper effect
a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, such as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.
Research on social influence in virtual groups shows that they
can be quite influential even when they are remote.
According to Gray and colleagues (2007), what are the two dimensions in which people "perceive minds"?
agency and experience
For which type of attitude would an implicit attitude measure be more predictive than an explicit attitude measure?
an attitude toward committing suicide
facial electromyography (EMG)
an electronic instrument that records facial muscle activity associated with emotions and attitudes
What is considered to be a primary emotion?
any one of a limited set of emotions that typically are manifested and recognized universally across cultures. The list of primary emotions varies across different theorists. They often include fear, anger, joy, sadness, disgust, contempt, and surprise; some theorists also include shame, shyness, and guilt.
Sherif (1936) asked groups of participants to estimate the distance moved by a point of light. He found that
as the study progressed, the participants' estimates began to converge with each other.
Why is social perception more complex than the perception of static objects?
because several sensory mechanisms are at work together.
Identify the species of animal that does not show automatic imitation.
camels
normative influence
conformity based on one's desire to fulfill others' expectations and gain acceptance
informational influence
conformity under acceptance of evidence about reality which has been provided by others
explicit attitudes
conscious beliefs that can guide decisions and behavior.
In a study about political attitudes and opinions during the 2004 presidential election, researchers used brain imaging to examine what happened in the brain when participants listened to positive or negative statements about the candidate of their choice. They found that most affected were those areas of the brain associated with
emotion
Hassin and Trope's (2000) study of physiognomy found that participants assigned traits to others based on their
facial features
In a study by Phelan and colleagues (2008), participants read about male and female candidates for a managerial position. Compared to comparable male candidates, female candidates who emphasized their independence and leadership ability were rated as
higher in competence, but lower in social skills
What does the study of social perception address?
how people form impressions of others
What does research by Jacquie Vorauer say about people engaging in intergroup interactions?
individuals engaging in intergroup interactions often activate metastereotypes, or thoughts about the outgroup's stereotypes about them, and worry about being seen as consistent with these stereotypes
Will and Grace have just started to attend church. Will pays attention to when the rest of the congregation sits and stands because he wants to be sure to stand and sit at the appropriate times. Grace stands up and sits down when the rest of the congregation does because if she doesn't, the elderly couple across the aisle scowls at her. Will has conformed because of _____, whereas Grace has conformed because of _____.
informational influence; normative influence
Measuring attitudes by assessing physiological arousal tends to identify the ____ but not the ____ of the attitude.
intensity, direction
In comparison to obedience and compliance, conformity
involves less direct pressure from others.
What is the adaptive significance of being able to identify the emotion of disgust in others?
it helps us avoid food poisoning
Implicit Association Test
measures the strength of associations between concepts (e.g. black people, gay people) and evaluations (e.g. good, bad) or stereotypes (athletic, clumsy). The IAT asks you to pair two concepts and measures your association of the terms based on how quickly you respond to the pairing.
Ireland and Pennebaker (2010) found evidence for a. mood contagion. b. mimicry in use of language. c. destructive obedience. d. the dynamic nature of mimicry.
mimicry in use of language
What does research by Vorauer and Sasaki say about people engaging in interracial interactions?
participants low in prejudice communicated more warmth about multiculturalism-find differences stimulating and exciting participants high in prejudice communicated LESS warmth about multiculturalism-they felt that there were greater differences between themselves and Canadians of a diff colour-found differences threatening
Electroencephalography (EEG)
recording the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes on the scalp
chameleon effect
refers to nonconscious mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one's interaction partners, such that one's behavior passively and unintentionally changes to match that of others in one's current social environment.
The most direct and straightforward way to assess an attitude is through the use of
self report measures
According to the research of Neumann and Struck (2000), participants would report that they expected a more positive mood state when they listened to a speaker who
spoke in a happy voice.
According to research by Tormala and Petty (2002), an attitude can be ____ by a persuasive message or argument ____ it.
strengthened, against
When used to measure attitudes, physiological measures such as heart rate and perspiration reveal
the intensity of an attitude.
When Pryor and Merluzzi (1985) questioned college students, they found that the most familiar first step in this script was that
the male arrives
implicit attitudes
unconscious beliefs that can still influence decisions and behavior. an attitude is implicit if you are unaware of it.
