PSYC midterm

What is the sum or squares (SS) for the following scores? Scores 0, 6, 6, 8. N = 4. The mean is 5. a) 100 b) 36 c) 400 d) 25 (no)

?

Using the frequency distribution table below, what is the proportion of individuals that scored a 4? Please use the proportion formula to solve this problem. X f 6 4 5 3 4 7 3 2 2 2 1 2 Question options: a) .35 b) .1 c) .7 d) .2

a) .35

What is the mode for the population of scores presented in the frequency distribution table below? X f 5 1 4 4 3 3 2 4 1 2 Question options: a) 2 and 4 b) 4 c) 2 d) 3

a) 2 and 4

If 2 standard deviations correspond to a 6-point distance, then 1 standard deviation must equal _______ points? a) 3 Points b) 4 Points c) 2 Points d) 6 Points

a) 3 Points

What is the mean average for the following set of quiz scores? Scores: 4, 5, 9, 2, 3, 7 a) 5 b) 4 c) 6 d) 10

a) 5

What is ΣX? X 3 2 1 Question options: a) 6 b) 12 c) 8 d) 10

a) 6

What is the mean from the list of scores below: 2 2 2 a) M = 2 b) M = 1 c) M = 3 d) M = 6

a) M = 2

For the Empirical Rule, 95% of scores are within -2SD and +2SD. a) True b) False

a) True

A z-score establishes a relationship between the score, mean, and _____________. a) standard deviation. b) the variance. c) the range. d) the degrees of freedom.

a) standard deviation.

If ƒ is 2 and n is 20, what is p (i.e., the proportion)? Use the proportion equation to solve this problem. a) 0.20 b) 0.10 c) 0.15 d) 0.05

b) 0.10

A person's phone bills for the last three months were $20, $75, and $55, respectively. What was the mean average amount for the three phone bills? a) $55 b) $60 c) $50 d) $65

c) $50

What is the median? 1, 3, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19 a) 15 b) 17 c) 13 d) 13.5

c) 13

If the mean on an intelligence test is 100, what score indicates an excellent score? a) 45 b) 100 c) 145 d) 55

c) 145

A set of scores ranges from a high of X = 18 to a low of X = 5. If these scores were put in a grouped frequency distribution table with an interval width of 2 points, which of the following would be the top interval in the table? a) 4-5 b) 18-19 c) 17-18 d) 5-6

c) 17-18 ?

For the following frequency distribution of quiz scores, how many individuals took the quiz? X f 5 6 4 5 3 5 2 3 1 2 Question options: a) 15 b) 5 c) 21 d) 14

c) 21

The first quartile (Q1) = percentile rank of _______? a) 75 b) 100 c) 25 d) 50

c) 25

___________________is the # of people with a particular score. a) Variable b) Skewed c) Frequency d) Distribution

c) Frequency

A hypothesis test involves a comparison of which two elements? a) research results from a population and a hypothesis about the population b) research results from a sample and a hypothesis about the sample c) research results from Melissa Sollom's pet cat. d) research results from a sample and a hypothesis about a population

d) research results from a sample and a hypothesis about a population

What is the range for the following set of scores? Scores 5, 8, 7, 9, 2, 10 a) 8 points b) 5 points c) 13 points d) 4 points

a) 8 points

What is the variance of the population when SS = 36, and N = 4? a) 9 b) 7 c) 100 d) 2

a) 9

What kind of formula is this? z = X - μ σ a) Population b) Melissa Sollom's made up formula c) E = MC^2 d) Sample

a) Population

Which statement below is correct regarding a grouped frequency distribution table? a) The ∑x cannot be determined. b) The ∑f cannot be determined. c) The bottom score in each class interval should be divisible by 5. d) Interval widths should be restricted to either 10 or 20.

a) The ∑x cannot be determined.?

