PSYC1300 Chapter 11

_________ refers to social behavior whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.

Aggression

What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around? Multiple choice question. Bystander effect Fundamental attribution error Elaboration likelihood Altruism

Bystander effect

______ involves giving to another person for personal gain, such as to feel good or avoid guilt.

Egoism

True or false: Infants as young as 3 to 6 months old showed a preference for looking at faces that were rated as attractive by adults

True

True or false: Kitty Genovese's murder inspired research on peoples' likelihood of helping a person in distress.

True

The role of _____ in aggression is most easily seen in nonhuman animals and the process of selective breeding. Multiple choice question. enrichment genes personality environment

genes

The genetic basis for aggression states that ______ are important in understanding the biological basis of aggression.

genes or genetics

In one study, just a 100-millisecond exposure was long enough for participants to form a(n) _____ of the unfamiliar individual.

impression

________ psychologists focus on gender differences in the accounting of attraction. The goal for both sexes, by this account, is to procreate.

Evolutionary

Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe? Multiple choice question. Discrimination Conformity Stereotyping Self-fulfilling prophesy

Stereotyping

In the field of social psychology, the term ___________ describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.

attitude

The _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures. Multiple choice question. fundamental attribution error bystander effect false consensus effect self-serving bias

self-serving bias

A key social emotion in altruism is _______, a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another.

empathy

Which area of the brain is involved in first impression formation? Multiple choice question. Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex Posterior occipital cortex Ventromedial parietal cortex Anterior temporal cortex

Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is a method to help people avoid persuasion? Multiple choice question. The central route The peripheral route Inoculation Cognitive dissonance

Inoculation

____ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves. Multiple choice question. Egoism Self-serving bias Stereotype threat Self-esteem

Self-esteem

What is the term for expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur? Multiple choice question. Fundamental attribution errors Self-fulfilling prophecies Stereotypes Acts of discrimination

Self-fulfilling prophecies

In Festinger's classic cognitive dissonance study, participants who were _____ rated a boring task a more enjoyable. Multiple choice question. allowed to quit deceived paid more paid less

paid less

Which of the following personality traits is most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors? Multiple choice question. Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to experience Extroversion

Agreeableness

What is the term in social psychology for the opinions and beliefs we have about people, things, and ideas? Multiple choice question. Emotions Attitudes Heuristics Attributions

Attitudes

_______ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.

Attribution or Attribute

What is a key emotion involved in altruism and happens when we feel a oneness with the emotional state of another? Multiple choice question. Aggression Empathy Emotional influence Egoism

Empathy

____ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups. Multiple choice question. Aggression Groupthink Empathy Competition

Empathy

___________ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups.

Empathy

Cognitive ____ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.

dissonance

A persuasion tool that involves making a big pitch at the beginning of a sale is called the -in-the-face technique.

door

____ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups. Multiple choice question. Aggression Groupthink Competition Empathy

Empathy

A person who experiences stereotype ______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group. Multiple choice question. serving factors bias threat

threat

______, which is a personality trait, is most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors.

Agreeableness

Infants as young as _____ showed a preference for looking at attractive faces. Multiple choice question. 1 to 3 weeks old 12 to 18 months old 3 to 6 months old 5 to 9 weeks old

3 to 6 months old

Which of the following features was not one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips? Multiple choice question. A person's romantic interest in the participant A person's sexual orientation A person's artistic ability A person's propensity for violence

A person's artistic ability

Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A person's sexual orientation A person's propensity for violence A person's romantic interest in the participant A person's taste in music A person's artistic ability

A person's sexual orientation A person's propensity for violence A person's romantic interest in the participant

___-_____ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.

Blank 1: Self Blank 2: esteem

____ ______ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

Blank 1: Social Blank 2: cognition

Westerners tend to make the ______ attribution error when explaining the behavior of others, whereas people from more collectivist cultures tend to look at the ______ to explain the behavior of others.

Blank 1: fundamental Blank 2: situation, external, externals, or environment

Researchers told grade school teachers that a small number of students were likely to be "late bloomers" during that academic year. Even though the students were actually randomly selected, the teachers' expectations were reflected in the students' performance. This is an illustration of the _____-_____ ____.

