PSYC Ch. 13 Study Questions

Cattell's research and use of factor analysis essentially scaled down many, many different ways of describing aspects of personality into __________ source traits. A) 10 B) 5 C) 2 D) 16

16

Several studies have found nearly a __________ percent rate of heritability across several cultures with respect to the five-factor model of personality. A) 50 B) 30 C) 20 D) 40

50

Personality neuroscience is an emerging field offering evidence of a possible relationship between various aspects of personality and __________. A) skull shape and size B) neuroticism C) the structure and function of individual neurons D) brain structure and function

Brain structure and function

According to Adler, the defense mechanism of __________ is important in our personality development, as we attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority. A) sublimation B) compensation C) identification D) denial

Compensation

Which perspective of psychology focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development? A) psychodynamic B) trait C) behavior D) humanistic

Humanistic

Four-year-old Brandon has watched his father as he has mowed the lawn. This year, Brandon has asked for a lawn mower of his own for his birthday. Freud would say that Brandon is beginning the process of __________ as a way of resolving his Oedipal conflict. A) identification B) denial C) sublimation D)vcompensation

Identifiction

Bebarly appreciates compliments about her new photography business but really values constructive criticism, as she can then address particular issues. According to Julian Rotter, Bebarly has a(n) __________. A) strong self-concept B) internal locus of control C) external locus of control D) real self

Internal locus of control

Which of the following statements concerning the self-concept is false? A) It is formed based solely on what a person believes about himself or herself. B) It is an important tool in human self-actualization. C) It is a reflection of the sense of self in the words and actions of others. D) It is based on what people are told by others.

It is formed based solely on what a person believes about himself or herself.

You have walked in late to class, and your psychology professor is explaining how one personality theorist sees personality as a relatively stable set of potential responses to various situations. You know immediately that your professor is talking about the theories of __________. A) John Watson B) Julian Rotter C) B. F. Skinner D) Albert Bandura

Julian Rotter

Which neo-Freudian believed personality was mostly a product of dealing with anxieties during childhood? A) Erik Erikson B) Alfred Adler C) Carl Jung D) Karen Horney

Karen Horney

According to behavioral theory, personality primarily consists of __________. A) learned responses B) personal choices C) unconscious forces D) biologically driven traits

Learned responses

Which of the following personality assessments might be best suited for objectively identifying abnormal patterns of behavior or thinking? A) MBTI B) personal interview C) TAT D) MMPI-2-RF

MMPI-2-RF

The __________ is based on the five-factor model, while __________ is based on the work of Raymond Cattell. A) NEO-PI-3, 16PF B) MMPI-2-RF, MBTI C) 16PF, MMPI-2-RF D) MBTI, NEO-PI-3

NEO-PI-3, 16PF

Frequency counts and rating scales are especially helpful in assessing __________. A) internal thought processes B) personal values C) self-efficacy D) observable behaviors

Observable behaviors

If you are asked to describe your best friends by explaining how they act, what they typically feel, and what they think about, you would be describing their __________. A) character B) temperament C) mood D) personality

Personality

Which type of assessment would be the most reliable? A) observational study B) personality inventory C) projective test D) subjective test

Personality inventory

The awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of what Freud termed the __________ stage. A) latency B) phallic C) anal D) oral

Phallic

You are shocked to hear that two of your coworkers who seemingly hated one another are now getting married. According to Freud, what defense mechanism best explains their prior behavior? A) regression B) reaction formation C) repression D) projection

Reaction formation

An old motto of the U.S. Army was, "Be all you can be." This concept fits well with Carl Rogers's theory of __________. A) self-actualizing tendency B) the real versus the ideal self C) empathy D) unconditional positive regard

Self-actualizing tendency

In Rogers's viewpoint, what is the striving to fulfill innate capacities and needs called? A) real self B) functioning fully C) self-actualizing tendency D) self-concept

Self-actualizing tendency

Many of Johnathon's friends like to dress up on Halloween as devils, vampires, and zombies. According to Carl Jung's theory, what archetype is being expressed? A) anima B) animus C) persona D) shadow

Shadow

What is a primary advantage of the social cognitive view of personality over the psychodynamic view? A) The social cognitive view has concepts that can be tested scientifically. B) The social cognitive view is fully able to explain all the complexities of human behavior. C) The social cognitive view tries to explain how people become the people they are. D) The social cognitive view stresses the importance of early childhood in personality development.

The social cognitive view has concepts that can be tested scientifically.

As examples of what might be required as parts of specific projective tests, the __________ asks clients to look at a picture and tell a story while the __________ asks clients to report everything they see in an ambiguous figure. A) MMPI-2-RF, NEO-PI-3 B) Thematic Apperception Test, Rorschach C) MMPI-2-RF, Thematic Apperception Test D) Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test

Thematic Apperception Test, Rorschach

What is the function of a validity scale? A) to offer a diagnosis of abnormal behavior plus a positive therapeutic treatment B) to determine how a subject really feels C) to help better explain the results of a personality test D) to determine if a person is giving an accurate response

To determine if a person is giving an accurate response.

