Week 3: Stress and Mental Health

c

"Combat exhaustion" is known as ________ today. a. acute stress disorder b. shell shock c. PTSD d. war neurosis

a

Which was not an effective treatment for stress-related disorders, according to your text? a. Psychoanalysis b. Emotional disclosure c. Meditation d. Biofeedback

d

A client is administered the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Which of the following would be measured? a. Severe crises b. Major life transitions c. Availability of coping resources d. Common, stressful life experiences

b

A main symptom of PTSD in DSM-5 is _________ a. development of stress-related diseases. b. reexperiencing of the traumatic event. c. panic attacks when remembering the trauma. d. depression.

Answer: Type D

A recent development in looking at personality in cardiovascular disease is the __________ personality, which includes insecurity and anxiety.

b

A significant drawback to the use of medication for PTSD is _________ a. it can work well during the day; however, the person often continues to have nightmares and sleep disturbances. b. there is still some doubt about the extent of its effectiveness. c. it can make people overly sensitized to the "warning signs" of distress. d. there are no significant drawbacks

c

According to DSM-5, acute stress disorder becomes PTSD when _________ a. the trauma is an event out of the realm of normal life experience. b. the symptoms last for more than 2 weeks. c. the symptoms last for more than 4 weeks. d. the symptoms begin within 6 months of the trauma.

twice

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2013), the rates of unemployment for African Americans are ________ as high as they are for white people.

bereavement

According to the DSM, an adjustment disorder does NOT involve?

a) development of characteristic anxiety, dissociative or other symptoms within 1 month after exposure to traumatic stressor.

According to the DSM, an essential feature of acute stress disorder involves: a) development of characteristic anxiety, dissociative or other symptoms within 1 month after exposure to traumatic stressor. b) development of characteristic anxiety, dissociative or other symptoms within 2 month after exposure to traumatic stressor. c) development of characteristic anxiety, dissociative or other symptoms within 1 week after exposure to traumatic stressor. d) development of characteristic anxiety, dissociative or other symptoms within 2 weeks after exposure to traumatic stressor.

Lower the frequency with which traumatic events occur.

According to the authors, which of the following is one of the most important ways to reduce the frequency with which posttraumatic stress disorder occurs?

b. 6

According to the groundbreaking research by Brown and colleagues (2009), people who reported _____ or more adverse events during their childhood died, on average, 20 years earlier than normal life expectancy than those who did not. a. 4 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10

c

According to the text, PTSD _________ a. is a diagnosis that entered the DSM in 1990. b. has little preexisting vulnerabilities. c. has symptoms that tend to decrease with time in most people. d. is viewed as an abnormal response to a normal stressor.

c

According to the text, a factor that does not make one stressor more serious than another includes________. a. severity b. chronicity c. geographic region d. how expected it is.

d

According to your textbook, what percentage of Army soldiers and Marines in Iraq report that they have been attacked or ambushed? a. 56% b. 63% c. 77% d. 92%

b

According to your textbook, which of the following is a factor that increases resilience? a. Being female b. Being older c. Being African American d. Being Latino

c

According to your textbook, which of the following is most stressful to people and animals? a. Constant stressors b. Predictable stressors c. Uncontrollable stressors d. Physical stressors

Answer: The symptoms of PTSD are numerous and varied. They include nightmares, intrusive thoughts, irritability, insomnia, depression, and anxiety

List four symptoms of PTSD.

adjustment disorder

After her girlfriend recently ended their two-year relationship, Mariette has been having difficulty coping. She feels that she "can't handle" this, even though she is still functioning adequately. Although the break-up is just two weeks old, she is visiting a therapist to help her deal with the stress. Which of the following might be the best diagnosis?

dismiss the depression as an issue because it is an understandable consequence of having had a life-threatening medical event.

