psyc103 ch 14 and 15

An example of a Newtonian food that shows no change in viscosity as shear rate is increased would be

1. vegetable oil 2. soda 3. apple juice 4. water 5. all of the above X

1. _______ is the sensation evoked by solutions that contact receptors in the tongue while _______ includes the former and also retronasal olfaction. (A) Taste; flavor (B) Taste; smell (C) Flavor; smell (D) Flavor; taste

A

11. The labeled lines theory of taste coding holds that each _______ carries a particular taste quality. (A) taste nerve fiber (B) taste bud (C) taste neuron (D) taste receptor site

A

7. This specific taste may have evolved to help us sense poisonous foods. (A) Bitter (B) Salty (C) Spicy (D) Sour

A

14 cribriform plate

A bony structure riddled with tiny holes, at the level of the eyebrows, that separates the nose from the brain. Axons from OSNs pass through the tiny holes to enter the brain.

14 pheromone

A chemical emitted by one member of a species that triggers a physiological or behavioral response in another member of the same species. Pheromones are signals for chemical communication and do not need to have any smell.

14 vomeronasal organ (VNO)

A chemical sensing organ at the base of the nasal cavity with a curved tubular shape. Evolved to detect chemicals that cannot be processed by the olfactory epithelium, such as large and/or aqueous molecules—the types of molecules that constitute pheromones

14 entorhinal cortex

A phylogenetically old cortical region that provides the major sensory association input into the hippocampus. Also receives direct projections from olfactory regions.

13 anterior cingulate

A region of the brain associated with the perceived unpleasantness of pain sensations.

13 muscle spindle

A sensory receptor located in a muscle that senses its tension. Receptors in tendons signal tension in muscles attached to tendons Receptors in joints react when joint is bent to an extreme angle

14 Accessory olfactory bulb (AOB)

A smaller neural structure located behind the MOB that receives input from the vomeronasal organ.

Which of the following former presidents was responsible for establishing Thanksgiving as a national holiday on the fourth Thursday of November?

Abraham Lincoln

15 chili peppers

Chili pepper preference depends on social influences- Variability across individuals, depend on # of papillae Capsaicin: The chemical that produces the burn in chilis; desensitizes pain receptors.

12 ampulla

An expansion of each semicircular-canal duct that includes that canal's cupula, crista, and hair cells, where transduction occurs.

A brine solution to enhance juiciness and flavor of turkey may contain all the following except

Annatto

8. If you adjust the brightness of a light until it matches the intensity of sourness of the taste of a lemon, you are engaging in (A) sensory integration. (B) cross-modality matching. (C) cross-adaptation. (D) variety matching.

B

13 somatosensation

Collectively, sensory signals from the skin, muscles, tendons, joints, and internal receptors.

15 sour

Comes from acidic substances At high concentrations, acids will damage both external and internal body tissues.

15 survival value of taste

Bitter—might signal poisons Sour—configured to detect acidic solutions that might harm the body Sweet and Salty—our bodies need sodium and sugar to survive

13 perceiving patterns with the skin

Braille alphabet consists of raised dots Loomis: Touch acts like blurred vision when the fingertips explore a raised pattern Visual stimuli blurred to match the acuity of fingertip skin Visual stimuli and haptic stimuli showed same confusion errors

15 connection between taste and smell

Brain imaging studies Brain processes odors differently, depending on whether they come from nose or mouth. Food industry adds sugar to intensify sensation of fruit juice Increase in sweetness (a pure taste sensation) increases perceived olfactory sensation of fruit

15 studies on heirloom tomatoes indicate:

Brain imaging studies Brain processes odors differently, depending on whether they come from nose or mouth. Food industry adds sugar to intensify sensation of fruit juice Increase in sweetness (a pure taste sensation) increases perceived olfactory sensation of fruit

10. Which of the following taste receptors do fat molecules stimulate? (A) Salty (B) None of these (C) Umami (D) Sweet

C

4. A(n) _______ is any stimulus that can be tasted. (A) tasty (B) odorant (C) tastant (D) flavor

C

5. The _______ is multimodal in nature, responding to temperature, touch, smell, and taste, and is critical for assigning affective value to stimuli. (A) prefrontal cortex (B) thalamus (C) orbitofrontal cortex (D) insular cortex

C

6. _______ is the taste quality produced by the hydrogen ion in foods. (A) Bitter (B) Sweet (C) Sour (D) Salty

C

15 Safety issues in consumption of umami

Can lead to numbness, headache, flushing, tingling, sweating, and tightness in the chest if sensitive individuals consume a large amount For most people, MSG does not pose a problem in small doses

15 special case of umami

Candidate for fifth basic taste Comes from monosodium glutamate (MSG) Glutamate: Important neurotransmitter

12 sensory exafferance

Change in afference caused by external stimuli. For example, knowing that changes in vestibular sensation are due to passive motion rather than self-generated motion

12 sensory reafferance

Change in afference caused by self-generated activity. For example, knowing that changes in visual stimulation are occurring because we are moving our head

12 coding amplitude in the semicircular canals

In the absence of any rotation, many afferent neurons from the semicircular canals have a resting firing rate of about 100 spikes/s. This firing rate is high relative to nerve fibers in other sensory systems. High firing rate allows canal neurons to code amplitude by decreasing their firing rate, as well as increasing it. Changes in firing rate are proportional to angular velocity of the head aligned with the canal the neuron is in.

2. _______ papillae are the small structures on the tongue that have no taste function and are responsible for its bumpy appearance. (A) Foliate (B) Circumvallate (C) Fungiform (D) None of these (E) Filiform

E

Glomeruli

Each olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) converges onto two

12 semicircular canals - anatomy

Each one is about three-fourths of a toroid (donut) shape, measuring 15 mm long and 1.5 mm in diameter. Canals are filled with a fluid called perilymph. A second, smaller toroid is found inside the larger toroid, measuring 0.3 mm in diameter. Formed by a membrane filled with fluid called endolymph Cross section of each canal swells substantially near where the canals join the vestibule.

13 haptic virtual environments

Ernst & Banks (2002) used an apparatus that provided touch and vision of a virtual display. A portion of the surface appeared to be raised. Sometimes the height of the surface was different for vision and touch. Perception was a compromise between the two senses.

15 foliate

Folds of tissue containing taste buds. Located on the rear of the tongue lateral to the circumvallate papillae, where the tongue attaches to the mouth.

Foliate papillae

Folds of tissue containing taste buds. Rear of the tongue where the tongue attaches to the mouth.

13 do people differ in tactile sensitivity

For sighted people, tactile sensitivity declines with age. For blind people, tactile sensitivity remains high into older age. Sadly, this implies that people who lose sight later in life may not be able to read Braille because their sensitivity has declined too much.

12 why sine wave motion?

Fourier analysis: Complex motion trajectories can be broken down into simple sine wave motions at different frequencies. If we know the responses to single sine wave frequencies, we know a good deal about complex motion perception.

15 inhibition Plays an important role in processing taste information in the brain.

Function: To protect our whole mouth perception of taste when we have injuries to taste system. Descending inhibition from taste cortex blocks pain perception. Has survival value because we need to eat even if our mouth has been injured

All of the following represent a list of basic principles associated with food engineering except..

Genetic Engineering

14 the importance of patterns

How can we detect so many different scents if our genes only code for about 1000 olfactory receptors? We can detect the pattern of activity across receptors. Intensity of odorant also changes which receptors will be activated. Weak concentrations of an odorant may not smell the same as strong concentrations. Specific time order of activation of OR receptors is important.

15 "omnivore's dilemma"

Modern humans' need to find a healthy diet amidst MANY choices available to us today.

13 proprioception

Perception mediated by kinesthetic and internal receptors.

13 kinesthesia

Perception of the position and movement of our limbs in space.

12 motion sickness

Results when there is a disagreement between the motion and orientation signals provided by the semicircular canals, otolith organs, and vision. Could be an evolutionary response to being poisoned Blood pressure is regulated by vestibulo-autonomic responses.

Filiform papillae

Small, provide most of the bumpy appearance, no taste function.

Orbitofrontal cortex

The _______ cortex is multimodal in nature, responding to temperature, touch, smell, and taste, and is critical for assigning affective value to stimuli.

12 we have a visual cortex and an auditory cortex; do we have a vestibular cortex?

Not really Areas of cortex respond to vestibular input, but they tend to respond to visual input as well. No need to have cortex for processing vestibular information in isolation if visual information is available also. Vestibular information reaches the cortex via thalamo-cortical pathways. Areas of cortex that receive projections from the vestibular system also project back to the vestibular nuclei. Knowledge and expectations can influence perception of tilt and motion

14 limbic system

The encompassing group of neural structures that includes the olfactory cortex, the amygdala, the hippocampus, the piriform cortex, and the entorhinal cortex. Involved in many aspects of emotion and memory Olfaction—unique among the senses for its direct and intimate connection to the limbic system Olfaction's unique connection to the limbic system explains why scents tend to have such strong emotion associations.

15 specific hungers theory

The idea that deficiency of a given nutrient produces craving (a specific hunger) for that nutrient. Cravings for salty or for sweet are associated with deficiencies in those substances. However, the theory has not been supported for other nutrients, such as vitamins.

14 olfactory sensory neorons (OSNs)

The main cell type in the olfactory epithelium. OSNs are small neurons located beneath a watery mucous layer in the epithelium.

12 semicircular canals

The three toroidal tubes in the vestibular system that sense angular acceleration, a change in angular velocity. Source of our sense of angular motion

14 anosmia

The total inability to smell, most often resulting from sinus illness or head trauma. A hard blow to the front of the head can cause the cribriform plate to be jarred back or fractured, slicing off the fragile olfactory neurons. Anosmia causes a profound loss of taste as well as smell.

12 why don't people feel as if they are turning upside down?

The vestibular system's sense of gravity stops the illusion. Astronauts without gravity feel as if they are tumbling under these circumstances. Thus, vestibular information is combined with visual information to yield a "consensus" about our sense of spatial orientation.

15 labelled lines

Theory of taste coding in which each taste fiber carries a particular taste quality Major source of controversy in literature

Thee experimental paradigms are typically used to investigate spatial orientation perception

Threshold estimation, magnitude estimation, matching

Sensory evaluation is defined as the scientific discipline used to evoke, measure, analyze, and interpret human reactions to those characteristics of foods and beverages as they are perceived by senses of sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing.

True

Supertasters have more than the usual number of taste buds and tend to be more sensitive to taste qualities such as bitterness, sweetness, and saltiness. (T/F?)

True

The field of psychrometrics is concerned with evaluating thermodynamic properties of mixed gases present in air and an application of this is in the evaporation of water from food. (T/F)

True

15 salty

Two charged particles: cation and anion. Ability to perceive salt is not static. Low-sodium diets will increase sensitivity to salty foods over time. Liking for saltiness is not static. Early experiences can modify salt preference. Chloride-deficiency in childhood leads to increased preference for salty foods later. Gestational experiences may affect liking for saltiness.

13 how finely can we resolve temporal details?

Two tactile pulses can be delivered over time, in a manner analogous to spatially separated two-point threshold stimuli. Touch—sensitive to time differences of only 5 ms Vision—sensitive to time differences of 25 ms Audition—sensitive to time differences of 0.01 ms!

13 how finely can we resolve spatial details?

Two-point threshold: The minimum distance at which two stimuli are just perceptible as separate. Like sensitivity to pressure, spatial acuity varies across the body. Extremities (fingertips, face, and toes) show the highest acuity.

Which of the following is a chemical sensing organ at the base of the nasal cavity with a curved tubular shape in mammals

Vomeronasal organ

Which of the following is a chemical sensing organ at the base of the nasal cavity with a curved, tubular shape in mammals?

Vomeronasal organ

12 tilt perception

We are very accurate when perceiving tilt for angles between 0 degrees (upright) and 90 degrees (lying down). Illusion: If you roll tilt your head to the left or right while looking at a vertical streak of light, the light appears to tilt in the opposite direction.

14 how good is our sense of smell

We can detect over one trillion smells! We can only detect about 7.5 million colors. Humans have about 5-10 million OSNs. Dogs have 100 times more OSNs and more of their brain is dedicated to olfaction. They can sense smells in much lower concentrations than humans.

12 threshold estimation

What is the minimum motion needed to correctly perceive motion direction?

13 another approach to tactile sensitivity

What is the smallest raised element that can be felt on an otherwise smooth surface? Dot triggers FA I receptors, which also help detect slippage of objects while being grasped Surface with many dots a fraction of a micrometer high can be detected when moved across the skin via FA II receptors deep in skin

12 translation perception

When people are passively translated in the dark, they are able to use a joystick to reproduce the distance they traveled quite accurately. Interestingly, they also reproduce the velocity of the passive-motion trajectory This implies that the brain remembers and replicates the velocity trajectory. The otolith organs register acceleration, and our brains mathematically integrate the acceleration and turn it into the perception of linear velocity.

