Psyc Chapter 10: Emotion and Motivation

Affects of not belonging to a group?

-increases risk for adverse consequences (ex: illness, premature death)

What is the "valence" dimension of of the circumplex model?

-how negative or positive an emotion is

What parts of the brain are active during sexual activity or interest?

-hypothalamus: decrease in sexual interest if damaged -viewing erotica can stimulate limbic system and amygdala

What chemical is responsible for a negative state of emotion?

-increase in norepinephrine

Sexual response cycle

- a 4-stage pattenr of physiological and psychological responses

What predicts sexual-orientation?

-Bem: feeling different with opposite vs. same-sex peers predicts orientation -initial differences in temperament but social environment shapes what is sexually attractive -supported by anecdotal evidence, but no concrete evidence

Difference between high and low self-efficacy

-High: mobilize your energies -Low: may discourage you from trying

What are the emotion regulatory responses?

-Humor -Suppression -Rumination -Distraction

What are the three theories associated with emotions?

-Jame-Lange theory -Cannon-Bard theory -two-factor theory

Rebound effect

-People think more about something after suppression than before

What are the two core dimensions of emotions- circumplex model

-Valence -Activations

What is psychological reactance?

-a motivational state aroused when our feelings of personal freedom are threatened -affects how we make choices -reverse psychology is based on psychological reactance (playing hard to get) -recognize this to make better-informed and more-rational choices

Drive

-a physiological state creating arousal

two-factor theory

-a situation evokes a physiological response, (arousal), and a cognitive interpretation (label) -when people experience arousal, they search for its source -misattribution possible

What are the two theories associated with the application of emotions in decision making?

-affects-as information theory -somatic marker theory

What brain centers are associated with emotions?

-amygdala -right and left prefrontal cortices are associated with negative and positive affect, respectively

Sensory-Specific satiety

-animals eat more when presented with a variety in that they quickly grow tired of any one flavor

Secondary Emotions (with examples)

-blends of primary emotions *ex: remorse, guilt, submission, and contempt

glucosatic theory

-bloodstream monitored for glucose levels -primary fuel fro metabolism and crucial for neuronal activity- animals become hungry if deficient in glucose

Somatic Markers

-bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences

What is the advantage of challenging goals?

-challenging goals encourage effort, persistence, concentration -goals that are too easy or hard undermine motivation-failure

Why must we regulate our emotions?

-circumstances often require us to harness our emotions -engaging in reappraisal changes brain activity

Sexual scripts

-cognitive beliefs-how sexual episodes should occur

Social Comparison Theory

-compare selves with others to test and validate personal beliefs and emotional responses

What internal sensations play a role in hunger detection?

-contactions and distensions of the stomach can make the stomach growl -people with stomachs removed still report being hungry -glucostatic theory -lipostatic theory

What motivates eating?

-culture -most eating controlled by hunger and satiety, but the amount and individual consumes varies

Achievement motive

-desire to do well relative to standards of excellence

How can the feeling of guilt play a role in emotions in the social context?

-discourage you from doing harm -demonstrate that you care -can be used to manipulate -learned from socialization and empathy

What facilitates achieving long-term goals?

-dividing goals into concrete steps and focusing on short-term goals

Distraction

-doing something else-absorbs attention and temporarily allows you to focus away from problem -can backfire

alexithymia

-don't experience subjective components -physiological messages associated with emotions do not reach brain centers interpret emotions.

What chemical is responsible for a positive state of emotion?

-increased dopamine

What neurotransmitters are associated with sexual activity?

-dopamine associated with physical pleasure and sexual interest -enhanced serotonin reduces sexual interest -sexual stimulation increases nitric oxide- blood flow/ arousal

What happens when an animal is deprived of some need?

-drive increases proportional to deprivation -any behavior that satisfies a need is reinforced and therefore is most likely to occur -if consistently reduces a drive, it becomes a habit

What did Freud propose about motivation?