Although depression is a greater risk factor than medical factors are in predicting mortality for patients who have already had a heart attack, many physicians fail to treat depression. This oversight has been attributed to the physician's tendency to ________

debreifing

Although people who experience __________ sessions after a traumatic event often report satisfaction with the procedure, there is no substantial research that finds it to be effective at reducing symptoms of PTSD or hastening recovery in civilians.

a

An individual with a high stress tolerance ________ a. can function well in the face of a high level of stress. b. is likely to be particularly vulnerable to slight frustration. c. may feel threatened more readily than those with low stress tolerance. d. is particularly vulnerable to acute stress disorder

b

Approximately ____ percent of women develop PTSD over the course of their lives. a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20

a

Arielle was in a terrible car accident in which several people were killed. A few weeks later, she began to talk about what happened. She told the story to anyone who would listen. This seems to be _________ a. a way to reduce anxiety and desensitize herself to the experience. b. a maladaptive coping response that will heighten her distress. c. a sign that she is beginning to develop PTSD. d. a sign that she is in the shock stage of disaster syndrome.

a

For which of the following would the use of stress-inoculation training be most effective? a. Preparing for chemotherapy b. Dealing with the aftermath of a rape c. Coping with the loss of a loved one d. Minimizing the impact of losing one's home, after it is lost

b

B-cells are ________ a. cells that engulf antigens. b. cells that produce antibodies. c. cells that harm the immune system. d. cells that are antigens

d

Based on occupation, which of the following would have the lowest rates of PTSD following rescue work during a major disaster? a. Waitresses comforting the injured at the medical tent b. Construction workers trying to clear rubble c. Teachers asked to hold bandages in place d. Police officers removing the seriously injured from the site

b

Which type of cells release interleukin? a. B-cells b. Macrophages c. Red blood cells d. Neurons

b

Healthy psychological and physical functioning after a potentially traumatic event is called ________. a. coping b. resilience c. compensation d. adaptation

B-cells

Which type of leukocyte is responsible for the antibodies that respond to specific antigens?

inflammation

Chronic stress appears to impair the body's ability to respond to the signals that will terminate immune system reactivity. The result of this impairment is ________

b

Clyde is unmarried and has few friends. Why is he at greater risk for developing coronary heart disease than the general population? a. He is unlikely to seek help if he notices problems. b. Social isolation has been associated with increased risk of the disease. c. He has no knowledge of his problems. d. He is socially awkward and thus has increased risks for disease.

intrusion

Jayne was in a near-fatal car accident 6 weeks ago, and has been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder by her therapist. One of her symptoms, having regular nightmares about the accident, is an example of which major category of this condition?

a

Coping strategies are ________ a. efforts to deal with stress. b. efforts to avoid conflict. c. the same thing as eustress. d. the dynamic interaction between the types of stressors and the person.

c

Cortisol ________ a. is always stable in humans. b. does not respond to stress. c. prepares the body for fight or flight. d. prepares the body for sleep

d

Crisis is ________ a. a double avoidance conflict. b. when the individual cannot make a decision. c. an internal pressure. d. when a stressful situation overwhelms the individual.

acute stress disorder

Criteria in the DSM-5 state that in order to be diagnosed with PTSD, the individual must be experiencing symptoms that have lasted for at least 1 month. In order to provide treatment to individuals experiencing symptoms shortly after a traumatic event, the diagnosis of ____________ can be used if the symptoms persist for at least two days.

Type D

Danny, age 40, has been described by others as being prone to negative emotions. He is also insecure and anxious. Which personality type best fits the description of Danny's behaviors?

particular genotype of the serotonin transporter gene

Data now suggest that individuals having a _______ may be at risk for the development of PTSD.

Answer: Stress is the response to any demand placed on an organism. Those events that create stress are called stressors. An individual's response to a given stressor is influenced by both internal and external factors, so no two people will respond in the same way to the same event and a given person's response may not always be the same. The impact of a stressor is largely determined by coping skills, an individual's perception of the stressor, the number of other stressors the individual is facing, and any existing predisposition to stress vulnerability

Define the terms stress and stressor. Discuss three factors that influence stress and complicate its study.