Olfactory cleft

a Narrow Space at the back of the nose into which air flows where the main olfactory epithelium is located

Mixing the colors of lights is ______, whereas mixing the colors of pigments is ________. a. Additive; subtractive b. Color opponent; trichromatic c. Subtractive; additive d. Trichromatic; color opponent e. Bottom-up; top-down

a. Additive; subtractive

In Chun and Jiang's (1998) study on visual search, participants were trained to search displays of T's and L's. After training, participants could not explicitly identify training displays from new displays. Amazingly, they were faster to find the target in the old training displays. These researchers dubbed the ______. a. Contextual cuing b. Satisfaction of search c. Attentional blink d. Serial search e. Early selection

a. Contextual cuing

Maria loves the fourth of July because she likes to write her name with a sparkler. The fleeting, blurred streak of sparkler is due to what? a. Iconic memory b. Visual attention c. Light adaptation d. Flashbulb memory e. Retinal smearing

a. Iconic memory

The below figure is a demonstration of a(n) _______. **house outlined by circles and lines** a. Illusory contour b. Shadow boundary c. Ambiguous figure d. Accidental viewpoint e. Isoluminant contour

a. Illusory contour

According to Anders Ericsson, reaching mastery at a task requires... a. Many years of practice. b. Innate talent in a given domain. c. Training from early childhood. d. B & C e. A, B, & C

a. Many years of practice.

The _____ is the relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of interaural time differences. a. Medial superior olive b. Frontal lobe c. Lateral superior olive d. Pons e. Cochlea

a. Medial superior olive

If you take a bland food like tofu and add some acid to it, it will taste ______. a. More sour b. More bitter c. Spicier d. Saltier e. Sweeter

a. More sour

Jane is riding her motorcycle down the interstate. She looks to her right and notices that objects in the far distance seem to be moving faster than nearby objects. What phenomenon is she noticing? a. Motion parallax b. Second-order motion c. Looming d. Optic flow e. Apparent motion

a. Motion parallax

If two objects fall on the cone of confusion, what is the best way to make their locations distinguishable? a. Move your head or body b. Plug one of your ears with you finger c. Calculate the relative harmonic of the objects d. Close your eyes and focus really hard on trying to localize the noise e. Give up and walk away

a. Move your head or body

Which manipulation would cause the visual angle of a balloon to increase? a. Moving the balloon closer b. Deflating the balloon c. Moving the balloon farther away d. Rotating the balloon upside down e. Popping the balloon

a. Moving the balloon closer

Hubel and Weisel won the Nobel Prize in 1981 for their groundbreaking work recording the receptive fields of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1). Which below describes their findings? a. Neurons in V1 responded to line orientation b. Neurons in V1 responded to complex objects c. Neurons in V1 responded to border ownership d. Neurons in V1 had a center-surround organization e. Neurons in V1 do not exist in cats

a. Neurons in V1 responded to line orientation

Which structure is sometimes called the "retina of the nose"? a. Olfactory epithelium b. Olfactory bulb c. Olfactory cleft d. Basal cell e. Supporting cell

a. Olfactory epithelium

Which of the following is not true about color perception? a. The ability to perceive colors varies from culture to culture b. In English, there are 11 basic color terms c. Dichromats perceive color differently the trichromats d. The amount of basic color terms vary from culture to culture d. All of these statements are true

a. The ability to perceive colors varies from culture to culture

Which best describes cortical magnification in primary visual cortex (V1)? a. The center of the visual field gets enhanced cortical representation b. The periphery of the visual field gets enhanced cortical representation c. The center and periphery are equally represented d. None of the above

a. The center of the visual field gets enhanced cortical representation

Vokey and Key (1983) studied participant's ability to understand backwards messages. They found that participants could discriminate whether the backward message was: a. The voice of a previously heard speaker. b. Satanic, christian, "adult", nursery rhyme, or advertisement. c. An advertisement for bottles water or soda d. B & C only e. A & B only

a. The voice of a previously heard speaker.

14 cognitive habituation

The psychological process by which, after long-term exposure to an odorant, one is no longer able to detect that odorant or has very diminished detection ability. Example: Going out of town, coming back and noticing how your house smells

14 cross-adaptation

The reduction in detection of an odorant following exposure to another odorant. Presumed to occur because the two odors share one or more olfactory receptors for their transduction, but the order of odorants also plays a role.

12 amplitude

The size (increase or decrease) of a head movement (e.g., angular velocity, linear acceleration, tilt).

15 cross-adaptation

when the taste of one food affects the taste of another Example: A sour beverage tastes too sour after eating a sweet substance

________ are chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a psychological or behavioral response in another member of the same species

pheromones

olfactory sensory neurons

- the main cell type in the olfactory epthelium - small neurons located beneath a mucous layer in the epithelium - The cillia on the OSN dendrites contain the receptor sites for odorant molecules

Receptor adaptation

the biochemical phenomenon, occurring after continual exposure to an odorant, whereby receptors stop responding to an odorant and detection ceases

Olfactory bulb

the blueberry-sized extension of the brain, just above the nose, where olfactory information is first processed.

12 our sense of equilibrium is

active, not passive

Odorant

any specific aromatic chemical

15 tastant

any stimulus that can be tasted

tufted cell

the second layer of cells surrounding the glomeruli. They respond to fewer odorants than the first layer, but to more than the neurons at the deepest layer of cells.

Anosmia

the total inability to smell, most often resulting from sinus illness or head trauma

The graph below represents a(n) _______. **graph showing depolarization and repolarization** a. Retinal ganglion cell b. Action potential of a neuron c. Event-related potential (ERP) d. BOLD response

b. Action potential of a neuron

With soundwaves, the ___ of a waveform corresponds to loudness whereas the ___ of a waveform corresponds to pitch. a. Phase; amplitude b. Amplitude; frequency c. Physical intensity; phase d. Amplitude; phase e. Frequency; amplitude

b. Amplitude; frequency

You are arguing with a friend about a political candidate. He explains all of the positive things about the candidate. When you tell him negative facts about the candidate, he just ignores them. Your friend concludes that political candidate will make a great president. What cognitive bias is he making? a. Playing the odds b. Confirmation bias c. Law of large numbers d. Illusory correlation e. Hindsight bias

b. Confirmation bias

Visual information crosses over at the optic chiasm so that the primary visual cortex (V1) represents the ________ visual field. a. Lateral b. Contralateral c. Ipsilateral d. Collateral e. Isolateral

b. Contralateral

If a fly lands on your nose and you turn your eyes inward to look at it, what kind of eye movement are you making? a. Free fusion b. Convergent c. Divergent d. Lateral e. Saccade

b. Convergent

The twelve pairs of nerves that originate in the brain stem and reach sense organs and muscles through openings in the skull are called the _______. a. Optic tracts b. Cranial nerves c. Nervy dozen d. Peripheral nerves e. Lateral geniculate nuclei

b. Cranial nerves

The _______ is a bony structure riddled with tiny holes, at the level of the eyebrows, which separates the nose from the brain

cribriform plate

_______ is the reduction in detection of one odorant following exposure to another odorant

cross-adaption

If you adjust the brightness of a light until it matches the intensity of sourness of the taste of a lemon, you are engaging in

cross-modality matching

The ability to match the intensities of sensations that come from different sensory modalities is known as

cross-modality matching

The fusiform facial area (FFA) is crucial to which of the following cognitive processes? a. Recognizing faces b. Expert object recognition c. Holistic image processing d. A & B e. A & C

d. A & B

Imagine that you are a doctor in a neurology unit. You just had a patient come in after a traumatic head injury. They are having a hard time recognizing common household objects even though their visual acuity seems just fine. For example, you throw a tennis ball at a patient -- they catch it, but they cannot tell you what it is. They probably have some form of _________. a. Cataracts b. Visual neglect c. Myopia d. Agnosia e. Color blindness

d. Agnosia

Cilia

hairlike protrusions on the dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons where odorant molecules bind

Olfaction is different than our other senses because connections between the sensory receptors and the brain are __________

ipsilateral

odorant

is a molecule defined by its physiochemical characteristics and is capable of being translated by the nervous system into the perception of a smell.

olfactory cleft

is a narrow space at the back of the nose in which air flows and where the main olfactory epithelium is located

tastant

is any stimulus that can be tasted

Sweet

is the taste sensation evoked by simple carbohydrates that conform to the chemical formula (CH2O)n, where n is between 3 and 7.

odor

is the translation of a chemical stimulus into a smell sensation.

the four types of tongue papillae

1. Filiform papillae 2. Fungiform papillae 3. Foliate papillae 4. Circumvallate papillae

13 tactile receptors

Called "mechanoreceptors" because they respond to mechanical stimulation (pressure, vibration, or movement) Meissner corpuscles—fast adaptation, small receptive field (FA I) Merkel cell neurite complexes—slow adaptation, small receptive field (SA I) Pacinian corpuscles—fast adaptation, large receptive field (FA II) Ruffini endings—slow adaptation, large receptive field (SA II)

a more theory-neutral word than "pheromone" should be used when discussing humans

Chemosignal: Any of various chemicals emitted by humans that are detected by the olfactory system and that may have some effect on the mood, behavior, hormonal status, and/or sexual arousal of other humans.

Retronasal olfactory

Chewing and swallowing force an odorant emitted by the mouth up behind the palate into the nose, which causes one to experience _______ sensation of the odor perceived.

15 circumvallate

Circular structures that form an inverted V on the rear of the tongue (three to five on each side). Moundlike structures surrounded by a trench. Much larger than fungiform papillae.

Circumvallate papillae

Circular structures that form an inverted V on the rear of the tongue (three to five on each side). Moundlike structures surrounded by a trench. Much larger than fungiform papillae.

14 binaral rivalry

Competition between the two nostrils for odor perception. When a different scent is presented to each nostril, we experience one scent at a time, not a combination of the two scents together.

12 vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VORs)

Counter-rotating the eyes to counteract head movements and maintain fixation on a target.

15 taste buds

Create neural signals conveyed to brain by taste nerves Are embedded in structures—papillae (bumps on tongue) Contain taste receptor cells Send information to brain via cranial nerves

12 Within the endolymph space of each ampulla is the crista.

Crista: Any of the specialized detectors of angular motion located in each semicircular canal in a swelling called the ampulla. Each crista has about 7000 hair cells, associated supporting cells, and nerve fibers. Cilia of hair cells project into jellylike cupula forming an elastic dam to the opposite ampulla wall, with endolymph on both sides of dam. When the head rotates, the inertia of the endolymph causes it to lag behind, leading to tiny deflections of the hair cells.

_______ is the reduction in detection of one odorant following exposure to another odorant

Cross-adaptation

3. _______ papillae are mushroom-shaped structures distributed most densely on the edges of the tongue, especially the tip. (A) Circumvallate (B) Filiform (C) None of these (D) Fungiform (E) Foliate

D

13 nociceptors

Detect skin temperature Two distinct populations of thermoreceptors: warmth fibers, cold fibers Body is constantly regulating internal temperature Thermoreceptors respond when you make contact with an object warmer or colder than your skin

13 thermoreceptors

Detect skin temperature Two distinct populations of thermoreceptors: warmth fibers, cold fibers Body is constantly regulating internal temperature Thermoreceptors respond when you make contact with an object warmer or colder than your skin

9. _______ theory is the theory that deficiency of a given nutrient produces craving for that nutrient. (A) Specific hungers (B) Compensitory hunger (C) Nutrition deficiency (D) Craving

A

14 odorant

A molecule that is defined by its physiochemical characteristics, which are capable of being translated by the nervous system into the perception of smell. To be smelled, odorants must be: Volatile (able to float through the air) Small Hydrophobic (repellent to water)

14 olfactory cleft

A narrow space at the back of the nose into which air flows, where the main olfactory epithelium is located.

13 prefrontal cortex

A region of the brain concerned with cognition and executive control. May contribute to pain sensitization.

14 olfactory epithelium

A secretory mucous membrane in the human nose whose primary function is to detect odorants in inhaled air.

12 vertigo

A sensation of rotation or spinning. Imbalance Blurred vision Illusory self-motion

12 mechanoreceptor

A sensory receptor that is responsive to mechanical stimulation (pressure, vibration, or movement).

12 each organ contains a macula:

A specialized detector of linear acceleration and gravity. Each macula is roughly planar and sensitive primarily to shear forces. Hair cells are encased in a gelatinous structure that contains calcium carbonate crystals called otoconia ("ear stones" in Greek).

13 exploratory procedure

A stereotypical hand movement pattern used to contact objects in order to perceive their properties; each exploratory procedure is best for determining one or more object properties. Example: To determine roughness of an object, use lateral motion

13 gate control theory

A system that transmits pain that incorporates modulating signals from the brain Gate neurons that block pain transmission can be activated by extreme pressure, cold, or other noxious stimulation applied to another site distant from the source of pain.

12 vestibulo-spinal responses

A whole family of reflexes that work together to keep us from falling over Without vestibulo-spinal responses, we would be unable to stand up in the dark. Patients with vestibular loss actually over-compensate for body sway.

13 two groups of nociceptors

A-delta fibers: Intermediate-sized, myelinated sensory nerve fibers that transmit pain and temperature signals. C fibers: Narrow-diameter, unmyelinated sensory nerve fibers that transmit pain and temperature signals. Painful events have two stages—quick sharp pain (A-delta fibers) followed by throbbing sensation (C fibers). Difference in speeds is due to myelination.