-drives are satisfied according to the pleasure principle

Affects of damage to the outer part of the hypothalamus on food intake?

-eat too little -aphagia

Affects of damage to the middle of the hypothalamus on food intake?

-eat too much -hyperphagia

Components of emotions in a social context?

-emotional expression as nonverbal communications -feel guilt when feel responsible for another's negative state -feel embarrassment after violating norms or being threatened

Suppression

-emotional regulation -attempts to not feel or respond to emotion -rebound effect

Humor

-emotional regulation -increases positive affect and coping

How do emotions influence decision making?

-emotions as heuristics: provide feedback for quick decisions -risk judgments strongly influenced by current feeling -when emotions and cognitions are in conflict, emotions typically have the stronger impact

Theories of motivation emphasize what four qualities?

-energizing: activates behaviors -directive: guide behaviors toward satisfying specific needs -help animals persist until they satisfy needs -differ in strength, depending on internal and external forces.

Primary Emotions (with examples)

-evolutionarily adaptive, shared across cultures, associated with specific physical states *ex: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness

What are the 4 components of the sexual response cycle?

-excitement: contemplate sexual activity -plateau: aroused; pulse rate, breathing, and BP increase -Orgasm: involuntary muscle contractions throughout body, dramatic increases in breathing and heart rate -ResolutionL dramatic release of tension and return to resting state

Self-Efficacy

-expectanc that your effors will lead to success -plays and important role motivation

Cannon-Bard theory

-experience two separate things at roughly the same time: an emotion and physical reaction -mind is quick to experience emotions; the body is slower

What explains variation in sexual frequency?

-explained by individual differences and by society's dominan influence over how and when individuals engage in sexual activity

Extrinsic Motivation

-external goals (ex: paycheck)

Incentives

-external objects that motivate behavior -forces outside conscious awareness can provide incentives (subliminal messages or advertising)

What can we saw about the correlation between extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation?

-extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation

What are sex differences in emotions?

-female emotions relateto caregiving, nurturance, and interpersonal relationships -male emotions related to dominance, defensiveness, and competitiveness -nature and nurture work together here

What do psychologists or physicians believe concerning sexual orientation?

-few psychologists or physicians believe in sexual orientation- as opposed simply to sexual activity- is a choice or that it can be changed

esteem motivation

-good self-opinion, accomplishments, reputation

What do instantaneous evaluations guid?

-guid our decision making, memory, and behavior -instantly color our perceptions

Difference between high and love achievement motive

-high: set challenging but attainable personal goals -low: set extremely easy or impossibly high goals

What do basic drives help us maintain?

-homeostasis

Oxytocin

-hormone released during sexual arousal -love/ bonding

Leptin

-hormone that inhibits eating

Ghrelin

-hormone that triggers eating

What is the "activation" dimension of the circumplex model?

-how arousing an emotion is

The role of hypothalamus on food intake

-integrates feeding messages and organizes behaviors involved in eating -monitors hormones/ nutrients to maintain homeostasis -damage changes eating behavior and wight

What does increased anxiety in affiliation lead to?

-leads to increased affiliation -helps us evaluate if acting properly

Cravings are associated with what system in the body?

-limbic system

self-actualization motivation

-living to full potential, achieving dreams and aspirations

Are there cycles associated with male and female sexual activity?

-male hormone release is constant -woman on a 28 day cyle

What hormones play a role in sexual behavior?

-males: more androgens -females: more estrogenand progesterone -males need a certain amount of testosterone to engage in sex, but do not perform better if they have more testosterone

What are the advantages of crying?

-may relieve stress through activation of the peripheral of nervous system (PNS) and serve a importnat social function by bringing sympathy and support

What goes into mating preferances?

-men and women look for similar qualities; but men more concerned about attraciveness and women more concerned with status -sexual orientation

What are hot and cold cognitions?