Negative alterations in cognitions and mood

Demetrius is an Iraq war veteran diagnosed with PTSD who, while in Iraq, witnessed an army personnel carrier transporting U.S. soldiers explode. Since returning to the United States, Demetrius's wife, Shania, notes that her husband seems detached and blames himself for every mishap that occurs in the family. In which of the four PTSD symptom categories do the behaviors described by Shania fall?

Answer: Choose four from these options: constant fear, unpredictability, many uncontrollable circumstances, the necessity of killing, and prolonged harsh conditions

Describe four factors that can worsen a soldier's response to the trauma of combat.

Answer: Type A behavior pattern is characterized by excessive competitiveness, extreme commitment to work, impatience or time urgency, and hostility. Hostility appears to be the most critical factor. Type D personality is characterized by distress. People with Type D experience negative emotions and feel insecure or anxious.

Describe two personality patterns associated with coronary heart disease.

c

Despite the many barriers to effectively researching the effectiveness of disaster responses, it has been found that _________ a. treatment benefits everyone. b. a single debriefing session is always an effective "quick fix." c. cognitive therapy reduces the PTSD symptoms of the majority of those who are treated. d. more study in this area is not needed as it is too expensive, too time consuming, and too subjective.

Answer: The front line of defense is the white blood cells or leukocytes, which come in two types—B-cells and T-cells. They respond to attack, multiplying rapidly to form a counterattack. B-cells respond to specific antigens, while T-cells (or microphages) engulf the antigens. This is an intricate process that involves multiple systems.

Discuss the immune system's response to an attack.

Answer: Choose two from these options: If the stressors involve important aspects of one's life; the length of time a stressor exists (the longer, the worse the effects); the cumulative effect of multiple small stressors (multiple stressors at one time); and how closely involved someone is to a traumatic situation.

Discuss two of the aspects of the nature of stressors that can cause them to be highly stressful.

d

Distress is ________ a. seen when a situation is ambiguous. b. a response to a happy life event. c. the same thing as eustress. d. a response to a negative event.

b

During WWII, the descriptors of the traumatic reactions to combat conditions _________ a. emphasized that these were a product of organic processes. b. placed too much emphasis on physical exhaustion. c. did not differentiate these reactions from other psychological problems, such as drug abuse. d. were comparable to what is now called acute stress disorder.

c

Estimates of the prevalence of PTSD _________ a. have not been made. b. indicate that most people who experience a traumatic event develop PTSD. c. demonstrate that it is more commonly seen in women. d. find that it rarely exists as a comorbid condition.

stressors; stress

External demands that one might consider challenging or threatening are called __________, and the various effects they have an organism are called __________.

b

Feelings of control over stressors _________ a. do not make a difference when it comes to extremely severe stressors like torture. b. can make a difference even for victims of torture—if the person feels he or she has some control, he or she tends to be less affected by the stressor over the long term. c. can make people feel worse because they believe they should have been able to change what happened. d. can make a difference even for victims of torture—if the person feels he or she has some control, he or she tends to be more affected by the stressor over the long term.

a

Following a disaster, debriefing sessions _________ a. provide those involved with a chance to share their feelings and concerns. b. are not necessary for experienced disaster workers. c. tend to increase the anxiety felt by many victims. d. should be conducted by professionals.

c

For an adjustment disorder, the symptoms must appear within __________ months of the stressor? a. two b. nine c. three d. six

Answer: Prior knowledge of, and preparedness for, torture, strong commitment to a cause, immunization against traumatic stress as a result of repeated exposure, and strong social supports have protective value against PTSD in survivors of torture

Give some reasons why political activists who were tortured may be less affected by PTSD over the long term.

a

Having a history of psychological problems before going into combat _________ a. will make a soldier much more likely to develop PTSD. b. will make a soldier much more likely to develop PTSD only if the combat situation is extreme. c. sometimes increases risk of PTSD, but may lower it because the person is used to anxiety and copes automatically with it. d. doesn't have an impact on developing PTSD.

