Psyc final
Cannabis sativa (subspecies)
- Grown primarily for its fibers, from which hemp rope is made - Moderate psychoactive effect - Reading: cultivated for use as hemp, grows as lanky plant up to 18ft high
Motivational Interviewing
- a "directive, client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence - It is more focused and goal-directed (individualized)
Marijuana legalization debate section
-Decriminalization vs. legalization OVERVIEW: - The Control, Regulate and Tax Adult Use of Marijuana Act (Adult Use of Marijuana Act) is designed to allow non medical marijuana for responsible adult use, and establish a strict regulatory system, modeled after the medical marijuana legislation passed with bipartisan support and signed into state law in 2015, to facilitate the transition to a legal market. - The Adult Use of Marijuana Act addresses five main components: adult use of nonmedical marijuana, medical marijuana, regulation of nonmedical marijuana, taxation, and criminal penalties. Revenue raised from levies on marijuana will be dedicated to three sources: Youth Substance Abuse Education, Prevention and Treatment; State and Local Law Enforcement; and Environmental Restoration and Water Protection.
LD50 point, links to gender and body fat vs. muscle.
0.4 BAC
"Meet them where they are" approach
1. Harm Reduction — a set of practical strategies designed to reduce the negative consequences of risky behavior, such as drug and alcohol use or sexual activity Client-centered and non-judgmental approach 2. Clients work toward their own goal(s) — individualized Progress is supported without judgment — any positive change is celebrated! Collaborative, not confrontational — work in a partnership rather than a hierarchy A popular phrase concerning Harm Reduction. This applies to meeting people physically and geographically where they are- rather than depending on people coming to find you, bring your supplies and information and meet them where they are. This also applies to meeting people where they are mentally and emotionally. Many drug users have experienced significant amounts of trauma that may or may not be related to drug use, and it is important that as a counselor or outreach worker, to keep an open mind and attempt to understand your client's perspective. And most important, meeting people where they are also applies to your client's current stage in their drug use and/or recovery. Even if your client is not currently open to recovery or sobriety, it is important to try to understand and respect their perspective and their wishes. It is of paramount importance to know that harm reduction operates on a non-judgmental and non-coercive basis.
Know the "stages of change" well enough to recognize them
1. Precontemplation: denial, rationalization, minimization Person does not recognize any negative effects of drug use; denial; rationalizing or minimizing the negative effects so they can be ignored. 2. Contemplation: ambivalence — about wanting to change, pros/cons of change versus staying the same. 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance + exit cycle or relapse & recycle
The percentage of the U.S. that thinks alcohol use is unacceptable according to a 2013 Pew research study (within 10%)
16%
18th and 21st amendments
18th: ratified in 1919, took place in 1920; the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, into, or out of the US for beverage purposes is prohibited 21st: repealed prohibition
Know about the general social history of marijuana prohibition in the US as described in your reading and class (your understanding should include a sense of what the social issues were surrounding marijuana around the time of Marijuana Tax Act and of Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act.
1931: Bureau of Narcotics' file on marijuana was less than two inches thick 1935: 36 states had laws regulating use/sale/possession of marijuana 1936: 48 states had similar laws Associations made between crime, particularly violent/perverted crime, and marijuana use 1937 Marijuana Tax Act — taxed grower, distributor, seller, and buyer. Made it impossible for anyone to have anything to do with Cannabis. After this tax — immediate sharp reduction in reports of heinous crimes committed under the influence 1950s~60s — marijuana became the most common symbol of youthful rejection of authority and identification with a new era of personal freedom. It peaked in popularity in late 1970s.
The year that support for the legalization of marijuana in the U.S. reached over 50% of the population.
2012 or 2013
1933 Repeal of Prohibition
21st amendment is ratified Repealed the 18th amendment which was prohibition of alcohol
The amount of genes you share with your full biological grandparents when computing your "genetic loading for addiction".
25%
The reading was a 3-part newspaper article that conveys the lives of heroin addicted individuals living on the street. There will be a question or 2 on this but you don't need to memorize anything - it should be enough if you have read it.