15 cross-modality matching

Ability to match the intensities of sensations that come from different sensory modalities. Used to assess intensity of taste sensations for nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters

15 Health consequences (continued)

Duffy et al. showed that among men getting routine colonoscopies, those tasting PROP as the most bitter had the most colon polyps. Note: fats also taste bitter to supertasters, so this may cause them to eat fewer high-fat foods, which could lower their risk for heart disease.

Sensory quality is a complex response that is derived by human perception of 1. flavor 2. color 3. texture 4. sound 5. all of the above

All of the above

15 taste adaptation and cross-adaptation

All sensory systems show adaptation effects Constant application of certain stimulus temporarily weakens subsequent perception Example: Adaptation to salt in saliva affects our ability to taste salt

12 hair cell

Any cell that has stereocilia for transducing mechanical movement in the inner ear into neural activity sent to the brain. Like the hair cells involved in hearing, hair cells act as the mechanoreceptors in each of the five vestibular organs. Head motion causes hair cell stereocilia to deflect, causing a change in hair cell voltage and altering neurotransmitter release.

14 cilium (plural cilia)

Any of the hairlike protrusions on the dendrites of OSNs. Contain receptor sites for odorant molecules Are the first structures involved in olfactory signal transduction

12 coding in the ototlith organs

Arises in part from the anatomical orientation of the organs

12 rotation perception

At first, constant rotation (in the dark) is perceived accurately. Soon, however, subjects feel as if they are slowing down. After 30 s, they no longer feel as if they are rotating. Time course of habituation for perceived velocity is slower than time course of habituation for velocity neurons: "Velocity storage" When rotation stops, subjects feel as if they are rotating in the opposite direction.

14 identification

Attaching a verbal label to a smell is not always easy. Tip-of-the-nose phenomenon: The inability name an odorant, even though it is very familiar. Contrary to tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, one has no lexical access to the name of the odorant, such as first letter, rhyme, number of syllables, etc. One example of how language and olfactory perception are deeply disconnected Anthropologists have found that there are fewer words for experiences of smells compared to other sensations.

14 what we smell can affect what we see (Zhou et al., 2010)

Binocular rivalry stimulus of markers in one eye and rose in the other Subjects switch back and forth between seeing one or the other stimulus. When the smell of markers or roses was presented to their nostrils, subjects saw the corresponding stimulus more often.

12 push pull symmetry

Hair cells in opposite ears respond in a complementary fashion to each other. When hair cells in the left ear depolarize, those in the analogous structure in the right ear hyperpolarize.

Which of the following meats was not served at the original Thanksgiving in Plymouth?

Ham

12 yaw rotation thresholds

Humans are so sensitive to yaw rotation that we can detect movements of less than 1 degree per second At this rate, it would take 6 minutes to turn completely around. As yaw rotation frequency decreases, it takes faster movement to be detected.

15 desensitization

If a food is too hot for your palate, wait for burn to subside after the first mouthful. Your palate will desensitize (from the capsaicin) and you should be able to eat the rest of your meal.

13 touch receptors

Embedded in outer layer (epidermis) and underlying layer (dermis) of skin. Multiple types of touch receptors

Examples of affective or hedonic tests are either discrimination tests or descriptive tests (T/F)

False

What is hyperopia?

Far-sightedness

12 hair cell responses

In the absence of stimulation, hair cells release neurotransmitter at a constant rate. When hair cell bundles bend, the change in hair cell voltage is proportional to the amount of deflection. Bending toward tallest stereocilia: depolarization Bending away from tallest stereocilia: hyperpolarization Hair cells increase firing to rotation in one direction and decrease firing to rotation in the opposite direction.

According to the International Society for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, crops enhanced through biotechnology were planted extensively in all of these countries except

Italy

13 the where system of touch

Knowing where objects are in the environment using only touch perception Example: Finding snooze button on alarm clock in the morning Frame of reference: The coordinate system used to define locations in space. Egocenter: The center of a reference frame used to represent locations relative to the body.

12 coding of amplitude in the otolith organs

Larger accelerations (or larger gravitational shear forces) move the otolith organ's otoconia more. This leads to greater deflection of the hair cell bundles. Change in receptor potential is proportional to magnitude of linear acceleration or gravitational shear.

Heat input that results in a change of state (freezing/melting or condensing/boiling) is called

Latent Heat

15 special case of fat

Like protein, fat is an important nutrient. Fat molecules evoke tactile sensations like oily, viscous, creamy, etc. Rats have fatty acid receptors on their tongues and humans may, too. Digesting fat in the gut produces conditioned preferences for the sensory properties of the food containing fat.

15 sweet

Many different sugars taste sweet Glucose: Principle source of energy for most animals Fructose: Even sweeter than glucose Sucrose: glucose and fructose Single receptor responsible for all sweet perception Different sweeteners stimulate different parts of receptor. Artificial sweeteners stimulate this receptor

13 homunculus

Maplike representation of regions of the body in the brain.

13 how sensitive are we to mechanical pressure?

Max von Frey (1852-1932) developed an elegant way to measure tactile sensitivity. Used horse and human hairs Modern researchers use nylon monofilaments of varying diameters Hairs or monofilaments of varying diameters are pressed against the skin to see if the pressure can be sensed. The smaller the diameter of the monofilament, the less force applied to the skin before it buckles.

14 do humans respond to pheromones?

McClintock effect: Women who are in physical proximity (e.g., live together) over time start to have menstrual cycles that coincide. Martha McClintock first identified effect while an undergraduate. Women who move into a college dorm together will likely have their menstrual cycles synchronized by winter break.

13 kinesthetic receptors

Mechanoreceptors in muscles, tendons, and joints. Play an important role in sense of where limbs are, what kinds of movements are made

Mechanoreceptors that have a fast adaptation rate and small receptive field size are called

Meissner corpuscles

14 odor-evoked memory

Memories evoked by odors are more intensely emotional than memories evoked by other senses. However, they are not more accurate.

Mechanoreceptors that have a slow adaptation rate and small receptive field size are called

Merkel cell neurite complexes

14 staircase method

Method for determining the concentration of a stimulus required for detection at a threshold level. Stimulus is presented in increasing concentrations until detection is indicated. Then, concentration is decreased until detection ceases. Ascending and descending sequence is repeated several times and concentrations at which reversals occur are averaged to determine threshold detection level.

12 linear motion

Movements represented in terms of changes in the x-, y-, and z-axes Any arbitrary linear motion can be represented as a change along these three axes.

12 amusement park rides

Much of what is enjoyable about roller coasters are the vestibular sensations. Twists and turns on a roller coaster are there primarily to yield vestibular sensation. Combination of high angular velocities sensed by the semicircular canals and rapid linear accelerations sensed by the otolith organs

15 fungiform

Mushroom-shaped structures (max diameter 1 mm) distributed most densely on edges of tongue, especially the tip. Average of six taste buds per papilla are buried in the surface.

Fungiform

Mushroom-shaped structures (max diameter 1 mm), on edges & tip. ~six taste buds per papilla are buried in the surface.

What is myopia?

Near-sightedness

12 semicircular canal dynamics

Neural activity in semicircular canals is sensitive to changes in rotation velocity. Constant rotation leads to decreased responding from the canal neurons after a few seconds. Canal afferent neurons are sensitive to back and forth rotations of the head, as well. Greatest sensitivity to rotations at 1 Hz or less Rotations faster than 1 Hz would be dangerous. Firing rate goes up and down as the head rotates back and forth. The overall normalized amplitude of the canal neuron response scales with head rotation frequency.

13 pain sensitization

Nociceptors provide signal when there is impending or ongoing damage to body's tissue—"nociceptive" pain Once damage has occurred, site can become more sensitive—hyperalgesia Pain as a result of damage to or dysfunction of nervous system—neuropathic No single pain medication will alleviate all types of pain.

What is the anatomical sequence of how odors are sensed, from nose to brain?

Odorants enter the nose and travel up to the olfactory cleft where they come in contact with the olfactory epithelium. Cilia protrude into the mucous covering the olfactory epithelium, which have odorant receptors on their tips. When an odorant comes into contact with an odorant receptor, a cascade of biochemical events results in the OSN sending an action potential to cells located in a glomerulus in the olfactory bulb. Glomeruli are surrounded by juxtaglomerular neurons, tufted cells, and mitral cells, which eventually receive information from the OSNs. Tufted cells and mitral cells combine to form the olfactory tract, which sends ipsilateral signals to one hemisphere of the brain, arriving at the primary olfactory cortex, also known as the piriform cortex. Primary olfactory cortex is comprised of the amygdala-hippocampal complex and interacts with entorhinal cortex

15 orthonasal olfaction

Olfaction through nostrils. Do we learn to like or dislike smells separately for retronasal versus orthonasal olfaction? Possibly. Example: Many people like the smell of freshly cut grass, but wouldn't want to eat it. However, if an aversion is acquired retronasally, it usually shows up orthonasally as well. Example: Becoming sick from eating fish and then disliking even the smell of fish

Mechanoreceptors that have a fast adaptation rate and large receptive field size are called

Pacinian corpuscles

13 cognitive aspects of pain

Pain is generally a subjective experience with two components: sensation of the painful stimulus and the emotional response to it. Areas S1 and S2 are responsible for sensory aspects of pain.

13 pain

Pain sensations triggered by nociceptors Responses to noxious stimuli can be moderated by anticipation, religious belief, prior experience, watching others respond, and excitement. Example: Wounded soldier in battle who does not feel pain until after battle

14 triangle test

Participant is given three odors to smell, two of which are the same and one that is different. Participant must identify the odd odor. The order of the three odors is varied and tested several times to increase accuracy.

12 matching

Participants are tilted and then orient a line with the direction of gravity. This is done in a dark room with only the line visible to avoid any visual cues to orientation.

12 magnitude estimation

Participants report how much (e.g., how many degrees) they think they tilted, rotated, or translated.

12 since the vestibular system has such a widespread influence, what happens when it fails?

Possible problems: Spatial disorientation Imbalance Distorted vision unless head is held perfectly still Motion sickness Cognitive problems

13 touch sensations are represented somatotopically in the brain

Primary somatosensory cortex called S1; secondary somatosensory cortex called S2 Analogous to retinotopic mapping found in vision Adjacent areas on skin connect to adjacent areas in brain. Brain contains several sensory maps of body in different areas of S1 and also in S2.

Mechanoreceptors that have a slow adaptation rate and large receptive field size are called

Ruffini endings

13 the role of fingerprints in perception and action

Ridged fingerprint patterns aid perception of fine surface textures. Fingerprint ridges selectively amplify frequencies from 200 to 300 Hz by a factor of about 100, while filtering out other frequencies. Fits with sensitivity range of FA II receptors. Ridged fingerprints may help maintain grip in the presence of moisture.

12 three directions for sense of rotation

Roll: Rotation around x-axis "tilt from side to side" Pitch: Rotation around y-axis "yes" Yaw: Rotation around z-axis "no"

15 microvilli

Slender projections on the tips of some taste bud cells that extend into the taste pore. Contain the sites that bind to taste substances Not tiny hairs (as the name implies) We now know they are extensions of the cell membrane.

trigeminl (V) nerve

Sometimes odorants can stimulate the somatosensory system through polymodal nociceptors. These sensations are mediated by the ______________ which transmits information about the "feel" of an odorant.

13 two major pathways from spinal cord to the brain

Spinothalamic pathway: Carries most of the information about skin temperature and pain (slower). Dorsal column-medial lemniscal (DCML) pathway: Carries signals from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints.

12 vestibulo-ocular reflex

Stabilizes visual input by counterrotating the eyes to compensate for head movement

13 importance of kinesthetic receptors

Strange case of neurological patient Ian Waterman: Cutaneous nerves connecting Waterman's kinesthetic mechanoreceptors to brain destroyed by viral infection Lacks kinesthetic senses, dependent on vision to tell limb positions

12 Ménière's syndrome

Sudden experience of dizziness, imbalance, and spatial disorientation Can cause sudden falling down Can cause repeated vomiting from severe motion sickness The unpredictability of the attacks can be terrifying for those who suffer from it. Possible treatments: medications, implanted devices, or sometimes removal of the vestibular apparatus itself!

12 Mal de debarquement syndrome

Swaying, rocking, or tilting perceptions felt after spending time on a boat or in the ocean Aftereffect of adapting to the rocking motion of the ocean "Getting your sea legs" Usually goes away after a few hours, but some people experience it continuously, causing problems

15 infant's behavior and facial expressions reveal innate preferences for certain foods

Sweet food evokes a "smilelike" expression followed by sucking. Sour produces pursing and protrusion of lips. Bitter produces gaping, movements of spitting, and sometimes vomiting movements.

The _______ describes the system that transmits pain and incorporates modulating signals from the brain

gate control theory

12 vestibular system

gives us a sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance

Each olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) converges onto two

glomeruli

_______ form part of the deepest layer of cells in the olfactory bulb. They comprise an extensive network of inhibitory neurons, integrate input from all the earlier projections, and are thought to be the basis of specific odorant identification

granule cells

14 two main subdivisions of olfactory system

main olfactory bulb (MOB) and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB)

When you compare the tongue of a supertaster to the tongue of a nontaster, what differences do you notice? a. The supertaster has a much higher density of filiform papillae than the nontaster. b. The supertaster has a much lower density of fungiform papillae than the nontaster. c. The supertaster has a much higher density of fungiform papillae than the nontaster. d. The supertaster has a much lower density of filiform papillae than the nontaster. e. The supertaster can curl their tongue but the nontaster cannot.

c. The supertaster has a much higher density of fungiform papillae than the nontaster.

