PSYC150 Chapter 5

Those who emphasize continuity over stages would choose which of the following as an example?

Students learn new facts about history from taking a school course.

Juanita is aware that her memory is not as good as it used to be. She has seen numerous commercials for a brain training computer based game that claims to help improve cognitive functioning. She is planning on enrolling in the program in hopes to help improve her memory. What would you say to her?

"These programs do not do what they claim to do. While your memory will improve, it will only improve on the practiced skills in the game and will not help you in everyday life."

The three parenting styles have been called "too hard, too soft, and just right." Which one is "too hard," which one "too soft," and which one "just right," and why?

The authoritarian style would be too hard, the permissive style too soft, and the authoritative style just right. Parents using the authoritative style tend to have children with high self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence.

Which of the following is true of motor-skill development?

The sequence, but not the timing, is universal.

Bill is 65 years old and is worried about the upcoming winter months. He is very worried that he will catch a cold that would escalate to something worse due to his age. What would you tell Bill?

Try not to worry too much. Children and younger adults are more susceptible to short-term ailments due to older adults having more antibodies in their system.

Why can't we consciously recall how we learned to walk when we were infants?

We have little conscious memory of events occurring before the age of 4, because major Brian areas have not yet matured.

Developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

Schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

Alzheimer's disease:

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities.

Stroke a newborn's cheek and the infant will root for a nipple. This illustrates

a reflex

Cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. (comparing people of different ages)

Teratogens

(literally, "monster maker") agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Older adults account for fewer than _____ of all automobile crashes.

10 %

Children's anxiety over parental separation peaks around _____ months of age.

13

Marcus is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Marcus was placed in a foster home where he was abused. As an adult, Marcus is more likely to be a(n) _____ parent.

abusive

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events before he was about 4 years old. This is called infantile _____.

amnesia

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Critical period

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

Concerning the stability and change developmental issue, our temperament is more predictable than our social _____.

attitudes

The period of adolescence is lengthening in industrialized cultures such as in Europe, the United States, and Australia. Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States is now 28 for men and _______ for women.

26

Why is it that older people account for fewer than 10% of all automobile crashes when they have a slower reaction time and attend less to other vehicles on the road when compared to younger adults?

because they drive less than younger adults

Marcus is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Marcus was adopted by a family that loves and cares for him. It is most likely that Marcus will:

become a normal adult with average intelligence.

Marcus is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Marcus was placed in a foster home where he was abused. He was never adopted. It is most likely that Marcus will:

become an abusive parent with aggressive tendencies.

Maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Monique is 9 years old and is going through her adolescent growth spurt. Next she will notice _____.

breast buds

Christy had other plans, but her friend convinced her they should go to the movies, so Christy went along. That was the night she met her husband, John. They have now been married for 18 years. This is an example of which of the following?

chance event

John stayed in trouble in his late adolescent years and continued to do so in his early 20's. He was arrested several times for consumption of alcohol under the age of 21, disorderly conduct, and even possession of marijuana. John is now in his 40's and is a successful attorney. John has not been in trouble since he was 23 years old. John's behavior demonstrates the view that developmental patterns can _____.

change

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issues of stability or _____.

change

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one beaker is inverted. The child apparently lacks a: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

concept of conservation.

Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?

Andrei will walk within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on or nearly the same day.

The _____ areas of the cerebral cortex develop later than the primary cortices.

Association

Sharon's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for anyone breaking the rules he has decreed. Sharon's father has a(n) _____ type of parenting style.

Authoritarian

In a series of experiments, the Harlows found that monkeys raised with artificial mothers tended, when afraid, to cling to their cloth mother, rather than to a wire mother holding the feeding bottle. Why was this finding important?

Before these studies, many psychologists believed that infants became attached to those who nourished them.

Habituation

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Denise has just given birth to a 6-pound baby girl. Her infant's head is small and slightly disproportioned. Denise did drink alcohol while she was pregnant, although it is not clear how much or how often she drank. It is possible that the infant has _____.

Fetal alcohol syndrome

. Use Piaget's first three stages of cognitive development to explain why young children are not just miniature adults in the way they think.