3-part article on heroin addict Angel. She struggles with heroin addiction. She makes like $900 per 12 hours panhandling but uses the money to buy drugs rather than on a bus ticket home to Wisconsin, where her family (also to some degree drug addicts) are offering her help. In the end, she goes home and fights her withdrawal symptoms. She fights off the cravings with Suboxone twice a day. Article ends with her mom saying she would sell assets to pay for a treatment clinic. "Being a heroin addict, the only good times you have are when you have enough money to get what you want and need," she said. "Other than that, you're pissed off or grumpy because you don't have the means to do that. So I wouldn't say there's good memories.
Know about the suicide controversy for antidepressants, including the Black box warning
A black box warning is the strictest warning put in the labeling of prescription drugs or drug products by the FDA when there is an association of a serious hazard with the drug. Suicide controversy for antidepressants: suggestive data that maybe suicide thoughts were increased in young people on antidepressants — the evidence wasn't rock-solid... not strong enough if you wanted to approve a drug. So the FDA issued a very strong warning about it- wanted to be on the cautious side. As a result of the black box warning- many people are hesitant to prescribe antidepressants to teens- maybe the data is wrong and is causing more people to die. Black box warning is still there but there is disagreement if there should be.
Sinsemilla
A high-grade marijuana with the increased potency of the female plants. Second most potent after Hashish (purest form of Cannabis which is pure resin). Average THC content ranges from 7 to 12%.
Anandamide
A natural substance produced in the body that has marijuana-like effects when administered to animals. Extreme delight and joy neurotransmitter Acts like THC
Know what naloxone kit is.
A peer based naloxone distribution program. It includes a 15 minute training, unlimited refills for any reason, legal and emotional support. At the site they give out overdose kits: they can take as many as they want for any reason — they have medication (methadone) in vials or has auto-injection, they also have a device that plays audio directions. Cost effective way to reduce overdose fatalities.This program can set up a standing order — so that they can give a prescription for this.
Rimonabant
A selective CB1 receptor antagonist, used as an anti-obesity agent.
The organization that Bob S and Bill W created which, at first, was just a place for people with addiction to "talk to each other."
AA
2000 California Proposition 36
AKA the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000 An initiative statute that permanently changed state law to allow qualifying defendants convicted of nonviolent drug possession offenses to receive a probationary sentence instead of incarceration. Probation defendants must do community drug treatment program
The two FDA-approved medications that may be able to treat alcoholism according to an article written by Steven Williams for American Family Physician
Acamprosate Naltrexone Disulfiram?
Know why it is hard to determine whether acute administration helps performance in important test like SAT or MCAT.
Acute: Improved attention and focus. (As Erin's summarized at the beginning of class) It's hard to determine, because there are so many other factors that could confound Testing is a bad setting to look for specific changes in performance (high stress environment); there's also evidence that acute administration helps attention and focus to improve studying, but the studying still needs to occur
The racial/ethnic group whose members are most likely to be smoke menthol cigarettes in US
African Americans
Which of the following may account for how the influence of alcohol can both make a person more affectionate, and more likely to act with hostility?
Alcohol myopia
When the association between an independent and a dependent variables changes based on a second independent variable
An interaction
Know the logic of the implicit attitude experiment you completed in class:
Automatic attitude response of something that you may have a different view if you had time to respond with thought.
BAC, what it stands for, driving cut-off in California
Blood Alcohol Content: % of blood that is alcohol. Driving cut off is 0.08% BAC
Around all capillaries the part that separates circulating blood from entering the brain
Blood Brain Barrier
Volstead act
Clarified the rules surrounding prohibition
In the 1980's, the smokable form of this drug became a major health and social concern in US.
Cocaine
A statistic that describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two continuous variables.
Correlation coefficient
Know the 3 main categories into which psychoactive substances are sorted by society (as discussed several times in class - that pie chart)
Criminal (ex: cocaine) Recreation (ex: caffeine) Medication (ex: amphetamine/dextroamphetamine)
Long term harm of MDMA
Damages the axons of 5-HT neurons. It decreases in SERT levels throughout cortex in chronic users- it's correlated to the number of previous exposures.
