psyc final
Of the following sounds, to which would we expect an infant to show a preference?
A parent reading to them
Which of the following might be most useful in reducing sleeping problems for young children?
Adopt more regular daily routines
Which is an example of assimilation?
Allison refers to all birds as "birdie"; when she saw an airplane she pointed to it and said "birdie."
Which of the following would a doula probably do?
Assist the new mother in adjusting to breastfeeding
Which of the following accurately describes the current perspective of developmental psychologists regarding the relative influence of nature and nurture
Both are important and intermeshed dynamically in the lives of children
Which of the following would be the most likely recommendation by health officials about breast feeding?
Breast feed whenever possible for the first year
An infant gains control of head movements before being able to sit up. This illustrates which principle?
Cephalocaudal
Which of the following is most effectively detected through the use of amniocentesis?
Down syndrome
What is the earliest stage during which the heartbeat exists?
Embryonic
Nurture refers to
Environmental conditions
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the placenta?
Exchanges of oxygen and nutrients occur through the process of osmosis in the placenta,
What method should you use if you are interested in determining cause and effect?
Experimental method
Which is the best example of a nonnormative life event?
Forty-five-year-old Delbert starts college
Which of the following is associated with a lower risk for SIDS?
Having infant sleep on its back
The desired fetal presentation during the final weeks of pregnancy has which part of the body nearest the cervix?
Head
Which of the following theories assumes a strong role for maturation?
Information-processing theory
Which theory considers the mind to be comparable to a computer?
Information-processing theory
Nature refers to
Inherited characteristics and tendencies
Which of the following is a major advantage of a cross-sectional study as compared to a longitudinal study?
It can be done rather quickly and easily
The major advantage of a longitudinal study over a cross-sectional study is that
It can look at changes within individuals, as well as between individuals
Which of the following is true about genetic imprinting?
It is most often temporary and often not passed on to the next generation.
Which of the following is accurate concerning the consequences for low-birth-weight infants?
Many low-birth-weight infants have neurological limitations for the first couple of years of life.
Jasmine, in her first trimester of pregnancy, is most likely to have which of these symptoms?
Nausea
What is the main difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior, whereas punishment suppresses behavior.
Which type of study essentially combines the longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches to examine age changes?
Sequential study
Whatever you are aware of at this moment (hopefully this question) is in which part of your memory?
Short-term memory
Which of the following would not be considered a broadly focused theory?
Skinner's behavioral theory
Which of the following is likely influenced by genetically control systems in the brain
The ability to distinguish among speech sounds
Which of the following is true of recessive genes?
They are often blocked by dominant genes.
What is the condition known as placenta previa?
This is when the placenta partially or completely covers the cervix blocking birth.
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about using medications during labor?
Using either a general or a local anesthetic before delivery increases recovery time for both the mother and the chilD.
Which of the following best illustrates the Lamaze method of childbirth?
Xavier assists Camille with breathing and relaxation during labor.
The surgical procedure for the removal of the baby from the mother is referred to as
a caesarean section.
A newborn would be best able to see
a moving object
All of the following are suitable reasons for using caesarean section except
a previous caesarean delivery.
The Apgar scale is
a rating system used to determine the physical health of the newborn.
a child who is currently being toilet trained is most likely in which of Freud's psychosexual stages
anal
In naturalistic research, a scientist attempts to study behavior
as it normally occurs
A positive correlation means that
as one variable increases, the other variable increases
Professor Pepper found a positive correlation between the amount of soft drinks pregnant women drink and birth weight of their children. Dr. Pepper can conclude that
as soft drink consumption increases, birth weight increases.
Metacognition is
awareness and understanding of how thinking and learning work
In a well-designed experiment, the control group should
be equal to the experimental group before the experiment
Emotional stress during pregnancy is associated with all of the following except
better resilience and adaptation to noise and stress in infancy.
Studying moral development in children by using upper-middle-class suburban five- to ten-year-olds who attend Sunday school would most likely be considered a(n)
biased sample
Research suggests that failure to thrive is due to
both physical and psychological factors.
One of the differences between breast milk and infant formula is that
breast milk provides some immunity to disease.
Reciprocal determinism holds that
change is a result of the mutual interaction between a person and the environment.
a developmental theory is one that focuses on
changes in human behavior
The second stage of labor is characterized by
complete dilation and birth.
The germinal stage begins at
conception and ends at two weeks.
When Pavlov trained the dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell, when the dogs salivated to the bell, the salivation was the _________.
conditioned response
Gladys notices that every time she shows her two-month-old infant a bottle before feeding, the infant starts sucking even before the bottle is in his mouth. The sight of the bottle is acting as a(n)
conditioned stimulus
In an experiment looking at the effects of television on aggression, one group of four-year-olds watches "Power Ranger" cartoons, and another group does not watch television. What is the name for the group that does not watch television?
control
Which of the following words best captures the essence of the experimental approach?
control
Which of the following studies is most susceptible to problems associated with cohort differences?
cross-sectional
When Dr. Gnapoor studied the ability of students in the first, third, and fifth grades of Morgantown Elementary School to do moral reasoning so that she could compare the three groups, she was conducting a(n)
cross-sectional study
In a negative correlation, as one characteristic increases, the other characteristic
decreases
Polygenic traits are traits that are
determined by the combined influence of a number of genes.