In a population with a mean of µ = 30 and a standard deviation of σ = 5, a score of X = 18 would be an extreme value, far out in the tail of the distribution. a) True b) False

a) True

SS = S(X - µ)2 is the formula for SS population. a) True b) False

a) True

SS/N is the formula for population variance. a) True b) False

a) True

SS/n-1 is the formula for sample variance. a) True b) False

a) True

Standard deviation squared = variance. a) True b) False

a) True

The range and the variance are both measures of distance. a) True b) False

a) True

The relationship between a statistic and a sample is the same as the relationship between _____. a) a parameter and a population. b) descriptive and inferential statistics. c) a statistic and a parameter. d) a sample and a population.

a) a parameter and a population.

Which of the following actions will always change the value of the mean? a) adding the same amount to each score in a distribution. b) adding a new score to the distribution c) changing the value of one score d) removing a score from the distribution

a) adding the same amount to each score in a distribution.

Which position in a distribution corresponds to a z-score of z = -1.00? a) below the mean by 1 standard deviation b) below the mean by 1 point c) above the mean by 1 point d) above the mean by 1 standard deviation

a) below the mean by 1 standard deviation

Which of the following is an accurate definition of a Type II error? a) failing to reject a false null hypothesis b) rejecting a false null hypothesis c) failing to reject a true null hypothesis d) rejecting a true null hypothesis

a) failing to reject a false null hypothesis

The numerical value of the z-score specifies the distance from the __________. a) mean b) variance c) standard deviation d) X Score

a) mean

For a perfectly symmetrical distribution, which relationship is always true? a) mean = median b) mean = mode c) median = mode d) mean = median = mode

a) mean = median

The power of a test is the probability that the test will correctly ______ a false null hypothesis. a) reject b) accept c) become d) None of these answers are correct.

a) reject

Lauren is a psychologist interested in whether observing helpful actions while consuming media causes greater future helping behavior. She designs a research study in which one group of participants watch a pleasant television show depicting people helping others for 20 minutes, whereas a second group of participants watch a pleasant television show for 20 minutes where no helping behavior takes place. After watching the show assigned to them, participants in each group are then provided the opportunity to help another student who drops a folder of papers, and Lauren records whether each participant helps this other student or not. In this research study, the control condition is _____. a) the group of participants who watch the pleasant television show for 20 minutes where no helping behavior takes place. b) the participants that help the student who drops the folder of papers. c) the group of participants who watch the pleasant television show for 20 minutes where helping behavior takes place. d) the participants that do not help the student who drops the folder of papers.

a) the group of participants who watch the pleasant television show for 20 minutes where no helping behavior takes place.

An introductory to psychology professor has students report their major on the first day of classes. Then, the professor decides to determine the major that is most representative of the students in their class. Which measure of central tendency should they utilize? a) the mode b) the median c) the weighted average d) the mean

a) the mode

A researcher is interested in whether a new teaching method influences the public speaking skills of students in an introductory to communications class. The researcher knows that public speaking skills in the class are normally distributed with µ = 10 and σ = 2. Which is the null hypothesis for this research study? a) µteaching method = 10 b) µteaching method = 2 c) µteaching method ≠ 2 d) µteaching method ≠ 10

a) µteaching method = 10

What is the total number of scores for the distribution shown in the following table? X f 4 7 3 5 2 4 1 2 Question options: a) 10 b) 18 c) 4 d) 39

b) 18

When calculating the standard deviation, it is customary to round to _____ decimal point(s). a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 3

b) 2

If the proportion is 0.05, what is the percentage? a) 10% b) 5% c) 20% d) 15%

b) 5%

For the following data, N = _____. X f 4 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 Question options: a) 20. b) 8. c) 10. d) 18.

b) 8.

Find the X value corresponding to z = 0.75. The mean is 90 and the standard deviation is 4. a) 72 b) 93 c) 64 d) 82

b) 93

The sample standard deviation and sample mean are examples of biased statistics. a) True b) False

b) False

The relationship between a statistic and a sample is the same as the relationship between _____. a) a statistic and a parameter. b) a parameter and a population. c) a sample and a population. d) descriptive and inferential statistics.

b) a parameter and a population.