Positive functional approach to what counts as performance enhancement
Defined as any treatment that improves achievement. Anything that improves performance
Explicit attitudes
Deliberately (thoughtfully) articulated reported belief
Drugs that are thought to create a calming effect by slowing the functions of the CNS.
Depressants
Sociological approach to what counts as performance enhancement
Different cultures will define human performance based on their social and political values. It is for our nation to define these values and chart the future of human performance.
Freezing and heating methods of "distillation"
Distillation — Heat distillation — process in which the solution containing alcohol is heated, and the vapors are collected and condensed into liquid form again. Alcohol has a lower boiling point than water, so there is a higher percentage of alcohol in the distillate (condensed liquid) than there was in the original solution Freeze distillation — involves partial melting/crystallization of a solid, removing frozen material that is poorer in the dissolved material than is the liquid portion left behind. Purification — alcohol freezes and boils at a lower point than water, allowing isolation of the alcohol. Boil-based distillation preferred. Europeans distilled wine into "brandywine," Irish/Scots distilled their malted-grain beverages (beer) into whiskey Proof — alcohol content of a distilled beverage; in US twice the percentage of alcohol by weight 90-proof whiskey is 45 percent alcohol
Know that alcohol has zero-order kinetics, and what that means
Drug is synthesized at a constant rate per hour; metabolizes .25oz of alcohol per hour
Treatment versus enhancement approach to what counts as performance enhancement
Enhancement is usually used in bioethics to characterize interventions designed to improve human form or functioning beyond what is necessary to sustain or restore good health.
Know the #1 cause of accidental death in the US.
FACT: Drug overdose is the #1 cause of accidental death in the U.S.; more people died from drug overdose than motor vehicle accidents. Contrary to popular belief, almost all overdoses are accidental FACT: 100 people die per day in the U.S. from drug overdose.
Role of yeast in fermentation including limit on alcohol concentration without distillation
Fermentation is the production of alcohol from sugars through the action of yeasts and is the basis of all alcoholic beverages. Fruits + yeast = fermentation. Cereal grains contain starch, which must be converted to sugar by malt before fermentation can begin. Malt contains enzymes than can convert starch into sugar. Easy to come by, because we have microscopic fungi (yeast) floating in the air — we can get alcohol without doing anything, just leaving food out. Ex. Grapes- have sugar and yeast eats the sugar and ferments. Leaving something around for a while produces alcohol. It happens so naturally. Humans have never not been without it. Yeast dies when the alcohol concentration is at 15%; standard alcohol content for wine is about 12%
Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder:
Five (or more) symptoms present for 2 weeks and represent a change from previous functioning; Memorize the 2 key DSM criteria (the ones in which at least one has to be true for Depression diagnosis). 1. depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day 2. markedly diminished interest or pleasure in daily activities 3. significant weight/appetite loss when not dieting or weight gain/increased appetite 4. Insomnia or hypersomnie 5. psychomotor agitation or retardation 6. fatigue or loss of energy 7. feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt (may be delusional) 8. diminished ability to think / concentrate, or indecisiveness 9. recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation
1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act
Formed by the Department of Agriculture during Roosevelt's term No adulterated or mislabeling of drugs in interstate commerce. A drug was defined as "any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used for the cure, mitigation, or prevention of disease". Must indicate whether alcohol, opium, cocaine, etc. and how much of these drugs was included in the preparation. Goal was to protect people from merchants, not from themselves // "Tell them what it really is
You don't need to memorize dates, but there is a nice history of psychiatric drugs leading up to modern antidepressants. You should read it and highlight key parts.
Franz Berger was looking for a preservative for penicillin and found that mephenesin tranquilized mice, eventually synthesized meprobamate, which was launched as a drug that relieves anxiety, Miltown. Within a year, one out of twenty Americans had taken it. Librium and Valium were next, and Valium became the most frequently prescribed medication in the Western world.