The ____ (commonly called the ear drum) is a thin piece of skin that vibrates in response to sound. It is the first thing that a soundwave hits inside of your ear. a. Tectorial membrane b. Vestibular membrane c. Tympanic membrane d. Basilar membrane e. Reissner's membrane

c. Tympanic membrane

Which best describes late-selection theories of visual attention? a. Unattended stimuli are attenuated, but not completely filtered out b. Unattended stimuli are filtered before semantic identification c. Unattended stimuli are filtered after semantic identification d. Unattended stimuli have features that influence attentional guidance e. None of the above

c. Unattended stimuli are filtered after semantic identification

Why does phantom limb syndrome occur? a. Some people who lose limbs develop abnormal emotional-cognitive mechanisms to cope with the trauma of limb loss. b. The peripheral nerves are often damaged during amputation, which makes them spontaneously fire from time to time. c. Unused areas of somatosensory cortex that represented the amputated limb are taken over by nearby areas of the cortex. d. Gate control theory posits that some extra sensory fibers are left in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord which fire from time to time. e. I don't remember.

c. Unused areas of somatosensory cortex that represented the amputated limb are taken over by nearby areas of the cortex.

14 in the social insects, like ants, termites, and bees, pheromones are most important for

communication, but also convey important information for many non-insect species, including some primates. Often provide signals to males about when a female is fertile and provide signals to males to initiate sexual behavior Male rhesus monkey will ignore a female rhesus monkey in heat if his nose is blocked. A female sow will not go into lordosis (the position necessary for impregnation) if she isn't exposed to the male pig pheromone androstenone.

How much louder is a 40 dB noise than a 20 dB noise? a. 2 times louder b. 4 times louder c. 6 times louder d. 10 times louder e. 20 times louder

d. 10 times louder

Imagine that your visual system receives the retinal images below. What do you know is true? **the bars 2 and 4 don't move from the left image to the right image but cars 1 and 3 do** a. 1 & 3 are on the horopter b. 3 is the farthest item away from you c. 1, 2, & 4 are at the same distance d. 2 & 4 are on the horopter

d. 2 & 4 are on the horopter

In the diagram below, 1 is currently being fixated and the dashed line is the horopter. Which item will have the largest binocular disparity? **eyes with 2 on horopter closer to right eye, 5 near left eye closer to eye than horopter, 3 outside horopter on left side, 4 outside horopter on right side** a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5

d. 4

Which sound frequency would have the most similar tone chroma to a 220 Hz? a. 200 Hz b. 320 Hz c. 400 Hz d. 440 Hz e. 500 Hz

d. 440 Hz

Standing (1973) did a study in which participants viewed 10,000 images for 5 seconds each over several days. When tested for which images they could remember, participants correctly identified _______ of the images they originally viewed. a. 5% b. 29% c. 51% d. 83% e. 100%

d. 83%

Light can be described as a(n) ________. a. Wave b. Particle c. Fluid d. A & B e. A & C

d. A & B

Look at the image below. Imagine that I am going to alternate between the presentation of object A and object B to create apparent motion. What factors should I worry about? **two circles an inch a part one labeled A and one labeled B** a. The distance between the two stimuli b. The time between the two stimuli c. The brightness of the two stimuli d. A & B e. A, B, & C

d. A & B

Which best describes how we pronounce vowels? a. Vowel pronunciation occurs without obstruction of the airway b. Vowels are distinguished by how you shape your lips and tongue c. Vowels are differentiated by how much the airway is obstructed d. A & B e. B & C

d. A & B

Which best describes the current consensus on change blindness? a. Change blindness is dominant in the left eye but not the right eye b. Change blindness is a problem in artificial lab experiments but seems to be rare in the real world c. Change blindness is largely due to inattention of the observer d. Change blindness is due to both failures of memory and attention e. Change blindness only applies to gorillas and movies

d. Change blindness is due to both failures of memory and attention

If somebody wears the same perfume or cologne every day, they may start to put on more and more after several weeks because it doesn't smell as strong to them as it used to. This is due to _______. a. Receptor adaptation b. Ansomnia c. Odor repression d. Cognitive habituation e. Cross-adaptation

d. Cognitive habituation

This is the phenomena where an object retains its perceived color across several different lighting conditions. For example, an apple looks red, regardless of whether it is under blue light or yellow light. a. Color substitution b. Color contrast c. Color additivity d. Color constancy e. Color reflection

d. Color constancy

Why is it hard to see color at night-time? a. The visual angle of objects shrinks at night b. Your iris constricts in dim lighting c. The moon reflects a bluish light d. Cones do not function properly at low light levels e. The process of accommodation is limited at low light levels

d. Cones do not function properly at low light levels

Imagine you sign up for an experiment in my lab and I have you search visual displays for a red T amongst green L's. According to feature integration theory, this is a _____ search, where each location is searched ____. a. Conjuction, serially b. Conjuction, in parallel c. Feature, serially d. Feature, in parallel e. All of the above

d. Feature, in parallel

Which papillae could be completely removed from the tongue (hypothetically) with no impact on taste? a. Fungiform in the middle of the tongue b. Circumvallate c. Fungiform at the tip of the tongue d. Filiform e. Foliate

d. Filiform

Tammy is an elderly eye patient who seems to be losing her eyesight in the periphery of her visual field. A doctor does a test and she has high internal eye pressure. She probably has which eye problem? a. Astigmatism b. Presbyopia c. Agnosia d. Glaucoma e. Cataracts

d. Glaucoma

Lynch et al. (1990) studied musical perception in infants. Which best describes their findings? a. With extensive training, infants could acquire absolute pitch in later adulthood. b. Infants could easily detect a syncopated polyrhythm. c. Infants could easily distinguish between consonant and dissonant chords, but rated found them equally pleasing. d. Infants could detect mistunings equally well in native and foreign musical scales, whereas adults struggled. e. None of the above.

d. Infants could detect mistunings equally well in native and foreign musical scales, whereas adults struggled.

The ____ is the difference in volume between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other, and helps us localize sound. a. Sound shadow b. Cone of confusion c. Interaural time difference d. Interaural level difference e. Azimuth

d. Interaural level difference

If you transform a sequence of notes by raising all of their frequencies by exactly 100 Hz, which aspect would not change? a. Tone chroma b. Musical key c. Tone height d. Melody e. Pitch

d. Melody

Tyrell goes to see a waterfall. After staring at the waterfall for a few minutes, he looks away. He instantly feels motion sick. Static objects like parked cars and streetlamps seem to be moving in an upward motion. What effect has Tyrell succumb to? a. Beta phenomenon b. Optic flow c. Second-order motion d. Motion aftereffect e. Apparent motion

d. Motion aftereffect

Cristina is near-sighted, meaning she can see things close up but not far away. What refractive error does she have? a. Presbyopia b. Astigmatism c. Hyperopia d. Myopia e. Emmetropia

d. Myopia

Jane burns her hand on the hot stove. What type of touch receptor did she stimulate? a. Tactile receptors b. Kinesthetic receptors c. Thermoreceptors d. Nocireceptors e. Mechanoreceptors

d. Nocireceptors

_____ attention refers to explicit eye movements, whereas _____ attention refers to shifts in processing resources that happens without eye movement. a. Exogenous; endogenous b. Covert; overt c. Endogenous; exogenous d. Overt; covert e. Invalid; valid

d. Overt; covert

_____ a process by which missing or degraded acoustic signals are perceptually replaced. a. Perceptual filling b. Appropriate grouping rule c. Good continuation d. Perceptual restoration e. Auditory stream segregation

d. Perceptual restoration

Imagine that I have you perform a semantic priming task. I flash the word "TACO" on the screen and then present you with "T _ _ _." In this example, "taco" is the ______ and "T _ _ _" is the ________. a. Word stem, prime b. Subliminal message, prime c. Prime, semantic message d. Prime, word stem e. Delicious food, hunger measure

d. Prime, word stem

The below equation is an example of a(n) _____ problem, which is similar to the issue that your visual system faces when it infers the actual state of the world from the retinal image. X + Y + Z =1 a. Correspondence b. Addition c. Underdetermined d. Psychophysical e. Monotonic

d. Psychophysical

Jazz musicians often "swing" the timing of when they play notes in a song such that there is a systematic deviation from the regular rhythm. This is an example of _______. a. Articulation b. Polyrhythm c. Coarticulation d. Syncopation e. Tempo

d. Syncopation

Below is a diagram of the Organ of Corti. What is the arrow pointing to? **pointing to clear film across the top of the membrane** a. Reissner's membrane b. Basilar membrane c. Vestibular membrane d. Tectorial membrane e. Tympanic membrane

d. Tectorial membrane

What is binocular disparity? a. Far objects tend to move faster than nearby objects b. The sense of depth resulting from having two eyes c. Double vision resulting from two retinal images d. The difference between the two retinal images for the same scene e. The competition between the two eyes for the control of perception

d. The difference between the two retinal images for the same scene

What is the most likely explanation for why people hear words and phrases when they play songs backwards? a. Phonemic restoration b. Illusory phonetics c. Schizophrenia d. Top-down perception e. Rock artists are devil-worshipping geniuses who discovered a way to brainwash our children

d. Top-down perception

The _______ pathway is the route from the spinal cord to the brain that carries signals from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints

dorsal column-medial lemniscal

In the attentional blink paradigm, what is the T1-T2 lag that causes participants to miss the second target? (Hint: lag = number of items between the target 1 and target 2). a. 6 b. 1 c. 5 d. 3 e. 2

e. 2

Which of the following is not something that visual attention does? a. Enhances relevant information b. Speeds responding to relevant information c. Filters out irrelevant information d. Helps us be ready for a stimulus e. Attention does all of the above things

e. Attention does all of the above things

Which best summarizes research on animals and language use? a. There have been many attempts to teach language systems to animals but most attempts have failed. b. With extensive practice, some primates can learn language systems like sign language. c. Many animals can make sounds but psycholinguists argue these sounds do not formally qualify as a language system. d. A & C e. B & C

e. B & C

Which of the following is the correct order of body parts, from the largest two-point threshold to the smallest? a. Back; lips; forehead b. Forehead; lips; back c. Lips; back; forehead d. Forehead; back; lips e. Back; forehead; lips

e. Back; forehead; lips

12 utricular macula

horizontal plane Sensitive to horizontal linear acceleration and gravity

In the below figure, what are the names of the papillae in 1-3 (in order)? **1 shows large papillae on the back of the tongue, 2 shows folds on the side of the tongue, 3 shows small papillae on the front of the tongue** a. Firiform; circumvallate; fungiform b. Circumvallate; foliate; firiform c. Circumvallate; firiform; fungiform d. Foliate; circumvallate; fungiform e. Circumvallate; foliate; fungiform

e. Circumvallate; foliate; fungiform

The processing of visual information diverges into two distinct pathways. The _____ "where" pathway processes information about the locations of objects, whereas the ______ "what" pathway processes information about the identity of objects. a. Occipital; temporal b. Ventral; dorsal c. Frontal; temporal d. Temporal; frontal e. Dorsal; ventral

e. Dorsal; ventral

_________ is a machine that uses multiple electrodes placed on the scalp and measures changes in electrical activity across populations of many neurons in the brain. a. BOLD signal b. fMRI c. ERP d. PET e. EEG

e. EEG

An increased or heightened response to a normally painful stimulus is called

hyperalgesia

Contrary to vision and audition, odor _______ is not possible in olfaction

imagery

The below table illustrates that musical notes do not exactly follow a doubling rule in Western music. What is this called? **how 1 octave higher is not just double the frequency of a musical note** a. Just intonation b. A dissonant chord c. The musical helix d. Syncopation e. Equal temperament

e. Equal temperament

"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" was a catchphrase used by which type of psychologists? a. Panphycists b. Behaviorists c. Structuralists d. Psychometricians e. Gestaltists

e. Gestaltists

You go the doctor with pain in your stomach. The nurse asks you to rate your level of pain on a scale from 0-10. What psychological technique is the nurse using? a. Method of loci b. Method of constant stimuli c. Method of limits d. Numerical assignment e. Magnitude estimation

e. Magnitude estimation

Which best describes how taste receptors are distributed across the tongue? a. Sour receptors are in the anterior region, but sweet receptors are on the posterior region b. Sour receptors are in the anterior region, but sweet receptors are on the posterior region c. Bitter and sour receptors are more anterior than posterior d. Sour receptors are in the anterior region, but bitter receptors are on the posterior region e. None of the above- the tongue map is bogus

e. None of the above- the tongue map is bogus

Food aversions are interesting because they often are a result of ______. a. Being a supertaster b. Innate food preferences c. Specific hungers d. Excessive taste buds e.Single-trial learning

e.Single-trial learning

_______ describes the center of a reference frame

egocenter

The limbic system is a group of neural structures that is involved in many aspects of

emotion and memory

The insular cortex

is the first primary cortical processing area for taste

cognitive habituation

is the psychological process by which, after long-term exposure to an odorant, one is no longer able to detect that odorant or has very diminished detection ability.

cross-adaption

is the reduction in detection of one odorant following exposure to another odorant.