Blank 1: self Blank 2: fulfilling Blank 3: prophesy

What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes? Multiple choice question. Assumed-similarity bias Central route processing Cognitive dissonance Peripheral route processing

Cognitive dissonance

What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes? Multiple choice question. Peripheral route processing Central route processing Assumed-similarity bias Cognitive dissonance

Cognitive dissonance

Which of the following research methods do social psychologists use most often? Multiple choice question. Deductive methods Correlational methods Descriptive methods Experimental methods

Experimental methods

Which of the following faces did participants rate as most attractive? Multiple choice question. Faces that looked familiar Faces with an "extreme" attribute, such as an exceptionally small nose or exceptionally large eyes Faces that were an "average" (composite) of several other faces Faces that looked unfamiliar

Faces that were an "average" (composite) of several other faces

True or false: People with higher socioeconomic status tend to be more likely to help than those with lower socioeconomic status.

False

rue or false: When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present.

False - participants were more likely to get help if they were alone. When more people were present, they were less likely to get help. This is the bystander effect

True or false: In a study on physical attractiveness, researchers found that participants rated individual faces as more attractive than faces that were created by averaging up to 32 other faces.

False -participants rated the averaged composite faces as more attractive than the individual faces.

Which people tend to be more likely to engage in prosocial behavior? Multiple choice question. People of lower socioeconomic status People experiencing depression People who watch violent television shows People of higher socioeconomic status

People of lower socioeconomic status

___ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior. Multiple choice question. Altruism Dissonance Persuasion Stereotype threat

Persuasion

Several factors that contribute to attraction are noted in the text, including which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Proximity Intimacy Similarity Acquaintance

Proximity Similarity Acquaintance

If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate? Multiple choice question. Discrimination Self-fulfilling prophecy Modern racism Prejudicial behaviors

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Researchers told grade school teachers that a small number of students were likely to be "late bloomers" during that academic year. Even though the students were actually randomly selected, the teachers' expectations were reflected in the students' performance. What is this is an illustration of? Multiple choice question. Social cognition Self-fulfilling prophesy Discrimination "Beautiful is good" stereotype

Self-fulfilling prophesy

___ theory explains the connection between attitudes and behaviors by suggesting that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behavior. Multiple choice question. Self-connection Cognitive dissonance Self-perception Elaboration likelihood

Self-perception

______ psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.

Social

_______ threat is one's fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.

Stereotype

In a classic study examining cognitive dissonance, participants were asked to do a boring task and then were paid either $1 or $20 to tell others that the task was enjoyable. Which of the following accurately describes what the researchers found? Multiple choice question. The participants who were paid $20 rated the task as more enjoyable than the participants who were paid $1. The participants who were told that the task was boring rated the task as more enjoyable than those who were told the task was fun. The participants who were told the task was enjoyable rated the task as more fun than those who were not told anything about the task. The participants who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20.

The participants who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20.

Person perception is which of the following? Multiple choice question. The study of human societies, organizations, and institutions. The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people. The way in which individuals think in social situations The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

What is the definition of social psychology? Multiple choice question. Perceptual cues and the study of people and communities The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people The study of how people influence other people The study of how people perceive other people

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. When a person has strong attitudes When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes When the person's attitude changed recently When the person's attitudes do not affect the individual personally

When a person has strong attitudes When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes

Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would not expect attitudes to guide behavior? Multiple choice question. When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes When a person has strong attitudes When the person's attitudes changed recently When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes

When the person's attitudes changed recently

A persuasion tool that involves making a small request at the beginning of a sale is called the ______-in-the-door technique.

foot

Resisting persuasion can be done by _____ people with a weak version of a persuasive message. Multiple choice question. inoculating angering confusing providing dissonance to

inoculating

The bystander effect makes it ____ (more/less) likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.

less

A ______ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences.

stereotype

Person ______ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

perception

The elaboration likelihood model refers to communication that can take two routes: the central route or the _____ route.

peripheral

Individuals with high self-esteem have been shown to have a variety of _____ illusions.

positive

The dorsomedial ______ cortex is involved in first impression formation.

prefrontal

Aggression is social behavior _____. Multiple choice question. whose objective is to harm someone physically that is limited only to humans and seeks to harm someone whose objective is to harm someone verbally whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.

whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.

Individuals _____ often possess a variety of positive illusions. Multiple choice question. with low feelings of self-worth with high self-esteem experiencing the false consensus effect with low self-esteem

with high self-esteem

Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error? Multiple choice question. You just met Antonio and already feel like you have lot in common. Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner. Antonio is attractive, so he is also a good student. You got an A in psychology because you studied hard and a D in biology because the teacher doesn't like you.

Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner.