-mentally transforming the desired object into something undesired -Hot: rewarding, pleasurable aspects -Cold: conceptual or symbolic meanings (prefrontal cortex)

somatic-marker theory

-most self-regulatory actions and decisions are affected by bodily reaction (GUT feeling) -somatic markers -using past outcomes to regulate future behaviors

self-determination theory

-motivated to satisfy needs for competence, relatedness to others and autonomy. Extrinsic rewards undermine people's feeling that they are choosing to do something for themselves

Emotions are a primary source of what?

-motivation

Self-Regulation

-people change behavior to attain personal goals

self-perception theory

-people seldom aware of specific motives

Yerkes-Dodson Law

-performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point, that decreases with increasing arousal

From an evolutionary standpoint what can we say about motivation?

-positive and negative motivations are adaptive

What is delayed gratification?

-postpone immediate gratification in pursuit of long-term goals -challenging -predictive of success in life

How are emotions adaptive?

-prepare and guid successful behaviors -provide information and prepare people for actions aimed at achieving goals -Darwin argued that expressive emotions are adaptive because they communicate how we feel -facial cues provide many clues about behavior -mouth better conveys emotion than eyes, especially for positive affect -context alters how people interpret emotions

What are the two distinct emotions?

-primary emotions -secondary emotions

What is the role of the Prefrontal cortex on the intake of food?

-processes taste cues (ex: sweet) and indicates the protential reward value of particular foods

Amygdala

-processes the emotional significance of stimuli, and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions -classically conditioned fear response -emotional learning and memory -interpretation of facial expressions

lipostatic theory

-proposes a set-point for body fat -when an animal loses body, hunger signals motivate eating and a return to the set-point

What role does embarrassment play in emotions in a social context?

-reaffirms close relationships -blushing communicates interpersonal error -NV apology eliciting forgiveness

How do we come to develope sexual orientation?

-result of BOTH nature/ nurture -parnatal exposure to hormones esp. androgens, may play some role

When does crying occur?

-results when negative events leave us unable to respond behaviorally to emotions

What are the affects of culture on sexual behavior?

-sexual script -changes in sexual behaviors to changes in cultural expectations -all known cultures have some form of sexual morality -greater male motivation for sexual activity across morality

How are emotions expressed as nonverbal communications?

-signal inner state, moods, and needs -fundamental ned to belong-learn to read cues

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

-smiling can trigger a happy response

What are cross cultural congruences in identifying expressions?

-strongest support for happinest; weakest for fear/disgust -some expressions are universal with biological basis -pride responses are innate

Does emotion vary?

-the intensity of emotion varies from person to person -under emotional people tend to have psychological problems

What are display rules?

-they govern how and when people exhibit emotions -learned through socialization

Rumination

-thinking about elaborating, and focusing on undesired thoughts or feelings -prolongs mood and impedes regulation

Is sexual orientation encoded in genes?

-unclear

affect-as-information theory

-use current mood to make judgments (decisions)

Intrinsic Motivation

-value or pleasure associated with activity (ex: reading a good novel, listening to music)

James-Lange theory

-we perceive specific patterns of bodily responses, and feel emotions as a result -facial feedback hypothesis -facial expressions trigger emotions, not the other way around

Aphagia

-weight loss ad death unless force fed

sexual strategies theory

-women and men have evolved distinct mating strategies since historically faced different problems; strategies used maximize probablity of passing on genes -women more cautious; men more likely to mate a lot

What do people who are shy and lonely tend to worry most about?

-worry most about social evaluation and pay more attention to social information

Need hierarchy

...

belonging and loving motivation

acceptance and friendship

Emotion

feeling leading to a subjective evaluation, physiological processes, and cognitive beliefs

physiological motivation motivation

hunger, thirst, warmth, air, sleep

Mood

long-lasting emotional state

Hyperphagia

obesity

safety motivation

security, protection, freedom from threats

Pleasure principle

which drive seek to pleasure and avoid pain