Answer: The severity of stress is measured by the degree to which it disrupts functioning.

How is the severity of stress measured?

a

I often find that when I am ill, I am not able to cope effectively with the normal hassles of life. I find myself becoming irritated by things that I would usually be able to ignore. Which of the following would explain this phenomenon? a. When using resources to deal with one stressor, the ability to tolerate additional stressors may be compromised. b. Major life changes may impair the ability to cope effectively with daily hassles. c. During the exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome illness becomes likely. d. Allostatic load leads to psychological and biological vulnerability.

d

In DSM-5, a new category has been added. What is this new category? a. Stress not specified b. Positive stressor disorders c. Stress and psychopathology d. Trauma- and stressor-related disorders

proinflammatory cytokines

In Kiecolt-Glaser et al.'s (2005) study of married couples, people who were given blister wounds to their arm showed increased healing time when the body's production of ________ was inhibited by evoked marital conflict.

revealed a correlational relationship between high levels of CRP and more experiences of discrimination.

In a study by Lewis and colleagues (2010), levels of CRP in blood samples in blood drawn from older African Americans were measured. The participants also completed a questionnaire about their experiences with discrimination. The results _______

b

In regards to stress research, a risk factor is ________ a. something about the nature of a stressor that makes it worse for most people. b. something in a person's history that makes that person more vulnerable to stress. c. something in a person's learning experiences that makes that person a thrill seeker. d. something in a person's genetic makeup that makes that person respond well to stress.

b

In the DSM-5, PTSD is a part of a diagnostic category called ________. a. Anxiety Disorders b. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders c. Depressive Disorders d. Transient- and Chronic Distress Disorders

Prolonged exposure

Katrina, a police officer, has PTSD. She is working with a therapist who has her vividly recount the traumatic event over and over at each therapy session. What type of treatment is Katrina participating in?

attempting or committing suicide

Individuals who experience prolonged unemployment are at a greater risk for ________

b

It is believed that the incidence of combat exhaustion during WWII has been underestimated because _________ a. there was a debate as to how to differentiate between combat exhaustion and PTSD. b. many men were treated in the field and never formally diagnosed. c. those who were discharged for medical reasons were not counted when estimates were made. d. many men who were diagnosed with the brain disorder "shell shock" were probably suffering from combat exhaustion.

antidepressant

Marvin has been suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder since returning from combat in the military. He goes to his physician asking for medication to help reduce the symptoms. His physician tells him that only __________ medications have been found to produce modest benefits, and offers him a prescription for that medicine.

a

Positive psychology is a school of thought that focuses on a person's ________ a. strengths and virtues. b. ability to achieve rewards. c. mathematical abilities. d. ability to distinguish right from wrong.

Answer: Type D

People with __________personality type have a tendency to experience negative emotions and also to feel insecure and anxious.

b

People with heart disease are ____ times more likely than healthy people to be depressed. a. two b. three c. four d. five

d

Prolonged stress leads to suppression of the immune system. What might explain the evolution of such a seemingly flawed reaction? a. There is no reasonable explanation for this. b. Susceptibility to disease would increase the likelihood of an early death. c. Immune suppression has no lasting effects on overall health. d. Such immune suppression might prevent the development of autoimmune illnesses.

a

Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the interaction between the ___________. a. nervous system and the immune system b. psychological system and the nervous system c. psychological system and the immune system d. nervous system and the hypothalamic system

distress

Quierra has recently been given a reprimand at her job. Her boss told her that if her performance does not improve immediately she is going to be fired. She is understandably upset about this. The bad stress that this event has caused is called ________.

Answer: hypertension

Relaxation techniques have been shown to help patients with essential ___________.

hostility

Research by Chida & Steptoe (2009) and Wong et al. (2013) found that a Type A behavior pattern component correlated with coronary artery deterioration. Which of the following was the behavioral correlate noted?

blood pressure

Research by Schneider and colleagues (2005) has shown that the daily practice of Transcendental Meditation may be helpful in reducing ________

loneliness

Research examining the importance of social support and the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) found that women who reported __________ on two separate occasions were 76% more likely to develop heart disease in subsequent years.

journaling about emotions helps people rethink problems or reduce how threatening the problems seem.