Sour

is the taste quality produced by the hydrogen ion in foods.

Salty

is the taste quality produced by the positively charged ion (cation) from the molecule NaCl.

Bitter

is the taste quality that is produced by substances like quinine or caffeine.

unami

is the taste sensation evoked by MSG.

14 olfactory bulb

The blueberry-sized extension of the brain just above the nose, where olfactory information is first processed. There are two olfactory bulbs, one in each brain hemisphere, corresponding to the left and right nostrils. Connections are ipsilateral (same side of body).

15 chorda tympani

The branch of cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve) that carries taste information from the anterior, mobile tongue (the part you can stick out).

14 aromatherapy

The contention that odors can influence, improve, and alter mood, performance, and well-being, as well as the physiological correlates of emotion such as heart rate, blood pressure, and sleep. Effects of aromatherapy can be explained by memory associations, not pharmacological effects of the odors themselves.

14 shape-pattern theory

The current dominant biochemical theory for how chemicals come to be perceived as specific odors. Contends that different scents—as a function of odorant-shape to OR-shape fit—activate different arrays of olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium. These various arrays produce specific firing patterns of neurons in the olfactory bulb, which then determine the particular scent we perceive.

14 mitral cells

The deepest layer of neurons in the olfactory bulb. Each mitral cell responds to only a few specific odorants.

13 body image

The impression of our bodies in space. Our body images are systematically distorted towards top-heaviness. Expanded shoulders and upper arms People rate upper half of body to be larger than lower half. Consistent with somatotopic mapping in cortex and sensory homunculus

13 tactile agnosia

The inability to identify objects by touch Caused by lesions to the parietal lobe Patient documented by Reed and Caselli (1994): Tactile agnosia with right hand but not left hand Could not recognize objects such as a key chain in right hand, but could with left hand or visually Rules out a general loss of knowledge about objects Other sensory abilities were normal in both hands

13 social touch

The influence of touch can extend beyond perception and action in surprising ways. Incidental touch can influence social judgments (Ackerman, Nocera, and Bargh, 2010). Rats who were licked and groomed by their mothers will lick and groom their own pups as well. Pups from attentive and remote moms can be switched at birth, and they will "inherit" the behavior of their adoptive mother. Epigenetic rather than genetic trait Being licked and groomed as a pup turns on those genes for the rest of the rat's life. Pups that were licked and groomed tend to be less timid than those that weren't.

12 direction

The line one moves along or faces, with reference to the point or region one is moving toward or facing.

12 otolith organs

The mechanical structures in the vestibular system that sense both linear acceleration and gravity. Source of our sense of linear velocity and gravity

12 angular VOR

The most well-studied VOR Example: When the head turns to the left, the eyeballs are rotated to the right to partially counteract this motion.

14 primary olfactory cortex

The neural area where olfactory information is first processed, which includes the amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, and interconnected areas, and also entorhinal cortex.

12 balance

The neural processes of postural control by which weight is evenly distributed, enabling us to remain upright and stable.

14 tufted cells

The next layer of cells after the juxtaglomerular neurons. They respond to fewer odorants than the juxtaglomerular cells, but more than neurons at the deepest layer of cells.

1. supporting cells 2. basal cells 3. olfactory sensory neurons

The olfactory epithelium contains what types of cells?

12 sensory integration

The process of combining different sensory signals. Typically leads to more accurate information than can be obtained from individual senses alone

14 olfactory receptor (OR)

The region on the cilia of OSNs where odorant molecules bind. Takes seven or eight odor molecules binding to a receptor to initiate an action potential Takes about 40 nerve impulses for a smell sensation to be reported

15 retronasal olfactory sensation

The sensation of an odor that is perceived when chewing and swallowing force an odorant in the mouth up behind the palate into the nose. Such odor sensations are perceived as originating from the mouth, even though the actual contact of odorant and receptor occurs at the olfactory mucosa.

12 balance system

The sensory systems, neural processes, and muscles that contribute to postural control. Includes the vestibular organs, kinesthesis, vestibulo-spinal pathways, skeletal bones, and postural control muscles The balance system is more than just the vestibular system. The vestibular system contributes more than just balance. Example: Vestibulo-autonomic reflexes help regulate blood pressure when lying down or standing up to maintain adequate blood flow to the brain.

12 vestibular organs

The set of five organs—three semicircular canals and two otolith organs—located in each inner ear that sense head motion and head orientation with respect to gravity.

Different scents -- as a function of the fit between odorant shape to OR shape -- activate different arrays of olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelial. These various arrays produce specific firing patterns of neurons in the olfactory bulb, which then determine the particular scent we perceive.

The shape-pattern theory of olfaction is based on the idea that

14 glomeruli

The spherical conglomerates containing the incoming axons of the OSNs. Each OSN converges on two glomeruli (one medial, one lateral). First relay for the OSNs in the olfactory bulb Patterns of activity in the glomeruli determine which odor is experienced. Glomeruli are surrounded by several layers of cells: juxtaglomerular neurons, tufted cells, mitral cells, and granule cells.

14 main olfactory bulb (MOB)

The structure that we have been referring to as the "olfactory bulb," but for animals that have two olfactory bulbs we use this term.

15 other theory on taste coding

Theory of taste coding in which each taste fiber carries a particular taste quality Major source of controversy in literature

12 The vestibular organs do not respond to constant velocity.

They only respond to changes in velocity—acceleration.

olfactory white

This odor is created when at least 30 odorants of equal intensity that span olfactory physiochemical and psychological (perceptual) space are mixed. The resultant odor percept is the same as every other mixture of 30 odorants meeting the span and equivalent intensity criteria, even though the various mixtures do not share any common odorants.

12 coding of direction in the semicircular canals

Three semicircular canals in each ear Each canal is oriented in a different plane. Each canal is maximally sensitive to rotations perpendicular to the canal plane.

14 primer pheromone

Triggers a physiological (often hormonal) change among conspecifics. This effect usually involves prolonged pheromone exposure.

14 releaser pheromone

Triggers an immediate behavioral response among conspecifics.

15 modern theories also emphasize learning

We come to like or dislike foods based on the consequences of eating them. "Evaluative conditioning" Foods with a positive or negative valence transfer to other neutral foods We regulate our intake of food through a combination of hardwired tastes and learned responses to food flavors.

14 familiarity and intensity

We tend to like odors we have smelled many times before. Intensity has a more complicated relationship with odor liking: Inverted U-shape function Linearly decreasing function

12 torisional eye movements

When the head is rolled about the x-axis, the eyeballs can be rotated a few degrees in the opposite direction to compensate. VORs are accomplished by six oculomotor muscles that rotate the eyeball.

What is presbyopia?

When the lens of the eye harden with age

14 controversy over the McClintock effect

Yang and Schank (2006) failed to observe the phenomenon in Chinese students. If the effect does exist, there are doubts about whether the hormonal information is communicated through smell or touch.

pheromones

_____ are chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a physiological or behavioral response in another member of the same species

Olfactory (I) Nerves

_____ are the first pair of cranial nerves.

Olfactory Bulb

_____ is where olfactory information is first processed

taste; flavor

____________is the sensation evoked by solutions that contact receptors in the tongue while _______ includes the former and also retronasal olfaction.

Cribriform plate

a bony structure, riddled with tiny holes, that separate the nose from the brain

Odor

a general smell sensation of a particular quality

12 spatial orientation

a sense consisting of three interacting sensory modalities- perception of linear motion, angular motion, and tilt

Photoreceptors that are specialized for daylight vision, fine acuity, and color are called __. a. Cones b. Ganglion cells c. Rods d. Bipolar cells e. Duplexes

a. Cones

The method of _________ requires the random presentation of many stimuli, of varying physical intensity, one at a time. The observer then reports whether they think the stimulus is present or absent. a. Constant stimuli b. Adjustment c. Limits d. Magnitude estimation e. None of the above

a. Constant stimuli

_______ might cause a wine to taste very different when you are sampling many other wines at the same time, compared to drinking the wine on its own. a. Cross-adaptation b. Ansomnia c. Receptor adaptation d. Odor repression e. Cognitive habituation

a. Cross-adaptation

Neurons receive incoming electrical signals at their ________ and output electrical signals with their __________. a. Dendrites; axons b. Axons; dendrites c. Cell body; axons d. Dendrites; cell body e. Axons; cell body

a. Dendrites; axons

A _____ filter removes low frequencies from a sound waveform. a. High-pass b. Notch c. Gaussian d. Low-pass e. Step filter

a. High-pass

You just applied for a patent for your new invention: an iPhone attachment that microwaves burritos. The clerk at the patent office looks at your invention. After inspecting your invention, he determines that your invention was obvious. No patent for you! What cognitive error is the patent clerk making? a. Hindsight bias b. Illusory correlation c. Confirmation bias d. Begging the question e. Con artistry

a. Hindsight bias

The arrow in the diagram below points to the ____. **diagram of ear canal, arrow pointing to a small bone** a. Incus b. Malleus c. Stapes d. Cochlea e. Tympanic membrane

a. Incus

Accommodation is the process during which the _____ of the eye changes its shape to focus light on the retina. a. Lens b. Iris c. Retina d. Pupil e. Cornea

a. Lens

What is the best explanation for the Ponzo illusion? a. Linear perspective and relative size combine to make one item look bigger than the other b. Linear perspective and familiar size combine to make one item look bigger than the other c. Relative height and familiar size combine to make one item look bigger than the other d. People typically judge items that are higher in the visual image as smaller e. People typically judge items that are lower in the visual image as smaller

a. Linear perspective and relative size combine to make one item look bigger than the other

__________ have homologous visual cortex to humans and are thus used to map extrastriate areas of visual cortex. a. Macaque monkeys b. Chimpanzees c. Rats d. Squirrels e. Cats

a. Macaque monkeys

In Sperling's (1960) seminal experiments on iconic memory, an array of letters was briefly presented. Participants had difficulty reporting all 12 letters that were presented. So he made a new condition; the _____ condition, they were required to only report 4 letters from a randomly cued selection that seed to be pretty easy for the participants. a. Partial report b. Whole report c. Entire report d. Incomplete report e. Parallel report

a. Partial report

Which of the following visual depth cues are at play in the below image? **graph showing dots get smaller as they get higher up the image** a. Relative size b. Familiar size c. Linear perspective d. A & C e. B & C

a. Relative size

Why does chocolate smell different than roses? a. Roses and chocolate elicit a unique recognition profile from several olfactory sensory neurons. b. Molecules vibrate at the olfactory receptor site to activate the globerulus. c. We have a unique type of olfactory sensory neuron for chocolate and roses. d. Roses involve olfaction through your nasal passages, whereas chocolate is chewed. e. None of the above

a. Roses and chocolate elicit a unique recognition profile from several olfactory sensory neurons.

_______ eye movements are the sudden, jerky eye movements that occur when we search through a visual scene. a. Saccadic b. Selective c. Attentional d. Vergent e. Rapid

a. Saccadic

In the figure below, II is like I in many ways, but you organize them differently. In II, which Gestalt principle explains why the black part seems separate from the grey part? **two designs - one all black and one half black and half grey** a. Similarity b. Good continuation c. Parallelism d. Symmetry e. Proximity

a. Similarity

Which of the following best summarizes what we now know after fifty years of research on subliminal messaging? a. Subliminal messaging is probably real, but relatively weak b. Subliminal messaging is commonly used in advertisements c. Subliminal messaging is not real d. A & C e. B & C

a. Subliminal messaging is probably real, but relatively weak

_________ is the sensation evoked by solutions that contact receptors in the tongue, while _______ includes the former and also olfaction from odorants travelling up the back of your throat. a. Taste; flavor b. Taste; smell c. Flavor; taste d. Flavor; smell e. Smell; taste

a. Taste; flavor

_______ papillae are the small structures on the tongue that have no taste function and are responsible for its bumpy appearance

filiform

The cilia are the

first structures involved in olfactory signal transduction

12 otolith organs sense:

acceleration and tilt

Which of the following is a neural structure located behind the main olfactory bulb?

accessory olfactory bulb

12 Each spatial orientation modality can change in terms of its

amplitude and direction

One of the easiest items to identify by smell was

an onion

The processing of components in an odorant mixture is completed by using

analysis and synthesis

13 Recently, researchers have identified areas of brain that correspond to more cognitive aspects of painful experiences.

anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex

In the brain, the _______ is associated with the perceived unpleasantness of pain sensation

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

12 spatial disorientation

any impairment of spatial orientation (i.e., our sense of linear motion, angular motion, tilt)

13 touch sensations travel:

as far as 2 meters to get from skin and muscles of feet to brain! Information must pass through spinal cord Axons of various tactile receptors combine into single nerve trunks Labeled lines: Each fiber type from the skin codes a particular touch sensation. Labeled lines become interconnected in spinal cord, allowing complex patterns to emerge. Axons from touch fibers enter the spinal cord in the dorsal horn. Dorsal horn is organized into multiple layers, or laminae. Every skin mechanoreceptor projects into the dorsal horn. Inputs to spinal cord organized somatotypically—adjacent areas of the skin project to adjacent areas in the spinal cord. Complex calculations that enrich touch sensations occur in the dorsal horn.