According to Rogers, a mismatch between the real and ideal self __________. A) can result in anxiety and neurotic behavior B) causes people to better understand their unconscious motives C) typically motivates individuals to close the gap D) causes an increase in unconditional positive regard

can result in anxiety and neurotic behavior

Trait theories are less concerned with __________ and more concerned with __________. A) describing personality, explaining personality development B) predicting behavior, changing personality C) predicting personality, changing personality D) changing personality, predicting personality

changing personality, predicting personality

According to Freud, which part of the personality is totally buried within each individual? A) superego B) id C) ego D) conscience

id

According to Freud, the __________ works off of the pleasure principle, while the __________ is often perceived as the executive director of your personality. A) id, ego B) ego, superego C) superego, ego D) superego, id

id, ego

According to Freud, the __________ mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality. A) preconscious B) conscience C) unconscious D) conscious

Unconscious

Studies of the heritability of personality traits have found __________. A) evidence to support the belief that personality can be passed on by genetics but only in highly developed countries B) strong evidence that personality is passed on exclusively by genetics C) strong evidence to support the belief that some personality traits can be passed on by genetics D) little evidence to support the belief that personality can be passed on by genetics

strong evidence to support the belief that some personality traits can be passed on by genetics

What, if anything, have adoption studies taught us regarding the relationship between heredity and personality? A) Adoption studies have confirmed that personality can be strongly influenced by genetics. B) Adoption studies are a new area of study and have yet to offer any information on the effects of heredity on personality. C) Adoption studies have resulted in conflicting findings, with some strongly supporting the influence of heredity on personality while others suggest that heredity has no influence whatsoever. D) Adoption studies have not supported many behavioral genetics studies, thus questioning the idea that personality can be influenced by genetics.

Adoption studies have confirmed that personality can be strongly influenced by genetics.

Your professor explains how all females have an inner masculine side that adds to their personality. This concept is known as a(n) __________. A) animus B) shadow C) anima D) source trait

Animus

Karen Horney's study of one's personality focused on __________. A) environmental influences through adulthood B) anxiety during childhood C) trait-based characteristics that were present in infancy D) biological changes during adolescence

Anxiety during childhood

What is a major shortcoming in the field of behavioral genetics in terms of its studies on human personality traits? A) Behavioral geneticists are unable to scientifically validate anything. B) Behavioral geneticists conduct their studies by looking at single individuals over a long period of time, thus slowing the rate at which they can gather data. C) Behavioral geneticists are unable to conduct studies on animals, only on humans. D) Behavioral geneticists are unable to conduct controlled research studies on human subjects.

Behavioral geneticists are unable to conduct controlled research studies on human subjects.

Mia's parents told her that they expected her to become a doctor like her father and grandfather before her. They told her that if she chose any other career, they would no longer support her or respect her choice. According to Rogers, Mia's parents were giving her __________ regard. A) unconditional negative B) conditional positive C) unconditional positive D) conditional negative

Conditional positive

Personality neuroscience is based on the premise that persistent variations in dimensional aspects of personality must be based on __________ patterns of functioning in the brain. A) random B) infrequent C) variable D) consistent

Consistent

Dr. Hill is constantly late for meetings. She often arrives to her classes 5 to 10 minutes late and leaves students waiting at her door during office hours for up to 30 minutes. Using the five-factor model, which dimension would show a very low score for Dr. Hill? A) conscientiousness B) openness C) self-sufficiency D) agreeableness

Cpnscientiousness

Letty works hard at her job because she believes it will increase her chances for a promotion. According to Julian Rotter's theory, her effort is an example of what he calls __________. A) reinforcement value B) archetypes C) latency stage D) expectancy

Expectancy

Ginger believes that fate will help her find the right man with whom to live her life. According to Rotter, she has a(n) __________. A) internal locus of control B) perceived sense of control C) external locus of control D) strong self-efficacy

External locus of control

In the Big Five theory of personality, "E" stands for __________. A) extraversion B) empathy C) energy D) external

Extraversion

Which of the following is an example of a halo effect? A) Kenneth tends to distrust all instructors, regardless of if they are new or if he has had them for multiple classes. B) Jordan always seems to like the last person she interviews for a job because she remembers the most about them. C) Wyleen provided her diagnosis only after conducting her own assessment and compiling information from two of her professional colleagues. D) Shawn unknowingly tends to rate his new client's behavior slightly higher during testing after noticing the client is wearing a class ring from his own alma mater.

Shawn unknowingly tends to rate his new client's behavior slightly higher during testing after noticing the client is wearing a class ring from his own alma mater.

What did Carl Rogers mean by the term "fully functioning person"? A) Someone who is working to discover his or her ideal self. B) Someone who has discovered his or her self-efficacy. C) Someone who is working to discover his or her real self. D) Someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self and who is also trusting of his or her innermost intuitions and urges.

Someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self and who is also trusting of his or her innermost intuitions and urges.

Colleagues at work are asked to describe you to the new manager. Most likely, the traits they will use in their description are examples of __________ traits. A) cardinal B) common C) surface D) source

Surface

If you are describing characteristics of your child such as irritability or adaptability, psychologists would say you are not describing his or her personality but rather his or her __________. A) character B) mood C) temperament D) consciousness

Temperament

Which of the following traits or characteristics was NOT found to be more similar in identical twins when compared to fraternal twins in the Minnesota twin study? A) intelligence B) empathy C) tendency to divorce D) leadership

Tendency to divorce

To explain an individual's personality, trait theorists would look to __________. A) early childhood emotional traumas B) the early experiences of rewards and punishments for certain behavior C) the kind of love, warmth, and affection given to the person by his or her parents D) the constellation of personality characteristics possessed by the person

the constellation of personality characteristics possessed by the person