A large z indicates... a) a non-significant score. b) an extreme score. c) a small score. d) a moderate score.

b) an extreme score.

Inferential statistics allow researchers to _____. a) verify the validity of a research study. b) make predictions and generalizations about populations. c) operationally define a construct. d) describe data sets.

b) make predictions and generalizations about populations.

Which of the following is a critical unique aspect of the experimental method when examining the relationship between two variables? a) prediction of one variable b) manipulation of one variable c) prediction of two variables d) manipulation of two variables

b) manipulation of one variable

The _______ can be described as the balanced point. a) median b) mean c) distribution d) mode

b) mean

If a distribution of scores is shown in a bar graph, the scores were measured using a(n) _____ scale of measurement. a) nominal or ordinal b) nominal or interval c) interval or ratio d) ordinal or interval

b) nominal or interval?

In a frequency distribution graph with negative skew, scores with the highest frequencies are _____ of the distribution. a) represented at two distinct peaks b) on the right side c) on the left side d) in the middle

b) on the right side

Barbara is a psychologist who measures relationship satisfaction among couples by observing non-verbal behavior (e.g., smiling, mimicking partner actions). In this example, non-verbal behavior is an example of a(n) _____. a) construct. b) operational definition. c) discrete variable. d) real limits.

b) operational definition.

What is the proportion equation? a) ƒ = p/n b) p = ƒ/n c) p = n/ƒ d) n = ƒ/n

b) p = ƒ/n

What is the shape of the distribution for the following set of data? Scores: 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5 a) normal b) positively skewed c) symmetrical d) negatively skewed

b) positively skewed

If a hypothesis test produces a z-score in the critical region, which decision should be made? a) fail to reject the null hypothesis b) reject the null hypothesis c) fail to reject the alternative hypothesis d) reject the alternative hypothesis

b) reject the null hypothesis

Consider a researcher who is conducting final clinical trials to validate that a new treatment for anxiety is effective. This researcher is extremely focused on avoiding mistakes in concluding that this new treatment is effective when it really is not when conducting their research. What should this researcher do? a) set a low sample mean b) set a low alpha level c) set a high alpha level d) set a high sample mean

b) set a low alpha level

When is a researcher at risk of making a Type II error? a) whenever H0 is rejected b) whenever H0 fails to be rejected c) The risk of a Type II error is independent of the decision from a hypothesis test. d) whenever H1 is rejected

b) whenever H0 fails to be rejected

When is a researcher at risk of making a Type I error? a) whenever H1 is rejected b) whenever H0 is rejected c) whenever H0 fails to be rejected d) The risk of a Type I error is independent of the decision from a hypothesis test.

b) whenever H0 is rejected

A person scores X = 65 on an exam. Which set of parameters would give this person the worst grade on the exam relative to others? a) µ = 70 and σ = 10 b) µ = 70 and σ = 5 c) Can't be determined. d) µ = 60 and σ = 10

b) µ = 70 and σ = 5

______________________is the spread of those scores based on the range of scores and the frequency of each. a) Frequency b) ​Distribution c) Variable d) Skewed

b) ​Distribution

Which of the following statements must be false regarding a distribution of scores? a) You can't have a mode in a set of scores. b) No individual has a score exactly equal to the mean. c) All of these statements are false. d) No individual has a score exactly equal to the median.

c) All of these statements are false.

Which statement below is true? a) It is possible for a distribution of scores to have two medians or two modes. b) It is possible for a distribution of scores to have two means. c) It is possible for a distribution of scores to have two modes. d) It is possible for a distribution of scores to have two means or two medians.

c) It is possible for a distribution of scores to have two modes.