Haber's method is used to estimate the duration of iconic memory. It involves adjusting the time between two briefly presented stimuli, until it just looks like the stimulus never completely faded. Using this method, what is the typical estimated duration of iconic memory? a. 10-50 milliseconds b. 150-300 milliseconds c. 300-500 milliseconds d. 1 second e. 3 seconds

b. 150-300 milliseconds

If a participant were holding two different weights in their hands and could tell the difference between 50 and 52 gram weights, but not between 50 and 51 gram weights, then the just noticeable difference (JND) would be _____ gram(s). a. 1 b. 2 c. 50 d. 51 e. 52

b. 2

The ______ is a bony structure riddled with tiny holes, at the level of the eyebrows, which separates the nose from the brain. a. Olfactory mucosa b. Cribriform plate c. Olfactory epithelium d. Olfactory bulb e. Glomerulus

b. Cribriform plate

Imagine that you are an OFF bipolar cell. The incoming photoreceptor is stimulated by a light and starts firing. What should you do? a. Keep firing at the same rate b. Decrease your rate of firing c. Stop firing completely d. Increase your rate of firing e. None of the above

b. Decrease your rate of firing

________ in your brain acts as structural support and also serves to support some basic maintenance functions. a. Neurons b. Glial cells c. Blood vessels d. Tacos

b. Glial cells

Imagine a soundwave traveling through the cochlea. The first part of the cochlea is tuned to ____ sounds where as the end part of the cochlea is tuned to ___ sounds. a. Low frequency, high frequency b. High frequency, low frequency c. Low decibel, high decibel d. High decibel, low decibel e. None of the above

b. High frequency, low frequency

In visual search, participants often mix up the features of objects. For example, a green T and red L might become a red T and a green L. This type of error is called a(n) _____. a. Miss b. Illusory conjunction c. False alarm d. Featural rearrangement e. Accidental conjunction

b. Illusory conjunction

What was the primary conclusion in the famous review of psychology research by Nisbett & Wilson (1977)? a. Advertisements are full of sexual subliminal messages. b. People have little introspective access to why they make certain decisions. c. Inserting subliminal messages into advertisements is generally ineffective. d. Perception is, by and large, a top-down perceptual process e. None of the above.

b. People have little introspective access to why they make certain decisions.

Which part of speed production would be most affected if the vocal folds were anesthetized to be immobile? a. Articulation b. Phonation c. Enunciation d. Syncopation e. Respiration

b. Phonation

According to gate control theory, what is a good way to counteract pain? a. Use some sort of pain blocker at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord b. Pinch or rub the area next to the painful area c. Use cognitive control to think about some happy situation that is not painful d. Immediately take an analgesic such as an external opiate e. Take an anti-inflammatory to reduce swelling

b. Pinch or rub the area next to the painful area

If we played the below images like a movie, you would see lines moving from the left side to the right side. What kind of motion is this? **three different frames all showing white noise** a. Looming b. Second-order motion c. Illusory motion d. First-order motion e. Imaginary motion

b. Second-order motion

Imagine two radiologists who have the same ability to detect tumors. However, they respond differently when look at ambiguous x-rays of tumors. One doctor will give a diagnosis of cancer if anything looks suspicious. The other doctor will almost never give a diagnosis of cancer, unless she is absolutely certain that the tumor is cancerous. Both doctors have the same _____, but a different _______. a. Sensation; perception b. Sensitivity; response bias c. Perception; sensation d. Response bias; sensitivity e. Photoreceptors; vision

b. Sensitivity; response bias

The below graph shows data from the hypothetical experiment where a person is rotated and they first feel a sense of motion consistent with their actual motion, but soon they feel as if they are _______. After 30 seconds, they feel as if they have ______. If the motion is abruptly stopped, the subject feels as if they are rotating in the _______ direction. **graph with solid black line going straight up then across then straight down; dotted line going straight up, sloping down then going straight down and sloping back up** solid = physical dotted = perceived a. Speeding up; slowed down; opposite b. Slowing down; stopped; opposite c. Slowing down; sped up; same d. Speeding up; stopped; same e. Slowing down; sped up; opposite

b. Slowing down; stopped; opposite

A(n) ________ is a pattern for sound analysis that provides a three-dimensional display, plotting time on the horizontal axis, frequency on the vertical axis, and intensity in color. a. Sine wave b. Spectrogram c. Fourier transform d. Vocalization plot e. Musical helix

b. Spectrogram

The ______ is sensitive to horizontal movement, whereas the ______ is sensitive to vertical movement. a. Posterior canal; anterior canal b. Utricle; saccule c. Saccule; utricle d. None of the above e. Anterior canal; posterior canal

b. Utricle; saccule

Suppose you are sitting in a chair, wearing virtual reality glasses and experiencing the visual input of a roller coaster. You might feel like you are actually moving due to the sense of ______. a. Linear motion b. Vection c. Tilt d. Angular acceleration e. Linear acceleration

b. Vection

The McGurk effect illustrates that: a. Listeners fill in missing auditory information by using context. b. We use both auditory and visual information in perceiving speech sounds. c. We are better able to perceive speech when we know the topic of the speech. d. We tend to have a categorical perception of continuous speech sounds. e. Speech sounds are more accurately perceived within a phrase than in isolation.

b. We use both auditory and visual information in perceiving speech sounds.

_______ is the competition between two nostrils for odor perception

binaural rivalry

This specific taste may have evolved to help us sense poisonous foods

bitter

_______ is the taste quality that is produced by substances like quinine or caffeine

bitter

Jerome is about to take his dog on a walk at night. How long should he wait in the dark for his eyes to adapt? a. 5-10 seconds b. 5-10 minutes c. 20-25 minutes d. 2-3 hours e. 2-3 weeks

c. 20-25 minutes

In the picture below, which object will create the greatest interaural time difference? **face with a 1 in front of the nose, 2 between nose and ear, 3 in front of ear, 4 between back of head and ear and a 5 behind the head** a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5

c. 3

The following soundwave is __ Hz. **graph showing amplitude going up and down four times within a second** a. 1/4th b. 1/8th c. 4 d. 8 e. 16

c. 4

Nick and Chelsea go to a rock concert. Chelsea sits in the front row, while Nick sits four rows back. In other words, Nick is 4 times the distance from the band as Chelsea. According to the inverse square law, if Chelsea experiences a sound level of 60 dB, what sound level will Nick hear? a. 66 dB b. 54 dB c. 48 dB d. 42 dB e. 20 dB

c. 48 dB

Jack spends the day at the ocean playing in the waves and surfing. When he gets home and lays down in bed, he experiences an illusory sense of a rocking motion. This is known as ________. a. Motion sickness b. Vestibular flux c. Mal de debarquement syndrome d. Meniere's syndrome e. Vection

c. Mal de debarquement syndrome

The criminal justice system in the United States is designed to be biased such that it would rather let a guilty person go free than convict an innocent person. In terms of signal detection theory, the courts would rather have a _____ than a ______. a. False alarm; miss b. Hit; miss c. Miss; false alarm d. Miss; correct rejection e. Correct rejection; miss

c. Miss; false alarm

When one objects "covers up" another object in the visual field, that is called __________. a. Parallelism b. Color constancy c. Occlusion d. Figure-ground segmentation e. Good continuation

c. Occlusion

What role do fingerprint ridges play in touch sensations?

both b and c

Which of the following statements about stereoblindness is false? a. Infants with strabismus typically learn to suppress one of the retinal images b. About 3-5% of the population has it c. People typically regain depth perception with corrective surgery d. It typically results from a childhood eye disorder e. All of the above are true

c. People typically regain depth perception with corrective surgery

Which statement best describes the inverse optics problem? a. The retina is wired backwards, which leads to a giant blind spot b. There are a lot of feedback connections in the visual system c. The retinal image is ambiguous, so we have to make an educated guess about the actual state of the world d. The retinal image is upside down and backwards e. All of the above

c. The retinal image is ambiguous, so we have to make an educated guess about the actual state of the world

_______ papillae are mushroom-shaped structures distributed most densely on the edges of the tongue, especially the tip

fungiform

12 our sensory systems must

simultaneously integrate changes in sensation due to our own actions and changes in the external world.

The popularity of the spicy flavor of chili peppers in Mexico is an example of the effect of _______ on taste

social influences

from the thalamus, much of the touch information is carried up to the cortex into

somatosensory area 1

_______ means mapped in correspondence to the skin

somatotopic

_______ is the taste quality produced by the hydrogen ion in foods

sour

12 problems with the vestibular system can to peculiar sensations

spatial disorientation, dizziness, vertigo

_______ theory is the theory that deficiency of a given nutrient produces craving for that nutrient

specific hungers

The _______ pathway is the route from the spinal cord to the brain that carries most of the information about skin temperature and pain

spinothalamic

14 psychophysical methods for detection and discrimination

staircase method and triangle test

What is the term for an individual whose perception of taste sensations is the most intense?

supertaster

14 three types of olfactory cells

supporting cells, basal cells, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)

Which of the following taste sensations is evoked by simple carbohydrates that conform to the chemical formula (CH2O)n, where n is between 3 and 7?

sweet

_______ is the inability to identify objects by touch

tactile agnosia

The labeled lines theory of taste coding holds that each _______ carries a particular taste quality

taste nerve fiber

Which of the following is not considered by USDA to be one of the safe methods for thawing a frozen turkey?

thawing on a kitchen counter at room temperature

odor hedonics

the "liking" dimension of odor perception.

15 flavor

the combination of true taste (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami) and retronasal olfaction

Binaral rivalry

the competition between two nostrils for odor perception

juxtaglomerular neurons

the first layer of cells surrounding the glomeruli. They are a mixture of excitatory and inhibitory cells and respond to a wide range of odorants.

basal cells

the precursor cells to olfactory sensory neurons.

cognitive habituation

the psychological process by which, after long term exposure to an odorant, one is no longer able to detect that odorant

cross adaptation

the reduction in detection of an odorant following exposure to another odorant

anosmia

the total inability to smell, most often resulting from sinus illness or head trauma.

14 odor

the translation of a chemical stimulus into a smell sensation

An example of an ethical or moral concern that could be associated with products of genetic engineering is

transfer of animal genes into food crops

Sometimes odorants can stimulate the somatosensory system through polymodal nociceptors. These sensations are mediated by the ________, which transmits information about the "feel" of an odorant

trigeminal nerve

_______ are the second layer of cells surrounding the glomeruli. They respond to fewer odorants than the first layer, but to more than the neurons at the deepest layer of cells

tufted cells

The olfactory epithelium contains each of the following cells except

turbinates

Professional exotic dancers (from a 2007 study) earned ______ tips when they performed during their ovulatory phase of their menstrual cycle

twice as much

The _______ is the minimum distance at which two stimuli are just perceptible as separate

two-point touch threshold

Sometimes called the fifth basic taste, _______ is the taste sensation evoked by MSG

umami

Combining DNA molecules from different sources into one molecule in a test tube is called

using recombinant DNA technology

12 two otolith organs in each ear

utricle: contains about 30,000 hair cells and saccule: contains about 16,000 hair cells

12 saccular macula

vertical plane Sensitive to vertical linear acceleration and gravity

12 the "sixth sense"

vestibular system

Specific anosmia and the study of stereoisomers provide evidence against the _______ theory of olfactory perception

vibration

12 coordinating system for classifying direction

x-axis: Points forward, in the direction the person is facing y-axis: Points laterally, out of the person's left ear z-axis: Points vertically, out of the top of the head Axes are defined relative to the person, not relative to gravity.

15 cross-modality: supertaster

match the bitterness of PROP to the same intensity as the brightness of the sun or the most intense pain ever experienced.

15 cross-modality: medium taster

match the bitterness of PROP to the same intensity as the smell of frying bacon or the pain of a mild headache.

15 cross-modality: nontaster

match the bitterness of PROP to the same intensity as the sound of a watch or a whisper.

_______ are slender projections on the tips of some taste bud cells that extend into the taste pore

microvilli

_______ form part of the deepest layer of cells in the olfactory bulb. Each of these cells responds only to a few specific odorants

mitral cells

Which of the following describes the ability of neural circuits to undergo changes in function or organization as a result of previous activity

neural plasticity

The A-delta and C fibers are types of

nociceptors and something else

Which of the following taste receptors do fat molecules stimulate?

none of the above

12 dizziness

nonspecific spatial disorientation

A _______ is an individual born without receptors for the bitter PROP

nontaster

In vision a pure color is a single wavelength of light (laser), in hearing a pure tone is a sinusoid, in olfaction a pure smell is

not found in this modality

Nociceptors transmit information about

noxious or painful stimuli

An _______ is a molecule defined by its physiochemical characteristics and is capable of being translated by the nervous system into the perception of a smell

odorant

Retronasal

olfaction refers to perceiving odors through the mouth while chewing.