Frick and Frack are identical twins. Differences between their behaviors can most likely be attributed to
differences in genetics.
All of the following are normative life events except
divorce
What stage of prenatal development is most susceptible to teratogens
embryonic stage
In an experimental study, the __________ group receives the treatment but the __________ group does not.
experimental; control
Which of the following of Erikson's stages of development result in the virtue of care?
generativity vs. stagnation
Compared to drawbacks in the last two trimesters, first-trimester disruptions tend to
have more serious consequences.
Throughout her pregnancy, Collette occasionally had a small glass of wine with her dinner. Her friend Amalie drank 3-4 glasses of wine every day during her pregnancy. We would be more likely to see Fetal Alcohol Effects in Amalie's child because the exposure to alcohol was
high in intensity and long in duration
The study in which individuals report on their activities and emotional states whenever their electronic pager is beeped found that
home created stress for mothers and relieved stress for fathers.
every time six-month-old muhammad is hungry, he cries until he is fed. According to simgund freud, the source of this behavior is the
id
A recessive gene will be expressed
if matched with another recessive gene
If labor does not progress because the contractions are too weak, a physician is likely to
inject the mother with the hormone oxytocin to induce labor.
Because school-age children are in the concrete operations stage, they tend to learn best when lessons
involve "hands on" demonstrations and examples
according to erikson, personality development
involves a lifelong process of conflict mastery
The worried newborn mother asked the nurse about a fine, downy hair that covered her baby. The nurse, replied, "Often babies are born with this temporary hair. It's called
lanugo
Al is running a study to examine the effects of accordion polka music on stress levels in teenagers. The researcher measures the stress level in a group that has heard the polkas for a half hour and compares their stress level to a group that has not heard any polkas. In this study, the independent variable is
listening to polkas
The form of memory that has unlimited capacity to store new information is called
long-term memory
If you study moral development by following a group of five-year-olds over a period of ten years by measuring their moral behavior and concepts each year until they are fifteen you are conducting a(n)
longitudinal study
Good prenatal care significantly reduces the rate of
low birth weight and preterm delivery.
Hemophilia is more prevalent in
males because it is a sex-linked, recessive trait.
Mitosis differs from meiosis in that
mitosis produces cells with twice as many chromosomes.
Pam and Guillermo are expecting their first chilD. Given no other information, Pam and Guillermo are
more likely to have conceived a boy than a girl.
One reason infant mortality rate in most European countries is lower than the rate in the United States is that
most European countries provide free prenatal care and have generous work leave laws.
Which type of theorists believe that most behavior and characteristics are the result of genetic inheritance?
nativists
During the first year, brain development is characterized by
neurons connecting with other neurons.
The cross-sectional study method allows the researcher to
observe persons of different ages at one point of time
All of the following are risk factors for SIDS except
older maternal age
Freud's stages of psychosexual development are, in chronological order,
oral, anal, phallic latency, and genital
The movement that the fetus makes around five months is called
quickening.
The notion that genotype can set limits on phenotype is termed
range of reaction
When Ahmad was learning how to tie his shoes, his mother would provide him a lot of guidance, showing him where to put his fingers and how to manipulate the laces. She slowly let him take over the different steps as he became more adept at tying his shoes. Now Ahmad can tie his shoes by himself. His mother was using _____
scaffolding
Dr. Huggins is running a study to examine the effects of accordion polka music on stress levels in teenagers. The researcher measures the stress level in a group that has heard the polkas for a half hour and compares their stress level to a group that has not heard any polkas. In this study, the dependent variable is
stress level
The normative-crisis model of development assumes that
successive stages are increasingly complex and more fully developed.
Mikki and Loma have identical genotypes. This means
they share the same genetic potential.
According to Erikson's second psychosocial stage, a child fails to achieve autonomy if the child had
too much supervision
Which of erikson's psychosocial stages corresponds most closely to sigmund freud's oral stage
trust versus mistrust
The human sperm contains
twenty-three chromosomes.
The most effective method for studying the importance of heredity on certain personality traits would be
twin adoption studies.
One of Sara's cells is undergoing the process of mitosis; she will ultimately produce
two cells with forty-six chromosomes each.
A baby who scores between 4 and 7 on the Apgar at one minute
usually needs some immediate special medical attention.
By definition, punishment always
weakens a behavioral response.
At conception, the ovum and sperm combine to form a
zygote
What is formed at the moment of conception?
zygote