A researcher assesses eye color for a sample of n = 50 people. Which measure of central tendency would be appropriate to summarize the measurements of eye color collected for this sample? a) Mean b) Median c) Mode d) Any of the three measures of central tendency could be used

c) Mode

A population with a mean of µ = 9 has ΣX = 54. How many scores are in the population? Hint: 54/9 =? a) N = 9 b) N = 14 c) N = 6 d) N = 7

c) N = 6

Which z-score corresponds to a score that is above the mean by 2 standard deviations? a) +10 b) -2 c) This is impossible to determine without knowing the value of the standard deviation. d) +2

d) +2

What is a large Cohen's d? a) 0.5 b) 0.25 c) 0.32 d) 0.85

d) 0.85

What is the median for the following set of scores? Scores: 1, 5, 11, 12, 20 a) 11.5 b) 8 c) 5 d) 11

d) 11

For the following distribution of quiz scores, if a score of X = 4 or lower is a failing grade, how many individuals failed the quiz? X f 6 3 5 6 4 5 3 5 2 3 1 2 Question options: a) 9 b) 10 c) 14 d) 15

d) 15

In a grouped frequency distribution table, one interval is listed as 35-39. If the scores represent a continuous variable, what are the real limits for this interval? a) 35.25 and 39.25 b) 35.5 and 39.5 c) 34 and 40 d) 34.5 and 39.5

d) 34.5 and 39.5

A sample of n = 12 scores ranges from a high of X = 7 to a low of X = 4. If these scores are placed in a frequency distribution table, how many X values will be listed in the first column? a) 7 b) 12 c) 3 d) 4

d) 4

The mean is the.. a) Most frequent score b) The middle score c) The lowest score d) Average score

d) Average score

Bars that do not touch on the x axis. Used for nominal and ordinal data. a) Polygons b) Solloms c) Histograms d) Bar Graphs

d) Bar Graphs

Which statement below regarding populations is true? a) The experimental research method should be used to examine populations. b) Populations typically are small in size. c) Populations cannot consist of non-human animal research subjects. d) It usually is challenging to obtain data from every person in a population.

d) It usually is challenging to obtain data from every person in a population.

What kind of formula is this? z = X - M s a) Melissa Sollom's formula b) E = MC^2 c) Population d) Sample

d) Sample

Dr. Sollom is conducting a study on happiness and chocolate when several students are given an additional variable, an antidepressant. Now Dr. Sollom doesn't know if the happiness is due to the chocolate or antidepressant. The antidepressant is an example of... a) a placebo. b) a dependent variable. c) an independent variable. d) a construct.

d) a construct ?

In order for a researcher to obtain a random sample, they need to specifically do which of the following things? a) rule out confounding variables b) make sure that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each experimental condition c) make certain that results are valid d) ensure that each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

d) ensure that each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

If the variability is very low, most scores will cluster by the ____________ score. a) upper limit b) highest c) lowest d) mean

d) mean

A (+) value times a negative (-) value equals a ________ value. a) neutral b) central c) positive d) negative

d) negative

The students in a psychology class seem to think that the midterm exam was very difficult. If they are correct, what is the most likely shape for the distribution of exam scores? a) symmetrical b) negatively skewed c) normal d) positively skewed

d) positively skewed

What scale of measurement is being used when a researcher measures the amount of car accidents that participants have been involved in during their lifetime? a) nominal b) interval c) ordinal d) ratio

d) ratio

Compute Cohen's d. M = 53.8, µ = 50, σ = 15 a) 0.28 b) 0.25 c) 0.30 d) 0.55

b) 0.25

Find the group width? Largest X = 53, Smallest X = 16, K = 5 a) 15 b) 10 c) 7 d) 20

b) 10

A sports coach is investigating the impact of a new training method. In words, what would the null hypothesis say? a) The new training program produces better results than the existing one. b) The new training program produces different results from the existing one. c) The new training program produces results similar to the existing one. d) There is no way to predict the results of the new training program.

c) The new training program produces results similar to the existing one.

When would you use a grouped frequency table? a) When there isn't a wide range of data. b) When you only have 2 raw scores. c) When you have a wide range of data. d) When you only have 5 raw scores.

c) When you have a wide range of data.

