Psyc Chapter 10: Emotion and Motivation
Affects of not belonging to a group?
-increases risk for adverse consequences (ex: illness, premature death)
What is the "valence" dimension of of the circumplex model?
-how negative or positive an emotion is
What parts of the brain are active during sexual activity or interest?
-hypothalamus: decrease in sexual interest if damaged -viewing erotica can stimulate limbic system and amygdala
What chemical is responsible for a negative state of emotion?
-increase in norepinephrine
Sexual response cycle
- a 4-stage pattenr of physiological and psychological responses
What predicts sexual-orientation?
-Bem: feeling different with opposite vs. same-sex peers predicts orientation -initial differences in temperament but social environment shapes what is sexually attractive -supported by anecdotal evidence, but no concrete evidence
Difference between high and low self-efficacy
-High: mobilize your energies -Low: may discourage you from trying
What are the emotion regulatory responses?
-Humor -Suppression -Rumination -Distraction
What are the three theories associated with emotions?
-Jame-Lange theory -Cannon-Bard theory -two-factor theory
Rebound effect
-People think more about something after suppression than before
What are the two core dimensions of emotions- circumplex model
-Valence -Activations
What is psychological reactance?
-a motivational state aroused when our feelings of personal freedom are threatened -affects how we make choices -reverse psychology is based on psychological reactance (playing hard to get) -recognize this to make better-informed and more-rational choices
Drive
-a physiological state creating arousal
two-factor theory
-a situation evokes a physiological response, (arousal), and a cognitive interpretation (label) -when people experience arousal, they search for its source -misattribution possible
What are the two theories associated with the application of emotions in decision making?
-affects-as information theory -somatic marker theory
What brain centers are associated with emotions?
-amygdala -right and left prefrontal cortices are associated with negative and positive affect, respectively
Sensory-Specific satiety
-animals eat more when presented with a variety in that they quickly grow tired of any one flavor
Secondary Emotions (with examples)
-blends of primary emotions *ex: remorse, guilt, submission, and contempt
glucosatic theory
-bloodstream monitored for glucose levels -primary fuel fro metabolism and crucial for neuronal activity- animals become hungry if deficient in glucose
Somatic Markers
-bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences
What is the advantage of challenging goals?
-challenging goals encourage effort, persistence, concentration -goals that are too easy or hard undermine motivation-failure
Why must we regulate our emotions?
-circumstances often require us to harness our emotions -engaging in reappraisal changes brain activity
Sexual scripts
-cognitive beliefs-how sexual episodes should occur
Social Comparison Theory
-compare selves with others to test and validate personal beliefs and emotional responses
What internal sensations play a role in hunger detection?
-contactions and distensions of the stomach can make the stomach growl -people with stomachs removed still report being hungry -glucostatic theory -lipostatic theory
What motivates eating?
-culture -most eating controlled by hunger and satiety, but the amount and individual consumes varies
Achievement motive
-desire to do well relative to standards of excellence
How can the feeling of guilt play a role in emotions in the social context?
-discourage you from doing harm -demonstrate that you care -can be used to manipulate -learned from socialization and empathy
What facilitates achieving long-term goals?
-dividing goals into concrete steps and focusing on short-term goals
Distraction
-doing something else-absorbs attention and temporarily allows you to focus away from problem -can backfire
alexithymia
-don't experience subjective components -physiological messages associated with emotions do not reach brain centers interpret emotions.
What chemical is responsible for a positive state of emotion?
-increased dopamine
What neurotransmitters are associated with sexual activity?
-dopamine associated with physical pleasure and sexual interest -enhanced serotonin reduces sexual interest -sexual stimulation increases nitric oxide- blood flow/ arousal
What happens when an animal is deprived of some need?
-drive increases proportional to deprivation -any behavior that satisfies a need is reinforced and therefore is most likely to occur -if consistently reduces a drive, it becomes a habit
What did Freud propose about motivation?