Research into the effectiveness of writing about one's emotions has found that it may be helpful in speeding the process of recovering from a medical illness. Your authors suggest that one reason for this effect might be ________

cumulative

Research with nonhuman animals found that exposure to one stressful event increased responsiveness to other stressful events at a later time. This demonstrates that stress is ________.

for the most part, not supported the clinical effectiveness of the approach

Reviews of the literature on the effectiveness of psychological debriefing sessions after a traumatic event have ________

a

Selye ________ a. recognized that both happy and sad life events can be sources of stress. b. conducted extensive research on the effects of stress on the immune system. c. failed to acknowledge the role of the environment in adapting to stress. d. focused on the cognitive component of the stress response.

c

Short-term crisis therapy ________ a. typically consists of six to ten sessions. b. rarely involves family members or other medical personnel. c. begins with the assumption that the affected individual was functioning well before the current crisis. d. is usually provided by a trained lay person.

c

Stress slows the healing of wounds by as much as ___ to ___ percent. a. 5; 10. b. 12; 15. c. 24; 40. d. 55; 70.

d

Stress tends to do what to telomeres? a. Increases their strength b. Decreases their strength c. Increases their physical length d. Decreases their physical length

c

Stress tolerance is ________ a. a biological attribute b. a pressure c. a person's ability to withstand stress without becoming seriously impaired d. a crisis for most people

c

Stress-inoculation training ________ a. has been employed in the military and been found to be ineffective. b. prepares one to deal with a stressor by considering solutions to the problems that are likely. c. is a form of cognitive preparation that can be used to minimize the impact of an anticipated threat. d. can be used to prepare for most any disaster.

a

Stress-inoculation training _________ a. involves learning new ways to think about an anticipated threat and then applying these techniques to several different types of threats. b. prepares one to deal with a stressor by considering solutions to the problems that are likely to arise. c. is a form of cognitive preparation that can be used to minimize the impact of any life challenge. d. can be used to prepare for almost any disaster.

Answer: a. Drinking sugar-sweetened soda

Studies have found that the length of the protective ends of chromosomes, called telomeres, are related to longevity. Which of the following may actually shorten the length of these telomeres?

c

Sudden cardiac death is ______ times higher in men with high levels of anxiety. a. two b. four c. six d. eight

Answer: acute stress disorder

The DSM-5 disorder that has symptoms of post-traumatic stress but lasts less than four weeks is _________.

b

The Life Event and Difficulty Schedule ________ a. provides a quick way to assess stress responses and coping skills. b. allows raters to consider different circumstances around the same stressor. c. focuses on how difficult life events are handled. d. provides a timeline for describing the stress response

b

The Life Events and Difficulty Schedule ________ a. is another name for the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. b. allows the rater to consider the person's unique circumstances. c. was developed prior to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. d. does not provide any more information than the Social Readjustment Rating Scale.

c

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale ________ a. examines the role that coping plays in dealing with life changes. b. did not acknowledge that happy events create life changes and, as a consequence, stress. c. is an imperfect means of quantifying the level of stress experience over a period of time. d. has been used to demonstrate that life events and health are not related

A

The Type _____ personality pattern is marked by an excessive competitive drive, extreme commitment to work, impatience or time urgency, and hostility.

Answer: allostatic load

The biological cost of adapting to stress is called the __________.

allostatic

The biological cost of responding to stress is called the ________ load.

a

The development of new methods of coping ________ a. may be an outcome of a crisis. b. always occurs when adaptive capabilities are exceeded. c. increases the expectation of future failures. d. is continuously needed as we face new stressors on a daily basis.