Orthonasal

olfaction refers to sniffing in and perceiving odors through the nostrils

Which of the following is not a type of papillae on the tongue?

olfactory

The _______ is the blueberry-sized extension of the brain, just above the nose, where olfactory information is first processed

olfactory bulb

The _______ is a narrow space at the back of the nose in which air flows and where the main olfactory epithelium is located

olfactory cleft

14 the "retina" of the nose

olfactory epithelium

Which of the following structures is/are sometimes called the "retina of the nose"?

olfactory epithelium

One explanation for why our sense of smell and language are so disconnected is that

olfactory information is not integrated in the thalamus prior to processing in the cortex

This odor is created when at least 30 odorants of equal intensity that span olfactory physiochemical and psychological (perceptual) space are mixed. The resultant odor percept is the same as every other mixture of 30 odorants meeting the span and equivalent intensity criteria, even though the various mixtures do not share any common odorants

olfactory white

The _______ is multimodal in nature, responding to temperature, touch, smell, and taste, and is critical for assigning affective value to stimuli

orbitofrontal cortex

The _______ is the part of the brain responsible for processing olfaction and for assigning affective value to stimuli

orbitofrontal cortex

_______ are structures that give the tongue its bumpy appearance

papillae

13 classic categories of discriminative touch

pleasant touch Mediated by unmyelinated peripheral C fibers known as "C tactile afferents" (CT afferents) Respond best to slowly moving, lightly applied forces (e.g., petting) Processed in orbitofrontal cortex rather than S1 or S2 Respond best to slowly moving, lightly applied forces (e.g., petting) Processed in orbitofrontal cortex rather than S1 or S2

The brain region responsible for processing smell is known as the

primary olfactory cortex

Over the course of 30 days, the percentage of correct recognitions of an odor

remains relatively constant

Chewing and swallowing force an odorant emitted by the mouth up behind the palate into the nose, which causes one to experience _______ sensation of the odor perceived

retronasal olfactory

Which of the following was not one of the substances we smelled blind in class on Monday

rotten eggs

_______ is the taste quality produced by the positively charged ion (cation) from the molecule NaCl

salty

_______ are the precursor cells to olfactory sensory neurons

basal cells

15 two large categories of tastants

1) Some are made up of small, charged particles that taste salty or sour. Small ion channels in microvilli membranes allow some types of charged particles to enter but not others. 2) Some are made up of small, charged particles that taste salty or sour. Small ion channels in microvilli membranes allow some types of charged particles to enter but not others.

Describe two psychophysical methods for measuring olfactory detection and discrimination.

1. The staircase method is used to measure olfactory detection thresholds.In the staircase method, the concentration of an odorant is increased from a level at which the participant cannot smell it, upward until the participant can smell it. Then, the concentration is reduced until the participant cannot smell it again, at which time it is then increased until detection resumes. The reversal points in the concentration levels are averaged to determine the average threshold of detection. 2. the triangle test is used to measure olfactory discrimination. In the triangle test, two samples of the same odorant and one sample of a different odorant are given to the participant, who tries to pick the one odorant that is different from the other two. The test is often repeated several times and the order in which the odorants are presented is typically varied over the trials.

13 three criteria for touch receptor categorization

1. Type of stimulation to which the receptor responds 2. Size of the receptive field 3. Rate of adaptation (fast versus slow)

Describe the receptor types for the five basic tastes (ionotropic/metabotropic; and what each is activated by)

1.Sweet- metabotropic, carbohydrates 2.Bitter- metabotropic, various substances such as caffeine and quinine 3.Umami- metabotropic, protein and MSG molecules 4.Salty- ionotropic, charged Na ions 5.Sour- ionotropic, charged H ions

Which pattern would maximally excite this retinal ganglion cell? a. graph showing maximum excitement during grey bar b. graph showing maximum excitement during white bar c. graph showing maximum excitement during grey and white bars d. A & B e. A & C

ANSWER: B

Which diagram shows visual depth cue called looming? **all line graphs showing different patterns** a. line angling down b. line angling up c. line sloping down d. line sloping up

ANSWER: D

13 haptic perception

Active Exploration or knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints Example: aligning the arrows and opening a child-proof aspirin bottle in the dark

14 granule cells

Also in the deepest layer of neurons in the olfactory bulb, along with the mitral cells. Granule cells comprise an extensive network of inhibitory neurons, integrate input from all the earlier projections, and are thought to be the basis of specific odorant identification.

14 the human olfactory apparatus

Primary purpose—to filter, warm, and humidify air we breathe Nose contains small ridges, olfactory cleft, and olfactory epithelium

12 the vestibular organs help us in many ways

Provide a sense of spatial orientation, consisting of Linear motion Angular motion Tilt

supporting cells

Provide metabolic and physical support for the olfactory sensory neurons

14 supporting cells

Provide metabolic and physical support for the olfactory sensory neurons.

13 analgesia

Decreasing pain sensation during conscious experience. Soldier in above example: Experienced effect because of endogenous opiates—chemicals released in body to block release or uptake of neurotransmitters transmitting pain sensation to brain Endogenous opiates may be responsible for certain placebo effects. Externally produced substances have similar effect: morphine, heroin, codeine

13 sensitivity to mechanical pressure varies over the body

Face is most sensitive Trunk and upper extremities (arms and fingers) next most sensitive Lower extremities (thigh, calf, and foot) less sensitive

13 the what system of touch

Geometric properties of objects are most important for visual recognition. Material properties of objects are crucial for haptic recognition. Two-dimensional pictures of objects are recognized easily visually but poorly haptically.

12 why considered different "modalities"?

Sensing linear motion, angular motion, and tilt involve different receptors and/or different stimulation energy.

13 interactions between touch and other modalities

Greatest cost for invalid cues occurred when tactile stimulus expected but visual or auditory stimulus presented instead Implies that sense of touch may have a very restricted attentional channel Lederman, Thorne, & Jones (1986) showed participants one type of sand paper while they touched a different type but they told them they were the same. When asked "How closely packed are the elements on the surface?" they were more influenced by vision. When asked "How rough is the surface?" they were more influenced by touch. Ernst & Banks (2002) used an apparatus that provided touch and vision of a virtual display. A portion of the surface appeared to be raised. Sometimes the height of the surface was different for vision and touch. Perception was a compromise between the two senses.

15 taste pathway

Taste buds to cranial nerves to medulla and thalamus and then to cortex

15 supertaster

Individual who is a taster of PTC/PROP and has a high density of fungiform papillae. Perceives the most intense taste sensations

15 Gene for PTC/PROP receptors discovered in 2003

Individuals with two recessive genes are nontasters of PTC/PROP. Individuals with one or more of the genes are tasters of PTC/PROP.

14 individual differences in olfaction

Olfactory detection thresholds depend on several factors Women: generally lower thresholds than men, especially during ovulatory period of menstrual cycles, but their sensitivity is not heightened during pregnancy Professional perfumers and wine tasters can distinguish up to 100,000 odors Age: By 85, 50% of population is effectively anosmic

Which of the following structures is sometimes called the "retina of the nose"

Olfactory epithelium

14 sense of smell and language are disconnected, possibly because

Olfactory information is not integrated in thalamus prior to processing in cortex. Majority of olfactory processing occurs in right side of brain, while language processing occurs in left side of brain.

14 mechanisms involved in cognitive inhibition

Olfactory receptors internalized into cell bodies during odor adaptation may be hindered after continuous exposure, take longer to recycle Odorant molecules may be absorbed into bloodstream, causing adaptation to continue Cognitive-emotional factors

List the cranial nerves involved in the sensation and perception of taste and smell

Olfactory- CN 1 Trigeminal- CN V Chorda Tympani of facial nerve- CN VII Glossopharyngeal nerve- CN IX Vagus nerve- CN X

14 neuroanatomical and evolutionary connections between odor and emotion

Orbitofrontal cortex—olfaction is processed here. Also the cortical area for assigning affective value (i.e., hedonic judgment) These two factors help explain the increased emotionality of smells as opposed to other senses.

_______ olfaction refers to sniffing in and perceiving odors through the nostrils, while _______ olfaction refers to perceiving odors through the mouth while chewing

Orthonasal; retronasal

14 are odors the best cues to memory

Other modalities can elicit memory as well (e.g., vision, touch, taste). Memories triggered by odor cues are distinctive in their emotionality. Emotion and evocativeness of odor-elicited memories lead to false impression that such memories are especially accurate.

What is emmetropia?

Perfect vision

________ are chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a psychological or behavioral response in another member of the same species

Pheromones

14 basal cells

Precursor cells to olfactory sensory neurons.

15 insular cortex

Primary cortical processing area for taste. The part of the cortex that first receives taste information.

14 Do humans respond to chemosignals?

Professional exotic lap dancers earn almost twice as much in tips ($335/night versus $185/night) during the ovulatory phase of their menstrual cycle. Dancers taking birth control pills showed no change in tips over their cycle. Dancers not taking birth control pills earned more, overall, than those who did. Dancers may have been perceived as more attractive to their male customers, increasing their tips. Androstadienone is a hormone derived from testosterone that is in higher concentration in male body fluids (e.g., sweat) than females. Androstadienone improves women's mood, self-rated sexual arousal, and cortisol, but only in the presence of men. Same effects not observed with female experimenters Not all chemosignals increase sexual desire. Chemicals present in female tears dampen the sexual desire of men. Testosterone levels decreased in the men who smelled the tears, which would also make them less aggressive towards a crying woman. Note that the tears were on a strip of paper and the men had no idea what chemical they were sniffing.

14 vibration theory

Proposes that every perceived smell has a different vibrational frequency, and that molecules that produce the same vibrational frequencies will smell the same.

15 bitter

Quinine: Prototypically bitter-tasting substance Cannot distinguish between tastes of different bitter compounds Many bitter substances are poisonous Ability to "turn off" bitter sensations—beneficial to liking certain vegetables Bitter sensitivity is affected by hormone levels in women, intensifies during pregnancy

_______ is the biochemical phenomenon, occurring after continual exposure to an odorant, whereby receptors stop responding to an odorant and detection ceases

Receptor adaptation

13 benefit of pain perception

Sensing dangerous objects Case of "Miss C": Born with insensitivity to pain Did not sneeze, cough, gag, or blink reflexively Suffered injuries such as burning herself on radiator and biting tongue while chewing food Died at age 29 from infections that could have been prevented if she sensed pain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6iOUW523BE

13 phantom limb

Sensation perceived from a physically amputated limb of the body. Parts of brain listening to missing limbs not fully aware of altered connections, so they attribute activity in these areas to stimulation from missing limb. Body image is inaccurate. Amputees report feeling the amputated hand when their face or remaining limbs are stimulated. Face area is located next to hand and arm area on sensory homunculus. Neural crosstalk leads to sensory crosstalk.

15 taste

Sensations evoked by solutions in the mouth that contact the receptors on the tongue and the roof of the mouth.

14 adaptation

Sense of smell is essentially a change detector. Examples: Walking into a bakery and can only smell fresh bread for a few minutes; someone who wears perfume every day cannot smell it and might put on a lot. Receptor adaptation: The biochemical phenomenon that occurs after continuous exposure to an odorant, whereby the receptors stop responding to the odorant and detection ceases.

15 filliform

Small structures on the tongue that provide most of the bumpy appearance. Have no taste function.

15 How do taste and smell help us choose what to eat and what not to eat?

Smell: Helps us identify objects in the environment. Taste: Helps us identify nutrients and antinutrients.

13 haptic search

Task: Recognize presence of material properties that are presented haptically to the fingers with a special device. Do some material properties "pop out"? Yes: Rough among smooth, hard among soft, cool among warm, edged surfaces among smooth surfaces No: Horizontal lines among vertical lines "Pop out" stimuli for vision and touch are different.

13 neural plasticity

The ability of neural circuits to undergo changes in function or organization as a result of previous activity. Pascual-Leone & Hamilton (2001) blindfolded participants for 5 days. Tested their sensitivity to braille stimulation on their right index finger each day, scanned their brains using fMRI. First day, only area S1 in left hemisphere activated. By fifth day, S1 activation had decreased and V1 activation increased! V1 switched over from vision to analyzing touch sensations. Once blindfolds removed, neural functioning changed back to normal.

cross-modality matching

The ability to match the intensities of sensations that come from different sensory modalities is known as

14 juxtaglomerular neurons

The first layer of cells surrounding the glomeruli. Mixture of excitatory and inhibitory cells that respond to a wide range of odorants.

14 olfactory nerves

The first pair of cranial nerves. The axons of the OSNs bundle together after passing through the cribriform plate to form the olfactory nerve.

insular cortex/primary gustatory cortex

The first primary cortical processing area for taste is called _______________________.

15 orbitofrontal cortex

The part of the frontal lobe of the cortex that lies above the bone (orbit) containing the eyes. Receives projections from insular cortex Involved in processing of temperature, touch, smell, and taste, suggesting it may be an integration area

12 vestibulo-autonomic responses: the autonomic nervous system

The part of the nervous system that innervates glands, heart, digestive system, etc., and is responsible for regulating many involuntary actions.

The sensory scientist may use monosodium glutamate to train panelists to recognize which taste?

Umami

13 action for perception

Using our hands to actively explore the world of surfaces and objects outside our bodies

13 perception for action

Using somatosensation to grasp and manipulate objects in a stable and coordinated manner and to maintain proper posture and balance

15 health consequences of taste perception

Variations in sensory properties of foods and beverages affects food preferences and therefore diet. Example: some vegetables have a bitter taste and so might be avoided by supertasters.