Zero sum goods
Goods for which the sum total over all participants is fixed
Non-zero sum goods
Goods for which the sum total over participants can vary
Amotivational syndrome
Heavy, chronic users show - Diminished motivation - Impaired ability to learn - School and family problems
We watched a movie on the history of LSD - the movie itself is not going to be included on the exam, but the basic history as discussed in class will. This includes its synthesis, and basic history within American culture
History: Albert Hoffman, Swiss scientist [remember LSD was SUPER potent]
Physical dependence is closely tied to this very general concept that is central to biology
Homeostasis
Acute physiological effects of marijuana
Increased heart rate Reddening of the eyes Dryness of the mouth and throat
MDMA acute psychoactive stimulant effects (both the desired and negative effects)
Increases pleasure, happiness, extraversion, sexuality. Heightens sensations, reduces inhibitions, alters sense of time. Negative side effects: paranoia, difficulty sleeping, teeth grinding, blurred vision, sweating, rapid heartbeat, dehydration, addiction.
Idea of Alcohol myopia
Intoxicated individuals focus on the here and now, with little attention to less immediate considerations.
How does the needle exchange program differ that 12 step?
It is an alternative to the 12 step program, they acknowledge that people will engage in risky behavior. Instead of telling people not to do something, they help them be able to do it in a safer way. They use the Harm Reduction Approach/Method. It uses a variety of approaches to address substance use and quality of life issues that often co-occur with substance use.
Know about the tension between federal laws and needle exchange
It's not really legal Needle exchange clinics hand out syringes but it's illegal to posses the syringes on the streets
Basic info on the level of danger associated with LSD. Including therapeutic Index and Delphi analysis score. Also including the stories read in class about the suicide and career change (both among college students)
LSD schedule I drug LSD Therapeutic Index: 1:1,000 (same as mushrooms) So high because ED50 is so small
Toxicity of chronic alcohol consumption. Just know this list:
Liver disease, heart disease, brain tissue loss, cancer risk and reduced immune function)
Know what MDMA is (and street names: "ecstasy" and "Molly")
MDMA - or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, is commonly known as Ecstasy. It is primarily used as what is known as a recreational drug, although I prefer the term 'party drug'; going to the gym or the cinema is something that people do recreationally, but nobody drops MDMA and then does leg presses or watches a movie. MDMA is a pure stimulant, which is why it is taken at parties, festivals or clubs. MDMA use is far less prevalent than other drugs of abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and even less than some illicit drugs such as cocaine and heroin. If you were here for the nicotine and tobacco lecture, you should remember that individual differences in drug use are important - MDMA is predominantly taken by young people aged 18-24 years. Administered orally- both pills and powder, each pill contains 60-70 mg, powder typically contains 30-40% pure, but both pills and powder have bulking agents and binding agents.
Key neurotransmitter affected by MDMA, and basic idea of the mechanism (serotonin transporter blockade)
MDMA has been shown to act as a 'PRE-synaptic releasing agent' of serotonin, and also norepinephrine and dopamine (slightly) - these three are all monoamine neurotransmitters, and are re-uptaken from the extracellular space into the neuron by their monoamine transporters - SERT, NET and DAT. MDMA acts by competing for access to these monoamine transporters (mainly SERT) - i.e. competing with serotonin - this both leaves more serotonin in the extracellular space than normal, and results in release of serotonin from the presynaptic neuron once it is inside the neuron MDMA decreases Tryptophan Hydroxylase and 5-HTP by 75% - leads to 30% decrease in serotonin levels within the rat hippocampus, striatum and cortex after only 3 hours
Among cocaine, morphine and marijuana, only ______ is a Schedule 1 controlled substance
Marijuana
Cannabinoids
Marijuana has more than 400 chemicals Only 70 of them are unique to the Cannabis plant - THC is one of them --> Major active metabolite in THC is 11-hydroxy-delta-11-THC - CBD is second active molecule that can be used for medicinal purposes
On a normal curve, the center of the of the range of scores is represented by this type of central tendency
Mean median or mode
Know how to calculate an odds ratio??????. (needles exchange programs odds ratio is .55)
Meant to give you a standard way of saying the risk associated with a particular group or condition. We set something as the standard and make it the denominator and for everything we want to consider- we make that the numerator. If comparing something to males- would put males in the bottom and whatever you're comparing on the job. 1 is the standard of equivalence.
