psyc connect assignemnt 1

Which statements are true of survey research?

People are asked to self-report. A disadvantage is that people may not answer honestly.

Much of psychological research is based on samples that are from W.E.I.R.D. societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic). Why does this present a problem?

The lack of diversity makes it difficult to generalize the results to all populations.

What does it mean that the hours a child spent watching TV and the total number of discipline problems the child has in school are correlated +.45?

The more hours a child spends watching TV, the more likely it is that the child will get into trouble at school.

a historical approach advocated by William James that concentrated on mental processes and the purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment.

Functionalism

an approach that concentrates on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environment.

Functionalism

Your roommate tells you that he spent four hours at Starbucks this week and his GPA is a 3.1. You spent six hours at Starbucks this week and your GPA is 3.5. You have started collecting data in which type of research?

correlational research

Experimenter _____ refers to a situation in which the expectations of the experimenter influence the outcomes of the research being conducted.

bias

Experimenter and participant expectations are two types of experimenter

biases

Which approach to psychology emphasizes the role of physical processes such as brain and nervous system functioning?

biological

Modern behavioral researchers include _____ in their research, whereas early behaviorists did not.

cognitive thought processes

In dealing with confidential and anonymous dat (blank), Incorrect Unavailable data can be linked back to the individual person, but (blank) , Incorrect Unavailable data

confidential, anonymous

Third variables are also known as

confounds

In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment is referred to as the _____ group.

control

laboratory research is conducted in a (blank) setting

controlled

Researchers may choose to use (blank)research when they want to use one variable to predict another or if they want to do research in a situation in which they cannot ethically conduct a true experiment.

correlational

The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a(n)

correlational coefficient.

Research that involves determining the relationship between variables and whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together is called

correlational, correlation research

the term (blank) characteristic is used to describe any aspect of a study that communicates to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave.

demand

The term _____ is used to describe any aspect of a study that communicates to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave.

demand characteristic

In an experiment, the (blank) variable is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation.

dependent

in an experiment which variable is measured by the experimenter

dependent

A(n) (blank blank) experiment is an experiment that is conducted in such a way that neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until after the results are calculated.

double blind

If two variables are correlated, then one of them must cause the other.

false

Survey research is the preferred method for studying socially undesirable phenomena such as holding racist attitudes.

false

For a theory to be scientific, there must be some way to prove it wrong. In other words, the theory must be

falsible, or testible

Science is most defined by _____ it investigates.

how

approach to psychology emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capability for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny.

humanistic

In an experiment, which variable is manipulated by the experimenter?

independent

what variable is the manipulated experimental factor in an experiment.

independent

minimizes the risk of harm by telling research participants what to expect before they participate in research.

informed consent

Which of these are components of the American Psychological Association's ethics guidelines for researchers?

informed consent debriefing confidentiality

Jiang-Li attempts to study the structure of her mental processes by thinking carefully about the experience of sunlight warming her skin. Jiang-Li is practicing

introspection

Pedro is thinking deeply about his feelings and monitoring how he responds to common stimuli. Pedro is engaging in (blank) , which is also an approach historically used by structuralists in the field of psychology.

introspection

What setting would researchers choose if they needed to remove the complex factors of the real world to conduct their research?

lab

A behaviorist might study

learning through environmental determinants.

The functionalists focused on:

mental processes and the purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment.

You watch people at the zoo to determine if men or women are more likely to scold their children. This is an example of which type of research?

naturalistic observation

Observing behavior in real-world settings is known as

naturalistic observation.

The biological approach to psychology focuses on the brain and(blank) system.

nervous

The scientific study of the nervous system's structure, function, development, and biochemistry is known as

neuroscience

The entire group about which the investigator draws conclusions is known as a

population

the entire group about which the investigator draws conclusions is known as a

population

A random sample is a sample that gives every member of the (blank) an equal chance of being selected.

population or group

If two variables have a correlation of +.98, the two variables are _____ correlated. In other words, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other also increases.

positively

Random assignment reduces the likelihood that the results of an experiment will be due to any _____ between groups.

preexisting differences

The technique that Freud developed is called

psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud founded the _____ approach to psychology.

psychodynamic

What approach is practiced by a psychologist who believes that the way people think, feel, and behave are influenced by sexual and aggressive impulses that are buried deep within the unconscious mind?

psychodynamic

Which psychological perspective emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demands, and early family experiences?

psychodynamic

the practice of (blank) assignment in experimental research is used to make sure that experimental and control groups are equivalent

random or randomized

A research finding is considered _____ if it is found to have a dependable result.

reliable

Researchers who are concerned about creating studies that are easier to (blank) should use larger sample sizes and be sure to explain their research methods clearly and thoroughly when writing up their research.

replicate

In an experiment, participants' expectations about the study or its expected outcomes may affect their behavior. What is the term for this problem?

research participants bias

According to B. F. Skinner, what determine(s) a person's behavior?

rewards and punishments

the (blank) is the subset of the population chosen by the investigator for a study

sample or sample group

Correlational research involves gathering data on

sets of variables

Which psychologist emphasized that psychology should be about people's actions and behaviors and should not concern itself with such things as thoughts, feelings, and goals?

skinner

The behavioral perspective

suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study

Participants are debriefed once a study has concluded so that they will _____.

understand what the study is about and be able to ask any questions they might have

the soundness of conclusions that can be drawn from an experiment is known as

validity

Children, incarcerated individuals, and people with psychological disorders are all considered (Blank) vulnerable , Correct Unavailable populations in ethical research.

vulnerable

are interested in the role of cognitive thought processes in shaping behavior.

watson, skinner

When you are doing observational research, you must know

when and where you will make your observations. how you will make the observations. whom you are observing.