12 visual-vestibular integration

Vection: An illusory sense of self motion produced when you are not, in fact, moving. Example: The feeling of flying while watching an IMAX movie Example: Being stopped in your car at a light next to a semi. The semi begins to roll forward and you press on the brake because you feel as if you are rolling backwards. Observers looking at a rotating display report rotational vection. Subjects have the illusion of tilt but do not feel as if they turn upside-down.

Based on composition and the fact that microwave ovens are effective because they heat foods that contain water, which one of the following does not heat well in a microwave oven?

Vegetable Oil

14 the importance of attention and conscious perception

We cannot smell while we are asleep. Attention increases our ability to detect odors. Attention is cut off during sleep, so is our ability to respond to odors.

In the picture the random dot kinematogram below, what is the percentage of coherent motion? **circle with 10 little circles with arrows, 7 are black with the arrows pointing in different directions, 3 are white with the arrows pointing in the same direction** a. 30% b. 50% c. 70% d. 10% e. 100%

a. 30%

What does the Principle of Univariance refer to? a. A single photoreceptor cannot feasibly discriminate color b. Some cultures only have a single word to describe colors c. There is a single neuron in IT cortex that responds to Jennifer Aniston d. The retinal image is ambiguous and could reflect several states of the world e. None of the above

a. A single photoreceptor cannot feasibly discriminate color

Which best describes Fechner's law? (Hint: Think chihuahuas versus water buffalo) a. As the physical intensity increases, the ability to perceptually discriminate stimuli is harmed b. Physical intensity and perceptual intensity have a perfect linear relationship c. As the physical intensity increases, the ability to perceptually discriminate stimuli is improved d. Physical intensity and perceptual intensity have no relationship whatsoever

a. As the physical intensity increases, the ability to perceptually discriminate stimuli is harmed

Bod is a TSA agent and is watching bags go by on the conveyor belt. He notices that one bad contains a knife. He becomes so preoccupied with this bag that he misses a second bag with a gun that comes by just after the knife bag. What error has Bob succumb to? a. Attentional blink b. Contextual cuing c. Satisfaction of search d. Late selection e. Early selection

a. Attentional blink

Look at the figure below. Imagine that we alternate these frames in sequences (like a movie). If we go just the right speed, we will get _____ motion, which will make it look like the white dots are moving. But, if we go too fast, we will get ____ phenomenon, which will make it look like there is a gray dot moving around in a circular pattern. **circle of white dots with dots alternatively turning black in a circle** a. Beta, phi b. Alpha, beta c. Phi, beta d. Alpha, phi e. Beta, alpha

a. Beta, phi

Neurons in V2 are tuned to _______, whereas neurons in inferotemporal (IT) cortex are tuned to _______. a. Border ownership; specific objects b. Specific objects; border ownership c. Lines; edges d. Edges; lines e. Brightness; color

a. Border ownership; specific objects

Which of the following is a shared commonality between primary somatosensory cortex and primary visual cortex? a. Both have an orderly spatial organization b. Both have systematic distortions in representation c. Both get information from cranial nerves d. B & C e. A, B, & C

a. Both have an orderly spatial organization b. Both have systematic distortions in representation

_____ hearing loss is when the bones in the middle ear stop working properly. a. Conductive b. Sensoneural c. Tympanic d. Ossicle e. Mechanical

a. Conductive

Suppose a new culture is discovered that has nine notes per octave in their musical scale, as opposed to the seven notes per octave in traditional Western music. Based upon previous research on the Tsimane tribe, what might we predict about their hearing of pitches? a. They will have no preference for consonant and dissonant chords in the Western scale. b. They will perceive a wider range of pitches that qualify for a given note. c. They will perceive the same range of pitches that qualify for a given note. d. They will perceive a narrower range of pitches that qualify for a given note. e. After a few moments listening to music in the seven-note Western scale, their hearing of pitches will switch over to the Western scale.

a. They will have no preference for consonant and dissonant chords in the Western scale.

Parallel lines in the world appear to meet at a single location called the _____. a. Vanishing point b. Linear convergence c. Horopter d. Horizon e. Parallax

a. Vanishing point

Imagine you are tasting marinara for a chef who is working on a special marinara recipe, and she wants the marinara to have a subtle hint of black pepper flavor. In her first batch of marinara, you could not detect any pepper flavor. If she cooks several more batches of marinara and keeps gradually increasing the amount of black pepper in every batch until you finally notice the pepper flavor, which psychophysical method is she employing? a. Magnitude estimation b. Method of limits c. Method of constant stimuli d. Method of adjustment e. Method of sensory tuning

b. Method of limits

Relative height, relative size, and familiar size are _____ depth cues because they provide information about order and distance. a. Monocular b. Metrical c. Binocular d. Ordinal e. Euclidean

b. Metrical

A(n) _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed. a. Neutral point b. Negative afterimage c. Hallucination d. Adapting stimuli e. Metamer

b. Negative afterimage

Which of the following is the translation of a chemical stimulus into a smell sensation? a. Olfactant b. Odor c. Odorant d. Olfactory entity e. Olfactory stimulus

b. Odor

_________ olfaction is the perception of odor caused by inhaling through the nostrils. _________ olfaction is the perception of odor caused by chewing food in the mouth. a. Retronasal; orthonasal b. Orthonasal; retronasal c. Crossnasal; retronasal d. Retronasal; crossnasal e. None of the above

b. Orthonasal; retronasal

In humans, the ________ detect head rotations, whereas the _______ detect linear motion. a. Accelerometer; gyroscope b. semicircular canals; otolith organs c. Otolith organs; semicircular canals d. Gyroscope; vestibular systems e. Gyroscope; accelerometer

b. semicircular canals; otolith organs

Which of the following is the correct order of body parts, from the largest two-point threshold to the smallest?

back;forehead;lips

When you stub your toe, you first feel a quick, sharp pain transmitted by ______, and then a moment later, a dull, throbbing pain transmitted by ______. a. Thermo TRP receptors; C fibers b. C fibers; A-delta fibers c. A-delta fibers; C fibers d. C fibers; thermo TRP receptors e. A-delta fibers; thermoTRP receptors

c. A-delta fibers; C fibers

The Necker cube is a classic example of a(n) ________. **3-D cube** a. Figure-ground segmentation b. Illusory contour c. Ambiguous figure d. Accidental viewpoint e. Texture segmentation

c. Ambiguous figure

Understanding human speech is a challenge for computers because the same sound might be pronounced differently depending on the sound coming before or after it. This phenomena is called _______. a. Voicing b. Obstruction c. Coarticulation d. Articulation e. Resonance

c. Coarticulation

_____ is the lowest-frequency component of a complex periodic sound. a. Harmonic sound b. Missing fundamental c. Fundamental frequency d. Pitch e. Timbre

c. Fundamental frequency

Imagine that you feed your nephew who is an infant a small piece of lemon. What can you expect to happen? a. Young children are supertasters and void aversive flavors, so he will spit the lemon out. b. Infants do not develop sour taste receptors until 3-4 months of age- so he will likely chew it and not notice it is sour. c. He will make a stereotypes "puckered" facial expression. d. Infants have a strong gag reflex for potentially dangerous foods- so he'll likely get sick. e. Humans have no innate taste preferences- so he might like it.

c. He will make a stereotypes "puckered" facial expression.

This brain structure that acts as relay station for visual information between the eyes and primary visual cortex. a. Optic chiasm b. Optic nerve c. Lateral geniculate nucleus d. Inferotemporal cortex (IT) e. Primary visual cortex

c. Lateral geniculate nucleus

Jane nods her head to say "yes". What type of head movement is she making? a. Clockwise b. Yaw c. Pitch d. Shift e. Roll

c. Pitch

Which of the following is NOT something that the vestibular system helps with? a. Visual stability b. Balance c. Proprioception d. Autonomic responses e. Spatial orientation

c. Proprioception

Suppose you enter a hair salon and the smell of the hair dyes and other chemicals is very strong and distinctive at first. However, after a few minutes you no longer smell those chemicals. What process is responsible for this phenomenon? a. Ansomnia b. Cognitive habituation c. Receptor adaptation d. Cross-adaptation e. Odor repression

c. Receptor adaptation

Chemicals wafting through the air that activate the olfactory neurons in your nose is ________, whereas interpreting the response of the olfactory neurons as smelling like a delicious apple pie is ___________. a. Registration; designation b. Perception; sensation c. Sensation; perception d. Judgment; detection e. Detection; judgment

c. Sensation; perception

Biederman was famous for his recognition-by-components model of object recognition. He argued that people break down objects into geons and then combine the geons to form objects. What class of model is his theory? a. Deep neural network model b. Prototype model c. Structural description model d. Template matching model e. This isn't a model!

c. Structural description model

If a stimulus is above the threshold for conscious awareness, it is said to be ______. a. Underliminal b. Superliminal c. Supraliminal d. Subliminal e. Hypoliminal

c. Supraliminal

12 tilt

can be sensed when nodding head up and down as if to say "yes"

12 angular motion

can be sensed when rotating head from side to side as if to say "no"

15 lab induced smell but not taste

chorda tympani anesthetized with lidocane

_______ papillae are circular, mound-like structures surrounded by a trench that form an inverted "V" on the rear of the tongue

circumvallate

Anesthesia of the chorda tympani causes

damaged taste

15 patient case

damaged taste, but normal olfaction - could smell but not taset

Frame of reference is used to

define locations in space

15 Arthur Fox (1931)

discovered that phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) tastes dramatically different to different people. Bitter taste to some but not to others 1960s: Started using propylthioracil (PROP) instead of PTC because it is safer

The figure below illustrates an apparatus used to

display targets to the fingertips

_______ is the psychological aspect of a sound, related mainly to perceived frequency. a. Tone b. Chroma c. Sound d. Octave e. Pitch

e. Pitch

_______ is the science of defining quantitative relationships between psychological and physical events. a. Panpsychism b. Signal detection theory c. Materialism d. Dualism e. Psychophysics

e. Psychophysics

Dr. Quinn is a radiologist. She spots a tumor in a patient's x-ray and then stops searching the image for other tumors. Because of this, she misses a second tumor in the image. What error has Dr. Quinn succumb to? a. Change blindness b. Attentional blink c. False miss d. Early termination e. Satisfaction of search

e. Satisfaction of search

The visual angle of an object is the... a. Estimated size of the object b. Object's contrast divided by its spatial frequency c. The perceived angle versus the physical angle d. Actual size of the object e. Size an object takes up on the retina

e. Size an object takes up on the retina

You are talking to a friend before lecture starts. Even though you are deeply immersed in a conversation about perception, you hear someone behind you say your name. You have fallen victim to_______. a. A flanker compatibility effect b. A cueing effect c. Attention capture d. A filtering cost e. The cocktail party effect

e. The cocktail party effect

The process of converting stimulus energy into an electrical signal that neurons can interpret is called ________. a. Alteration b. Receptor specificity c. A receptive field d. Transformation e. Transduction

e. Transduction

When an object appears behind the horopter, this results in a(n) _____. a. Free fusion b. Crossed disparity c. Lateral inhibition d. False depth illusion e. Uncrossed disparity

e. Uncrossed disparity

You are a neurologist (congrats!). You give a patient a line cancellation test and they return it in looking like this. What problem does that patient probably have? **box with lines on the left and x's on the right** a. Agnosia b. Prosopagnosia c. Strabismus d. Stereoblindness e. Visual neglect

e. Visual neglect

The _______ is the airway above the larynx that is used for the production of speech and includes the oral and nasal tracts. a. Trachea b. Esophagus c. Epiglottis d. Vocal fold e. Vocal tract

e. Vocal tract

15 four types of papillae

fliliform, fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate

12 efferent commands

flow from our brain to our muscle

12 Afferent signals

flow from our senses to our brain

mitral cell

form part of the deepest layer of cells in the olfactory bulb. Each of these cells responds only to a few specific odorants

granule cells

form part of the deepest layer of cells in the olfactory bulb. They comprise an extensive network of inhibitory neurons, integrate input from all the earlier projections, and are thought to be the basis of specific odorant identification.

Which of the following parts of the body has the largest representation in the somatosensory map?

hand

12 the vestibular system

helps us to maintain our balance and stabilize our eyes during head motion.

_______ are the first layer of cells surrounding the glomeruli. They are a mixture of excitatory and inhibitory cells and respond to a wide range of odorants

juxtaglomerular neurons

One of choices of units used by food engineers to measure heat energy is

kilo Joules

A(n) _______ is often responsible for our disliking of a particular food after gastric illness

learned taste aversion

_______ is the biochemical phenomenon, occurring after continual exposure to an odorant, whereby receptors stop responding to an odorant and detection ceases

receptor adaption

14 olfaction

sense of smell

14 gustation

sense of taste

12 linear motion in spatial orientation

sensed when accelerating or decelerating in a car

12 active sensing

sensing that includes self-generated probing of the environment

The dominant biochemical theory of odor perception is the __________________ theory

shape-pattern

14 theories of olfactory perception

shape-pattern theory and vibration theory

12 gravity and acceleration

share a deep connection and can be considered equivalent.