-drives are satisfied according to the pleasure principle
Affects of damage to the outer part of the hypothalamus on food intake?
-eat too little -aphagia
Affects of damage to the middle of the hypothalamus on food intake?
-eat too much -hyperphagia
Components of emotions in a social context?
-emotional expression as nonverbal communications -feel guilt when feel responsible for another's negative state -feel embarrassment after violating norms or being threatened
Suppression
-emotional regulation -attempts to not feel or respond to emotion -rebound effect
Humor
-emotional regulation -increases positive affect and coping
How do emotions influence decision making?
-emotions as heuristics: provide feedback for quick decisions -risk judgments strongly influenced by current feeling -when emotions and cognitions are in conflict, emotions typically have the stronger impact
Theories of motivation emphasize what four qualities?
-energizing: activates behaviors -directive: guide behaviors toward satisfying specific needs -help animals persist until they satisfy needs -differ in strength, depending on internal and external forces.
Primary Emotions (with examples)
-evolutionarily adaptive, shared across cultures, associated with specific physical states *ex: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness
What are the 4 components of the sexual response cycle?
-excitement: contemplate sexual activity -plateau: aroused; pulse rate, breathing, and BP increase -Orgasm: involuntary muscle contractions throughout body, dramatic increases in breathing and heart rate -ResolutionL dramatic release of tension and return to resting state
Self-Efficacy
-expectanc that your effors will lead to success -plays and important role motivation
Cannon-Bard theory
-experience two separate things at roughly the same time: an emotion and physical reaction -mind is quick to experience emotions; the body is slower
What explains variation in sexual frequency?
-explained by individual differences and by society's dominan influence over how and when individuals engage in sexual activity
Extrinsic Motivation
-external goals (ex: paycheck)
Incentives
-external objects that motivate behavior -forces outside conscious awareness can provide incentives (subliminal messages or advertising)
What can we saw about the correlation between extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation?
-extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation
What are sex differences in emotions?
-female emotions relateto caregiving, nurturance, and interpersonal relationships -male emotions related to dominance, defensiveness, and competitiveness -nature and nurture work together here
What do psychologists or physicians believe concerning sexual orientation?
-few psychologists or physicians believe in sexual orientation- as opposed simply to sexual activity- is a choice or that it can be changed
esteem motivation
-good self-opinion, accomplishments, reputation
What do instantaneous evaluations guid?
-guid our decision making, memory, and behavior -instantly color our perceptions
Difference between high and love achievement motive
-high: set challenging but attainable personal goals -low: set extremely easy or impossibly high goals
What do basic drives help us maintain?
-homeostasis
Oxytocin
-hormone released during sexual arousal -love/ bonding
Leptin
-hormone that inhibits eating
Ghrelin
-hormone that triggers eating
What is the "activation" dimension of the circumplex model?
-how arousing an emotion is
The role of hypothalamus on food intake
-integrates feeding messages and organizes behaviors involved in eating -monitors hormones/ nutrients to maintain homeostasis -damage changes eating behavior and wight
What does increased anxiety in affiliation lead to?
-leads to increased affiliation -helps us evaluate if acting properly
Cravings are associated with what system in the body?
-limbic system
self-actualization motivation
-living to full potential, achieving dreams and aspirations
Are there cycles associated with male and female sexual activity?
-male hormone release is constant -woman on a 28 day cyle
What hormones play a role in sexual behavior?
-males: more androgens -females: more estrogenand progesterone -males need a certain amount of testosterone to engage in sex, but do not perform better if they have more testosterone
What are the advantages of crying?
-may relieve stress through activation of the peripheral of nervous system (PNS) and serve a importnat social function by bringing sympathy and support
What goes into mating preferances?
-men and women look for similar qualities; but men more concerned about attraciveness and women more concerned with status -sexual orientation
What are hot and cold cognitions?