2 weeks

The duration of disturbance that is required for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder is __________.

health psychology

The field of _________ is concerned with the effects of stress and other psychological factors in the development and maintenance of physical problems.

d

The field of psychoneuroimmunology ________ a. focuses on the relationship between stress and mental illness. b. explores the neurological basis of autoimmune conditions. c. seeks to establish a link between psychological functioning and vulnerability to illness. d. examines the effects of stressors on the immune system.

tetris

Which visuospatial video game was the focus of a research study by Holmes and colleagues (2009) examining the effects of distraction on consolidation of visual memories?

c

The impact of torture _________ a. is always a severe level of PTSD. b. can vary depending on the type of torture used. c. can vary depending on if the torture was perceived as uncontrollable or not. d. depends on whether the person previously had another psychological disorder.

all of the above

The incident with the highest lifetime prevalence for PTSD is: massive catastrophic trauma (e.g., combat, torture holocaust). sexual assault. sudden loss of a loved one. all of the above.

Answer: resilence

The kind of healthy psychological and physical functioning after a potentially traumatic event is called __________.

d

The medications used in the treatment of PTSD _________ a. are used to alter the stressful situation. b. act to minimize the cognitive response to the stressor. c. provide the client with a temporary escape from the trauma. d. provide minimal benefits for treating PTSD

Answer: post-traumatic stress disorder

The outdated term "shell shock" is renamed __________ today.

d

The pituitary gland ________ a. controls the release of hormones by the hypothalamus. b. is part of the immune system. c. produces adrenalin. d. is important to the release of stress hormones

resilience

The positive physical and psychological responses that some people display when confronted with stress is called ________.

c

The stress glucocorticoid that is produced in humans is called ________. a. adrenalin b. estrogen c. cortisol d. repression

positive

The subspecialty of __________ psychology emphasizes the study of human traits and resources such as humor, gratitude, and compassion

a

The term "crisis" refers to ________ a. any time when a stressful situation exceeds one's ability to cope. b. encountering a number of stressors simultaneously. c. a period of especially acute stress. d. any encounter that requires a readjustment of self concept

c

The term "stress" is used in the text to refer to ________ a. only those external events in our lives that challenge us. b. any positive demand made on an organism. c. the effects of external stressors within the organism. d. anything that makes us unhappy.

Answer: psychological debriefing

The treatment that arranges for survivors to discuss their experiences with others is known as __________.

c

Virtual reality exposure treatment for PTSD has been shown to _________ a. have no effect on PTSD symptoms. b. have a significant effect in increasing PTSD symptoms. c. have a significant effect in decreasing PTSD symptoms. d. have no scientific basis.

Answer: Choose two from these options: Understanding the nature of the situation, preparing for the stressful situation, perceiving that there may be some benefit, perceiving that one has control, feeling able to handle the event, having adequate social support, etc.

What are two factors that can lessen the impact of a stressful situation?

Answer: Factors predisposing a person to have difficulty dealing with stress include coping skills and the possession or lack of particular resources. Other factors include family members with depression, lower levels of optimism and psychological control, and the 5HT-TLPR gene, as well as early stress in life.

What are two factors that predispose a person to have difficulty with stress?

d

What do positive and negative stressors have in common? a. They usually last indefinitely. b. Both occur without warning. c. They have an equivalent potential for causing lasting damage. d. Both tax one's resources and coping skills.

c

What is Type D personality type? a. The "depressed" type b. The "dysfunctional" type c. The "distressed" type d. The "detached" type

Answer: Anything that increases the likelihood of a specific and usually negative outcome occurring at a later point in time.

What is a risk factor?

b

What is a risk factor? a. A variable that can occur within 6 months of a stressor b. A variable that increases the likelihood of a specific negative outcome c. A biological factor that increases resistance to disease d. A reaction to a normal event

c

What is considered the "front line" of immune system defense? a. Antigens b. Cortisol c. Leukocytes d. Hypothalamus

c

What is not a key factor in making a stressor more serious? a. How long it lasts b. How severe it is c. Its type or category d. How expected it is

Answer: This is a means of preparing one to deal with an anticipated event. It involves learning and practicing new ways of coping with the event. It might be used, for example, prior to some form of painful medical treatment.