Meaning of demand "elasticity" (and general inelasticity of drug demand)
Measure of how much the quantity demanded will change when another factor (e.g., price) changes Example from lecture: % decrease in demand per 1% increase in price
Three main uses of LSD studied
Model of psychosis (therapist can understand patient's POV) Treatment for mental problems (addiction) Cognitive/spiritual/meaning enhancer
1914 Harrison Act and its interpretation
Narcotics division of treasury Taxing opioids, cocoa leaves distributor/manufacturers More concerned about the dealers and not the users Penalties are not severe 'Narcotics' are legal if prescribed by physicians "in the course of his professional practice and for legitimate medical purposes" Interpretation of Harrison Act shifted over the years: 1919: "Not legitimate to prescribe drugs to addicts" 1920: "Possession without prescription is a violation of the Harrison Act"
1937 Marijuana Tax Act
Newspaper reports link marijuana use with crime Tax on sale marijuana Anslinger (The first Drug Czar) adopted this new cause and began writing, speaking, testifying and making films depicting the evils of marijuana (Bureau of Narcotics was losing power during the Great Depression, Anslinger successfully regained power by spinning Marijuana as a new drug abused by Mexicans). Bringing public attention and raising fears regarding marijuana, resulted in the Marijuana Tax Act
Priming
Nonconsious forming of memory based on associations
Dopamine neurons projecting from the VTA to this region are thought to be important for "teaching signals" and incentive
Nucleus Accumbens
The "p-value" threshold used in psychology for considering an association, "significant".
P<.05
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Primary psychoactive molecule in marijuana, concentrated in the resin of Cannabis. It was first isolated in 1964.
The religious reform movement, physicians and the suffragette movement all had a hand in bringing about this change to the constitution
Prohibition (or 18th amendment)
1918 Prohibition + Volstead Act
Prohibition: Nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages National Prohibition Act is known informally as the Volstead Act Passed in 1920 Enacted to carry out the Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition)
Marinol
Reduces severe nausea caused by certain drugs used to treat cancer 1985: Oral THC (dronabinol; brand name Marinol) licensed for sale to cancer patients experiencing nausea from chemotherapy 1993: Approved to stimulate appetite in AIDS patients
1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
Requires the pharmaceutical industry to maintain physical security + strict record keeping for certain types of drugs (see Schedules)
Know the rates of current use of antidepressants is rising and quite high (over 20% for some demographic groups).
Rising in individuals that don't meet clinical criteria for MDD too
Know about the tests that show clear effect of methylphenidate ("Ritalin")
Ritalin short term improvements in attention (DA-like activity); in school performance, no apparent long-term improvements in math/reading/writing
What differentiates Schedule 1 from 2
Schedule 1: Lack of accepted safety under medical supervision Not accepted for treatment Cannot be prescribed Ex: heroin, ecstasy, Marijuana, LSD Schedule 2: Accepted for treatment Available for prescription Abuse may lead to severe psychological and physical dependence Ex: cocaine, ritalin, morphine
Beck Depression Inventory--- what it is and how it is used.
Self-report Screening Questionnaire that's given out to get a rough idea of their symptoms of depression, used as a screening tool, not used as a clinical diagnosis. Used as a starting point- gives you a score about depressive symptoms.
Basic finding of STAR*D trial (in the article)
Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression; patients were given a series of different antidepressants; 67% effectiveness rate ; placebo effect expected to work
Name the neurotransmitter most relevant to MDMA?