Infants in Piaget's sensorimotor stage tend to be focused only on their own perceptions of the world and may, for example, be unaware that objects continue to exist when unseen. A child in the preoperational stage is still egocentric and incapable of appreciating simple logic, such as the reversibility of operations. A preteen in the concrete operational stage is beginning to think logically about concrete events but not about abstract concepts.

Of the following people below, who is expected to show the most severe grief?

Melanie, whose wife died in a car accident

Which of the following provides evidence AGAINST the idea that our development is mostly continuous?

Our brain goes through growth spurts that correspond roughly with Jean Piaget's stages.

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing role ____

confusion

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of _____ or stages.

continuity

The three major issues that interest developmental psychologists are nature/nurture, stability/change, and

continuity/stages

How do cross-sectional and longitudinal studies differ?

cross-sectional studies compare people of different ages. Longitudial studies restudy and retest the same people over a long period of time.

Three-year old Sam is talking to his grandmother on the phone. He says, "Look what I got today." Sam is displaying _____.

egocentrism

Body organs first begin to form and function during the period of the _______; within 6 months, during the period of the _______, the organs are sufficiently functional to allow a good chance of survival.

embryo; fetus

Some developmental psychologists now refer to the period that occurs in some Western cultures from age 18 to the mid-twenties and beyond (up to the time of full adult independence) as

emerging adulthood

As we age, we remember these things best.

events that occur during our teenage years

Malcolm was contemplating dropping out of high school when he was asked to enroll in a volunteer program. Every week he worked in a local daycare center, helping the children with their projects. The children appreciated his help. After a few months, it is likely that Malcolm will:

feel better about himself and not drop out.

In Erikson's stages, the primary task during adolescence is

forging an identity

According to Jean Piaget, during the _____ operational stage of cognitive development abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning are formed.

formal

Abigail is disgusted at the album cover for a rapper's new album. The cover displays the rapper in a pose showing off her backside, wearing nothing but a G-string. Abigail believes that this is a sexualized portrayal of the rapper and believes that young girls who are fans will see this form of self-objectification as acceptable. Abigail has vouched to boycott anything that is from the rapper. Abigail has entered the _____ stage of development.

formal operational

During adolescence, according to Jean Piaget, most individuals achieve this stage of intellectual development.

formal operations

Between ages 3 and 6, the human brain experiences the greatest growth in the _________lobes, which enable rational planning and aid memory.

frontal

_ lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.

frontal

According to Piaget, a person who can think logically about abstractions is in the

frontal operations stages

Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to love and work. Erikson agreed, observing that the adult struggles to attain intimacy and

generativity

Marcia has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is likely experiencing the_____versus stagnation stage.

generativity

Terminally ill and bereaved people do not go through predictable stages of _____, such as denial before anger.

grief

To most people, the sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive that they immediately recognize it as immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may possibly reflect:

gut-level intuitions.

Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to self-report that they are _____ with their lives.

happy

Shannon is 15 years old. She has stopped going to church with her family. She does not agree with everything the church preaches. She doesn't understand how her parents still go every weekend, when they don't always practice their religion during the week. Shannon has become able to see the _____ in her parents' lives.

hypocrisy

Ten-year old Marie is sad. She is crying. Her older brother Paul looks at her and then continues watching TV. Paul may be showing signs of:

impaired theory of mind.

Mark is seventeen years old and drinks heavily. His father keeps alcohol in the house and is gone most of the time leaving Mark with the opportunity to drink, which he does. Mark is likely to experience _____ and addiction as an adult.

impulsivity

intimacy

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

According to Erik Erikson, one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is a comfortable sense of who one is and a developing capacity for _____ with others.

intimacy

When Samantha was a toddler she was extremely shy. Her mother enrolled her in dance class for toddlers and Samantha never participated. She stood in the middle of the room sucking on her thumb the entire time. During the recital Samantha did the same thing. Now that Samantha is 11 years old, she absolutely loves dance and is the star of the annual recital. Samantha's behavior is consistent with the view that development _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

is flexible

Birdie frequently experiences the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon where she knows either a word or a memory she is looking for but is unable to recall it at the moment. It is literally at the tip of her tongue. Birdie is most likely in which of the following stages of development?

late adulthood

Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to ______________ and to ______________.

love; work

_____ is the orderly sequence of biological growth.

maturation

Chanice is twelve years old. When she woke up this morning she notices blood on her bed. This has never happened before. Chanice is experiencing _____.

menarche (first menstrual period)

Marla and Dave, a married couple in their thirties, have a 2-year-old child. They are most likely to feel:

more satisfaction out of life

Angela is a 7-month-old baby who rolled over for the first time at 4 months of age and can now sit without support. These milestones reflect a maturing _____.

nervous system

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Contrary to what many people assume,

people of all ages report similar levels of happiness.