You find that there is no correlation between time spent studying and time spent taking a shower. Which of the following values is probably closest to the one you obtained?

0

What percentage of APA members use animals in their research studies?

5 percent

What is the difference between a theory and an opinion?

A theory is falsifiable, whereas an opinion is not.

What is the difference between keeping data confidential and keeping it anonymous?

Confidential data can be linked back to the individual person, but anonymous data cannot.

what research serves the purpose of determining the basic dimensions of a phenomenon and defining what it is or how often it occurs, but it cannot provide causal information.

Descriptive

Which of the following are examples of the areas in which psychological animal research has provided benefits to human populations?

Drugs to treat anxiety and severe mental illness Alleviation of the effects of stress and pain Rehabilitation of neuromuscular disorders Behavioral medicine

What is the correct interpretation of the statement "Extroversion and attending parties are positively correlated"?

People who go to parties tend to be extroverted.

Which of the following is an example of correlational research?

SAT scores are related to GPA.

a nineteenth-century school of psychology that argued that breaking down mental processes into elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior.

Structuralism

the name of the approach to psychology endorsed by Wilhelm Wundt.

Structuralism

A test of intelligence is given to a subject. The subject scores a 110 on the first administration. Six months later, the same subject is given the same test again and receives a score of 75. After another six months has passed, the subject is given the test one last time and receives a score of 138. What conclusions can be drawn from these scores?

The scores are not reliable.

What is the purpose of debriefing in research?

To give participants an explanation of the study after their participation is complete

What are the two important principles designed to guide researchers in ensuring research results that are possible to replicate?

Use larger sample sizes in research. Exhibit greater transparency in writing up research methods.

What does it mean if the hours a child spent watching TV and the total number of discipline problems the child has in school are correlated 0?

Watching TV and disciplinary problems are not related.

Two leaders of behaviorist research were

Watson and Skinner

Dominic is running a memory study and is interested in memory performance for adults. All of his participants are adults, but everyone in his sample is female. Dominic has a problem with

a biased sample.

Arjun is answering a telephone survey about marital satisfaction in the United States. When asked about his own marital satisfaction, he doesn't tell the researcher the truth because he worries that his marriage is worse than many other marriages. Instead, he says what he thinks other recipients might say. This behavior is considered

a drawback to the survey method.

Scores in bowling go up as ability goes up. This is an example of

a positive correlation

Scores on an exam go down as the time spent studying goes down. This is an example of

a positive correlation.

What is survey research?

a standard set of questions used to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic

Unlike early behaviorists, many contemporary behaviorists

are interested in the role of cognitive thought processes in shaping behavior.

A _____ is an experiment that is conducted in such a way that neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until after the results are calculated.

double blind experiment

Replication plays a key role in which aspect of the scientific method?

evaluating

In an experiment, the group that receives the treatment the researchers want to study is known as the _____ group.

experimental

When conducting a naturalistic observation, it is important that the researchers

not change the situation that they are observing.

Which of the following are descriptive research methods?

observation interviews case studies surveys

Nancy is doing a research project next week at a shopping center. She's worried about being systematic and whether she should bring someone along to make sure she is being accurate. She's concerned about technology and whether she should record her research in writing, by sound recording, or by video. What type of research is she conducting?

observational

In psychological research, the population is

the group about which the researcher would like to draw conclusions.

Research participant bias is

the influence of research participants' expectations on their behavior within an experiment

Isaac participated in a research study in which he wore magnetic bracelets to see if they would cure arthritis symptoms. The pain did go away, but this was all due to Isaac's expectations, as there were actually no magnets in the bracelets. This is an example of _____.

the placebo effect

Malia had a headache, so she took what she thought was a painkiller, but it was just a vitamin pill (with no painkilling ingredients). Malia tells her brother that the medicine was good because her headache went away only 5 minutes after taking it. Malia is probably experiencing

the placebo effect

Neuroscience is

the scientific study of the nervous system

An extraneous variable that has not been measured and that accounts for the relationship between two other variables is known as a(n) _____.

third variable problem

For what reasons might researchers use correlational research?

to conduct research in situations in which it would not be ethical to carry out an experiment to investigate real-world events to work with variables that can only be measured or observed

t/f A key theme in the scientific method is that knowledge comes from empirical research.

true

t/f Some aspects of the mind and behavior are almost impossible to examine in the laboratory.

true