Serotonin
Know what SSRIs and SNRIs are:
Serotonin Specific Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs including fluoxetine) 1. SSRI (According to MayoClinic) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) ease depression by affecting naturally occurring chemical messengers (neurotransmitters), which are used to communicate between brain cells. SSRIs block the reabsorption (reuptake) of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. Changing the balance of serotonin seems to help brain cells send and receive chemical messages, which in turn boosts mood. Most antidepressants work by changing the levels of one or more of these neurotransmitters. SSRIs are called selective because they seem to primarily affect serotonin, not other neurotransmitters. (KNOW JUST: Prozac and Zoloft) 2. SNRI (According to MayoClinic) Serotonin (ser-o-TOE-nin) and norepinephrine (nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin) reuptake inhibitors ease depression by affecting chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) used to communicate between brain cells. Like most antidepressants, SNRIs work by changing the levels of one or more of these naturally occurring brain chemicals.
Drugs that are thought to cause an increase in heart rate and elevation in mood
Stimulants
Implicit attitudes
Subconscious, unidentified, or inaccurately identified attitudes towards objects
The two main ingredients of marijuana that are at the center of the debate on its medicinal use.
THC and CBD
Therapeutic Index of alcohol
TI= 10 (ora)
Therapeutic Index of alcohol
TI= 10 (ora) Relatively low- the ED and LD are not that far apart. One would expect alcohol overdose to be common- but it's not. Throwing up/ rejecting the substance is what stops overdose in many cases.
1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
The Elixir Sulfanilamide incident resulting in 107 deaths --> Improperly prepared medicine that poisoned people --> The government could not intervene because there was previously no legal requirement that the medicine needs to be safe New drug applications --> Company must submit to the government "full reports of investigations which have been made to show whether or not such a drug is safe for use" Over-the counter distinctions "It has to be safe"
Delphi method (what it is) and that alcohol was judged 5th of 20 psychoactive substances in harm potential
The method takes the social piece out of it. It looks at different psychoactive substances and scores them for different parameters. It looks at the harm of drugs and potential misuse. Has to do with experts giving their opinions on something and then going back and changing it. It is a way to try to put a number on this?
Gateway hypothesis
The use of less dangerous substances, such as alcohol and tobacco, leads to a progression of drug use and the use of riskier substances. 2 interpretations: 1. The effect of the drug use itself—ie, trying gateway drugs increases the taste for other drugs and leads users to believe that other substances are more pleasurable or less risky than previously supposed 2. The effect of peer groups and social interactions—acquiring and using gateway drugs regularly may lead to differentially associating with peers who have attitudes and behaviors that are pro-drug, increasing chances of further usage - In rodents, early exposure to cannabinoids decreases reactivity of dopamine reward centers later in adulthood - Animal experiments show that THC has ability to "prime" the brain for enhanced responses to other drugs—cross-sensitization.
This concept, in ratio form, can be defined as the amount of a drug that is needed to have a desired effect, compared to the amount that will cause overdose.
Therapeutic index
Know the name for the endogenous molecule that is similar to THC and the name for the receptor class on which it acts.
This is known as Anandamide (Endogenous molecule) similar to THC (described a few bullet points ago) The receptor class on which it acts is the Cannabinoid receptor (CB1) found primarily in the brain but also unusually widespread throughout the body-
Know what an overdose "Good Samaritan Laws" is
To encourage people to seek medical attention for an overdose or for follow-up care after naloxone has been administered, 35 states have some form of a Good Samaritan law. It provides immunity from drug possession and use offenses when a person who is either experiencing or observing an opiate-related overdose calls 911.
The psychoactive substance for which percentage trying it who went on to becoming addicted was highest (according to Anthony et al. 1994.slide shown in class)
Tobacco
Deterrence Theory
Use of punishment as a threat to deter people from offending Works off 2 assumptions: 1. Specific punishments imposed on offenders will "deter" or prevent them from committing further crimes 2. Fear of punishment will prevent others from committing similar crimes
Know what consolidation of memory refers to
When an event occurs, that you need to remember something- it has to be encoded in the brain and it has to be retrieved when it's used. There is another process called consolidation- work that's done to make it stick in there. We see this through things like head trauma- when consolidation got disrupted for example when someone gets into an accident and can't remember anything before. Memory enhancers effect consolidation and exaggerate that process.
Histogram
a graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data. It is an estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous variable (quantitative variable).
Correlation
a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.