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features.

Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and she is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry most about:

pneumonia

There are several computerized game programs that are designed to improve cognitive functioning and reduce cognitive decline by exercising both memory and attention. Research has shown that those who engage in such games show improvement in the _____.

practiced skills

According to Kohlberg, ______________ morality focuses on self-interest, ______________ morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles, and ______________ morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules.

preconventional; postconventional; conventional

Which of the following is not a factor contributing to the earlier age of puberty?

premature sexual activity

As a 5-year-old, Ivis suffered a brain injury and lost his ability to speak. With help he was able to relearn how to speak. As an adult, Ivis experienced a stroke and he lost his ability to speak again. This time, however, he could not relearn speech. His inability to relearn how to speak after the stroke was most likely due to the pruning _____.

process

Adolescent selective _____ of unused neurons and connections are to road construction as adolescent impulsivity and risk taking are to an absent brake pedal.

pruning

Before these studies, many psychologists believed that infants became attached to those who nourished them.

puberty

By age 65, a person would be most likely to experience a cognitive decline in the ability to

recall and list all the important terms and concepts in a chapter.

Longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. (restudying people over time)

Three-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, if she briefly leaves he will be distressed. When she returns, he will go to her for reassurance. Then he will continue to play and periodically go to her side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of:

secure attachment

Makayla is a 10-week old infant who is extremely fussy at the moment. Makayla is being cared for by one of her mother's friends while her mother does some grocery shopping. Her mother's friend has fed the baby, changed the baby's diaper, and has rocked the baby but nothing seems to calm Makayla. When Makayla's mother returns she sees how fussy the baby is, picks her up, and talks to the baby. Makayla immediately stops crying. Makayla has recognized her mother's _____, _____, and _____.

smell; face; voice

Makayla is a young White girl who lives in Miami Florida. Makayla is very aware of her minority status. Her _____ has formed around her uniqueness to the area.

social identity

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issues of?

stability or change.

G. Stanley Hall believed that adolescence was a period of _____ and _____.

storm; stress

An 8-month-old infant who reacts to a new babysitter by crying and clinging to his father's shoulder is showing

stranger anxiety

A developmental psychologist studies the responses of a newborn. She puts her finger in the baby's fist. The baby grasps it. Then she strokes the baby's palm and the baby puts his fist in his mouth and sucks. The psychologist is testing the baby's _____ instincts.

survival

Newborns enter the world with a series of reflexes that facilitate social responsiveness and aid their own

survival

Martin was 25 years old when he moved to a new city. It is highly likely that when Martin is in late adulthood this will be a visible memory of his. This is because older adults tend to remember things that happened during their _____ and ____ well.

teens; twenties

Although development is lifelong, there is stability of personality over time. For example

temperament tends to remain stable throughout life.

Chemicals that pass through the placenta's screen and may harm an embryo or fetus are called

teratogens

social identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Fetus (Latin for "offspring" or "young one")

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

Embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

Zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

conversation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Impriniting

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life.

Juan's son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

the stability side of the "stability and change" developmental issue.

menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. (p. 214)

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Immediately after birth, infants prefer?

their mother's voice

Couples today are _____ as likely to divorce than couples 50 years ago. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

twice

The conclusion of many researchers regarding the "stability vs. change" developmental issue is that?

while some characteristics are stable, both stability and change are part of development.

accommodation

(1) in developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. (2) in sensation and perception, the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

Although Piaget's stage theory continues to inform our understanding of children's thinking, many researchers believe that

Piaget's stages begin earlier and development is more continuous than he realized.

Babies should be put to sleep on their backs to prevent:

SIDS