What is stress-inoculation training?

Answer: The biological cost of adapting to stress

What is the allostatic load?

b

What is the difference between a stressor and a crisis? a. There is no difference, these are just two words for the same thing. b. While all crises are stressors, not all stressors are crises. c. There is a biological response to stress, but not to crisis. d. A stressor is an unexpected crisis.

Answer: Debriefing provides those who are affected by a traumatic situation with a chance to share their experiences, feelings, and concerns

What is the goal of post-disaster debriefing?

c

What is the name of the system that is designed to mobilize resources and prepare a fight-or-flight response? a. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system b. The cortex-thalamus cortisol system c. The sympathetic-adrenomedullary system d. The parasympathetic prefrontal cortex system

Whether the stressor is something common and the severity of the symptoms

What is the primary distinction between a diagnosis of adjustment disorder and one of either acute stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder?

a

What is the term for the biological cost of adapting to stress? a. Allostatic load b. Homeostatic load c. Sympathetic load d. Parasympathetic load

d

What is the term for the procedure that aims to make a patient more aware of such things as their heart rate, level of muscle tension, or blood pressure? a. Relaxation b. Meditation c. Hypnosis d. Biofeedback

a

What seems to be the most important component for coronary heart disease in the Type A behavior pattern? a. Hostility b. Time urgency c. Competitiveness d. Work commitment

Participants in the study knew if they were diagnosed with PTSD they would qualify for additional military benefits.

When Dutch veterans of the Iraq War were given questionnaires, 21 percent of them appeared to have posttraumatic stress disorder. When structured interviews were used, however, that number dropped to 4 percent. This difference may have been for which of the following reasons?

psychoneuroimmunology

When she goes to graduate school, Nanji wants to study how the immune system and nervous system interact, and how they are both impacted by stress. She should probably apply to programs specializing in __________

army

Which branch of the United States military seems to have the highest problem with suicide, both completed suicide and suicide attempts, among its soldiers?

d

Which cytokine has been associated with depression and caring for family members with Alzheimer's disease? a. HIV b. Adrenaline c. GABA d. Interleukin-6

corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus when the HPA pathway is stimulated?

d

Which is an individual risk factor for developing PTSD? a. Higher levels of social support b. Having no family history of depression c. Believing that their symptoms are a sign of personal strength d. Being neurotic

a

Which is not a stressor linked to immunosuppression, according to the text? a. Vacation b. Sleep deprivation c. Spaceflight d. Death of a spouse

Baseline cortisol levels are often very similar between those with PTSD and healthy control participants.

Which of the following biological findings would seem the most surprising given the nature of posttraumatic stress disorder?

d

Which of the following can cause stress-induced immunosuppression? a. Serotonin b. Adrenaline c. GABA d. Glucocorticoids

Losing one's home in an unexpected hurricane-related flood

Which of the following experiences is likely to produce the most stress?

b

Which of the following factors is linked to a person's ability to cope better? a. Intelligence b. Social support c. Absence of the 5HT-TLPR gene d. Early life stress

b

Which of the following is a criticism of the life event, interview-based scales? a. They do not recognize that joyful events can be stressful. b. They limit the kind of events that can be reported. c. They do not recognize that multiple life changes will produce greater stress. d. They are more expensive to administer.

b

Which of the following is not considered a life change? a. Being promoted b. Being diabetic c. Getting pregnant d. A death in the family

d

Which of the following is the biological cascade that is activated with prolonged stress? a. The adrenal-hypothalamic-prefrontal axis b. The cortical-thalamic-neural axis c. The psycho-neuro-biological axis d. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

depression

Which of the following is the most important medical risk factor in predicting mortality for patients who have had a heart attack?

c

Which of the following psychological disturbances does not occur in response to an identifiable experience? a. Adjustment disorder b. Acute stress disorder c. Depression d. Post-traumatic stress disorder

Kat is traumatized when she sees a video of terrorist attack on a school in Bolivia on the internet.