A researcher collects a sample of n = 20 Introductory Psychology textbooks and records the number of pages in each book. The results are then placed in a grouped frequency distribution table using intervals of 0-99 pages, 100-199 pages, 200-299 pages, and so on. If the results were converted into a frequency distribution graph, which kind of graph(s) would be appropriate? a) a histogram b) a histogram or polygon c) a histogram or bar graph d) a bar graph

c) a histogram or bar graph

A researcher surveys a sample of n = 10 adults and asks them to indicate their favorite day of the week. If the data were organized in a frequency distribution table, what would be included in the first column? a) a list of frequencies b) a list of averages c) a list of days of the week d) a list of students

c) a list of days of the week

Which type(s) of frequency distribution graph(s) should be used for data that come from a nominal scale of measurement? a) bar graphs or polygons b) histograms c) bar graphs d) histograms or bar graphs

c) bar graphs

Which statement below is consistent with making a Type I error? a) concluding that a treatment has no effect when it really has no effect b) concluding that a treatment has an effect when it really does c) concluding that a treatment has an effect when it really has no effect d) concluding that a treatment has no effect when it really does

c) concluding that a treatment has an effect when it really has no effect

What statement below is consistent with making a Type II error? a) concluding that a treatment has no effect when it really has no effect b) concluding that a treatment has an effect when it really does c) concluding that a treatment has no effect when it really does d) concluding that a treatment has an effect when it really has no effect

c) concluding that a treatment has no effect when it really does

Organizing a set of scores in a table or computing an average to summarize a data set is an example of using ______. a) random sampling. b) parameters. c) descriptive statistics. d) inferential statistics.

c) descriptive statistics.

Sarah is conducting a research study in which one group of participants consume one cup of coffee, whereas another group of participants consume two cups of coffee. Then, she assesses attention levels of these participants following coffee consumption. This is an example of a(n) _____ research study. a) quasi-experimental b) correlational c) experimental d) descriptive

c) experimental

After assessing two individuals' intelligence levels using a questionnaire, a researcher can conclude that Tom's intelligence score is 4 points higher than Bill's. The observations that serve as the basis for this conclusion must come from a(n) _____. a) ordinal scale of measurement. b) construct. c) interval scale of measurement. d) discrete variable.

c) interval scale of measurement.

A quasi-independent variable is most similar to and consistent with which of the following terms? a) pre-post research study b) control group c) non-equivalent groups research study d) manipulation

c) non-equivalent groups research study

The normal distribution is an example of a _____. a) histogram showing data from a sample. b) bar graph showing data from a population. c) smooth curve showing data from a population. d) polygon showing data from a sample.

c) smooth curve showing data from a population.

Consider the mathematical expressions of (ΣX)^2 and ΣX^2. A valid generalization is that _____. a) in both equations squaring will be the last operation performed. b) the first equation typically will yield a lower computed value. c) the first equation typically will yield a higher computed value. d) in both equations summing will be the last operation performed.

c) the first equation typically will yield a higher computed value.

Which of the following symbols identifies the population standard deviation? a) σ 2 b) N c) σ d) s

c) σ

Which of the following accurately describes the critical region? a) sample means that are very likely to be obtained whether or not the null hypothesis is false b) sample means that are very unlikely to be obtained whether or not the null hypothesis is true c) sample means that are very likely to be obtained if the null hypothesis is true d) sample means that are very unlikely to be obtained if the null hypothesis is true

d) sample means that are very unlikely to be obtained if the null hypothesis is true

For a population with µ = 40 and σ = 8, what is the z-score corresponding to X = 34? a) z = -0.50 b) z = -1.50 c) z = -1.00 d) z = -0.75

d) z = -0.75

Which z-score value represents the location farthest from the mean? a) z = -1.00 b) z = +0.50 c) z = -0.50 d) z = -2.00

d) z = -2.00

An instructor is interested in whether frequent feedback in their course to a small sample of students influences student performance. The instructor knows that final class scores are normally distributed with µ = 85 and σ = 6. Which is the alternative hypothesis for this research study? a) µfrequent feedback = 85 b) µfrequent feedback ≠ 6 c) µfrequent feedback = 6 d) µfrequent feedback ≠ 85

d) µfrequent feedback ≠ 85