-mentally transforming the desired object into something undesired -Hot: rewarding, pleasurable aspects -Cold: conceptual or symbolic meanings (prefrontal cortex)
somatic-marker theory
-most self-regulatory actions and decisions are affected by bodily reaction (GUT feeling) -somatic markers -using past outcomes to regulate future behaviors
self-determination theory
-motivated to satisfy needs for competence, relatedness to others and autonomy. Extrinsic rewards undermine people's feeling that they are choosing to do something for themselves
Emotions are a primary source of what?
-motivation
Self-Regulation
-people change behavior to attain personal goals
self-perception theory
-people seldom aware of specific motives
Yerkes-Dodson Law
-performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point, that decreases with increasing arousal
From an evolutionary standpoint what can we say about motivation?
-positive and negative motivations are adaptive
What is delayed gratification?
-postpone immediate gratification in pursuit of long-term goals -challenging -predictive of success in life
How are emotions adaptive?
-prepare and guid successful behaviors -provide information and prepare people for actions aimed at achieving goals -Darwin argued that expressive emotions are adaptive because they communicate how we feel -facial cues provide many clues about behavior -mouth better conveys emotion than eyes, especially for positive affect -context alters how people interpret emotions
What are the two distinct emotions?
-primary emotions -secondary emotions
What is the role of the Prefrontal cortex on the intake of food?
-processes taste cues (ex: sweet) and indicates the protential reward value of particular foods
Amygdala
-processes the emotional significance of stimuli, and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions -classically conditioned fear response -emotional learning and memory -interpretation of facial expressions
lipostatic theory
-proposes a set-point for body fat -when an animal loses body, hunger signals motivate eating and a return to the set-point
What role does embarrassment play in emotions in a social context?
-reaffirms close relationships -blushing communicates interpersonal error -NV apology eliciting forgiveness
How do we come to develope sexual orientation?
-result of BOTH nature/ nurture -parnatal exposure to hormones esp. androgens, may play some role
When does crying occur?
-results when negative events leave us unable to respond behaviorally to emotions
What are the affects of culture on sexual behavior?
-sexual script -changes in sexual behaviors to changes in cultural expectations -all known cultures have some form of sexual morality -greater male motivation for sexual activity across morality
How are emotions expressed as nonverbal communications?
-signal inner state, moods, and needs -fundamental ned to belong-learn to read cues
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
-smiling can trigger a happy response
What are cross cultural congruences in identifying expressions?
-strongest support for happinest; weakest for fear/disgust -some expressions are universal with biological basis -pride responses are innate
Does emotion vary?
-the intensity of emotion varies from person to person -under emotional people tend to have psychological problems
What are display rules?
-they govern how and when people exhibit emotions -learned through socialization
Rumination
-thinking about elaborating, and focusing on undesired thoughts or feelings -prolongs mood and impedes regulation
Is sexual orientation encoded in genes?
-unclear
affect-as-information theory
-use current mood to make judgments (decisions)
Intrinsic Motivation
-value or pleasure associated with activity (ex: reading a good novel, listening to music)
James-Lange theory
-we perceive specific patterns of bodily responses, and feel emotions as a result -facial feedback hypothesis -facial expressions trigger emotions, not the other way around
Aphagia
-weight loss ad death unless force fed
sexual strategies theory
-women and men have evolved distinct mating strategies since historically faced different problems; strategies used maximize probablity of passing on genes -women more cautious; men more likely to mate a lot
What do people who are shy and lonely tend to worry most about?
-worry most about social evaluation and pay more attention to social information
Need hierarchy
...
belonging and loving motivation
acceptance and friendship
Emotion
feeling leading to a subjective evaluation, physiological processes, and cognitive beliefs
physiological motivation motivation
hunger, thirst, warmth, air, sleep
Mood
long-lasting emotional state
Hyperphagia
obesity
safety motivation
security, protection, freedom from threats
Pleasure principle
which drive seek to pleasure and avoid pain