Which of the following situations might lead to a legitimate diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder under DSM-IV-TR, but would not in the newer DSM-5?

c

Which of the following statements about stress is correct? a. The response an individual will have to a stressor can be readily predicted. b. Cognitive factors do not play a role in determining the severity of stress. c. Some people are predisposed to respond poorly to demands. d. Changes in the level of external supports one has are unrelated to stress reactions.

Understanding psychological factors that may predispose an individual to medical problems

Which of the following statements best describes what a behavioral medicine approach to illness is?

a

Which of the following terms refers to efforts to deal with stress? a. Coping strategies b. Compensatory strategies c. Sublimation d. Projection

A terrorist attack in a shopping mall

Which of the following traumatic events would be most likely to produce PTSD for someone?

c

Which of the following will lessen the impact of a stressful situation? a. Holding unrealistic expectations about the stressor b. Minimizing the use of social support c. Preparing for the stressor d. Being uncertain as to how long the stressor will persist

b

Which of the following will lower a soldier's risk of developing PTSD? a. No prior experience in combat b. Believing strongly in the goals of the combat c. Whether he or she is in combat in a familiar country or not d. Whether he or she talks about experiences

a

Which of the following would be an example of prolonged exposure? a. Mandy visited the accident site. b. Carol considered ways in which she could make her apartment safer. c. John planned a new route to work. d. Chris learned judo.

Ahmad, who has very little control over decision-making at work.

Which person is likely to experience the highest amount of stress on his job? a. Bryan, who has asked for a small pay raise and is waiting for a response. b. Kristoff, who has only been on the job for 2 months and is not sure that he is doing well. c. Ahmad, who has very little control over decision-making at work. d. Teetu, who is near the end of his career and is contemplating retirement.

d

Who is likely to have the most severe stress? a. Anne, who is planning her wedding b. Bill, who has a deadline the next day for an important project c. Lauren, who sees the aftermath of an accident d. Josh, who has just been told he has cancer and whose wife announces she is leaving him when he tells her the news

Answer: If a stressor is not controllable, there is no way to minimize its impact

Why are uncontrollable stressors especially difficult to deal with?

The cytokines trigger the growth of plaques in the blood vessels, and these plaques can rupture.

Why is it that long-term exposure to proinflammatory cytokines is associated with an increased risk of heart attack?

c

Why is there such a high likelihood of long-lasting psychological problems resulting from active combat experiences? a. Research has revealed that those who enlist are more likely to be emotionally unstable. b. When task-oriented coping strategies are ineffective, emotional breakdown is inevitable. c. Combat situations present highly stressful situations for which there may be no truly effective coping mechanisms. d. Basic training is ineffective at preparing new recruits for any of the challenges they will likely face.

d

Why should we study the causal factors in PTSD, since we already know traumatic events cause it? a. Because if we do not study it, we will not diagnose it. b. Political lobbying requires the study of it. c. Victims often feel guilt about their reaction to the trauma. d. Because not everyone who is exposed to a trauma develops PTSD.

It was inconsistent with the atheoretical nature of the manual.

Why was there objection to inclusion of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the DSM when it was first proposed in 1980?

Monday; stress associated with returning to work after the weekend

With people who work during the weekdays, heart attacks are most likely to occur on _________ due to____________.

b

Work-related stress in the form a highly demanding job combined with ________ can elevate risk of coronary heart disease. a. little opportunity for advancement b. little decision-making control c. a Type B personality d. introversion

Stress-inoculation training

________ helps people tolerate an anticipated threat by changing the things that they say to themselves during a stressful event.

Cytokines

__________ are small protein molecules that serve as chemical messengers and allow immune cells to communicate with each other.

Answer: Biofeedback

__________procedures aim to make a person more aware of their heart-rate, blood pressure, and overall stress level.