___ involves giving to another person for personal gain, such as to feel good or avoid guilt. Multiple choice question. Egoism Altruism Controllability Stability

Egoism

Which type of psychology researchers have used personal ads as evidence of sex-based differences in mate selection? Multiple choice question. Social psychologists Developmental psychologists Evolutionary psychologists Cognitive psychologists

Evolutionary psychologists

Which of the following is an example of mere exposure? Multiple choice question. Finding a person attractive because he or she is very different from you Finding a person attractive because you bump into him or her frequently Finding a person attractive because he or she is physically appealing Finding a person attractive because he or she shares many of your interests

Finding a person attractive because you bump into him or her frequently

When people tend to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation, this refers to which of the following? Multiple choice question. Fundamental attribution error False consensus effect Biases of attribution Error of attribution

Fundamental attribution error

Altruism is which of the following? Multiple choice question. Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity Giving in to the request of another person Adhering to social norms of expected behavior

Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

Egoism is which of the following? Multiple choice question. Giving in to the request of another person Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself Adhering to social norms of expected behavior Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity

Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity

____ people are more likely to help others. Multiple choice question. Happy Aggressive Depressed Successful

Happy

What is the term for a cognitive shortcut that enable us to make decisions rapidly? Multiple choice question. Stasis Heuristic Persona Attribution

Heuristic

How long did it take participants in one research study to form an impression of an unfamiliar face? Multiple choice question. About 2 seconds About 7 seconds About 5 seconds Less than a second

Less than a second

______ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

Persuasion

Cheryl's best friend asks Cheryl about her attitude toward golfing. Cheryl thinks, "I never really go golfing, so I must not enjoy it." Cheryl's examination of her behavior to make inferences about her attitudes is best explained by which of the following? Multiple choice question. Effort justification Self-perception theory Self-esteem Cognitive dissonance

Self-perception theory

Which of the following are types of heuristics in social information processing? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. The false consensus effect Social phobia Extraversion Stereotypes

The false consensus effect Stereotypes

Attribution theory is which of the following? Multiple choice question. The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others The view that an individual can have fast-acting, self-fulfilling fears of being judged on a negative stereotype The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others

Social cognition is which of the following? Multiple choice question. The study of human societies, organizations, and institutions The way in which individuals think in social situations The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

The way in which individuals think in social situations

True or false: Happy people are more likely than unhappy people to help others.

True

True or false: Social psychologists tend to use experimental methods more often than descriptive methods.

True

In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, he or she was more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was ____, he or she was likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all. Multiple choice question. with another bystander; alone alone; with another bystander sad; happy happy; sad

alone; with another bystander

Individuals who are perceived as _____ tend to get better treatment from others than those who are not. Multiple choice question. unattractive less affluent intelligent attractive

attractive

Following the self-fulfilling prophesy and the "beautiful is good" stereotype, individuals who are perceived as ______ tend to get better treatment from others than those who are not.

attractive or beautiful

According to self-perception theory, individuals often make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own _____. Multiple choice question. stressors perception behavior personality

behavior

The self-serving _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

bias

Researchers who take a ____ viewpoint examine the influence of genetics and neurobiological factors on aggression. Multiple choice question. psychodynamic social biological psychological

biological

Researchers who take a _________ viewpoint examine the influence of genetics and neurobiological factors on aggression.

biological or physiological

The elaboration likelihood model refers to communication that can take two routes: the peripheral route or the ____ route.

central

Giving aid to another person to ensure reciprocity is called ______

egoism

Giving aid to another person to ensure reciprocity is called ___________

egoism

The _____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.

elaboration

The _____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive. Multiple choice question. elaboration cognitive dissonance heuristic persuasion

elaboration

The ____________ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.

fundamental

The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______. Multiple choice question. attribution biases fundamental attribution error attribution mistakes and errors fundamental errors

fundamental attribution error

Westerners tend to make _____ attributions about the behavior of others, whereas people from more collectivist cultures tend to make _____ attributions about the behavior of others. Multiple choice question. external; internal internal; external unstable; stable uncontrollable; controllable

internal; external

The murder of Kitty Genovese inspired researchers to examine whether _____. Multiple choice question. women are more vulnerable to violent attacks people are less likely to help if other people are present people are willing to put themselves in danger to help a stranger there is a personality profile that indicates a greater likelihood of becoming a violent criminal

people are less likely to help if other people are present

The theory that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behaviors is called _____ theory. Multiple choice question. self-perception effort justification cognitive dissonance self-esteem

self-perception