"Proof"
alcohol content of a distilled beverage; in the US, twice the percentage of alcohol by weight
Understand Kirsch's critique of antidepressants
antidepressants are fancy placebos; antidepressants have tolerable side effects, so a patient who experiences minor side effects can conclude that he is taking the drug, so studies are never actually double-blind
Effects on long-term cognitive functioning are reported yet difficult to predict.
are reported yet difficult to predict. Other long term effects: 1. Cognitive effects Slowing of cognitive performance = consistent finding May have significant behavioral consequences Minimal effects on cognition as measured by standard neuropsychological tests 2. Chronic lung exposure from marijuana smoking Long-term implications for health are unclear Still contains chemicals found in tobacco smoke (tar, carbon monoxide, etc..) 3. Reproductive effects Reduced testosterone levels in men; diminished sperm counts in men 4. Immune system effects Findings have been mixed Some evidence points out that marijuana use reduces immunity to infection 5. Amotivational syndrome Explained above: may be due to chronic intoxication rather than long-term damage to functioning Involves lack of motivation, impaired learning 6. Insanity Psychotic "breakdowns" have been reported but there may be no causal relationship Psychotic episodes appear to be self-limiting and may occur in individuals with a history of psychiatric problem 7. Withdrawal Not life threatening but unpleasant
Histogram in Mischel's Marshmallow task, he displays "this concept", which is often used in studying addictive behavior in humans
delay of gratification Or temporal discounting
The part of the neuron responsible for the "input" and the part responsible for the "output" (2 parts).
dendrite And axon( respectively)
rational actor model
drug user/criminal is a reasoning actor who weighs means/ends, costs/benefits, and makes a rational choice
The potency of drugs taken orally is often lower than other routes because of this type of metabolism
first pass metabolism
The only antidepressant compounds you need to know are these SSRIs:
fluoxetine (Prozac) & sertraline (Zoloft) And this SNRI: Venlafaxine (Effexor)
The Anti Saloon League
focused on the legal prohibition of alcohol beverages; very powerful Influenced politicians to fight for prohibition; if they didn't, the Anti Saloon League would pay people to vote against that politician
A simple graph we have discussed which can be used for showing the distribution of a single variable
histogram
Challenges regarding conclusive scientific evidence related to performance enhancement
how do we measure performance and its enhancement?
This technique was first used by Olds and Miller in the 1950's to identify regions thought to be important in the neuroscience of reward and pleasure
intracranial self-stimulation or Brain stimulation
P-value
is chance null hypothesis is true, p < 0.05
The opioid antagonist given to reverse heroin overdose
naloxone
Modafinil
prescription-only performance-enhancing stimulant used by doctors to treat patients suffering from narcolepsy, being sold to and abused by students Modafinil is licenced in the UK for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness that is associated with narcolepsy and where the patient may experience falling asleep during inappropriate situations.13 Modafinil selectively acts at brain regions that regulate normal wakefulness
The sources of temperance movement in the US
religious revivalists, physicians, suffragette (Women's Christian Temperance Union)
Biphasic effects of alcohol
the body experiences an energizing, positive component followed by a depressant, negative component The high reflects the rising BAC, and the following low reflects falling BAC
Null hypothesis
the hypothesis stating that there is no difference (between an experimental group and a control group's results, for instance)
Understand the argument made in Greenberg's "Manufacturing Depression" (summarized in the New Yorker piece)
the pathologizing of melancholy and despair, and the invention of pills designed to relieve people of those feelings, are a vast capitalist conspiracy to paste a big smiley face over a world that we have good reason to feel sick about--unhappiness is chemical, not existential; critical of psychopharmacology and CBT the profession of medicine is creating ever more expansive criteria for mental illness that end up labelling as sick people who are just different—a phenomenon that has consequences for the insurance system, the justice system, the administration of social welfare, and the cost of health care.
The meta analysis from JAMA article discussed in class on depression severity and response to antidepressants.
there is little evidence that antidepressants are more effective than a placebo for mild to moderate depression, but for patients with severe depression, the benefits are substantial
