Psych 101 Practice Final Exam

An overactive immune system is most likely to contribute to

Arthritis

The brain's oldest region is the

Brainstem

Who emphasized the importance of active listening in the process of psychotherapy?

Carl Rogers

Which of the following psychoactive drugs produces the quickest and most powerful rush of euphoria?

Cocaine

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a us will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by an ____ perspective.

Cognitive

Which perspective would be most helpful for understanding the role of repeated practice on the long-term retention of information?

Cognitive

Defining one's identity in terms of one's extended family or work group is most closely associated with

Collectivism

Grass seen through sunglasses appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This best illustrates

Color constancy

Which of the following is an effective remedy for mild to moderate depression and anxiety?

Aerobic exercise

Although Natalie receives somewhat greater rewards from her marriage than does her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of:

Equity

When you ass s to the word apple you are referring to more than one apple. This illustrates an English language rule of

Grammar

The sensory experience of bending one's knees or raising one's arms exemplifies

Kinesthesia

Women's sexual orientation tends to be _____ strongly felt and _____ variable over time than that for men.

Less, more

To asses whether sense of humor is affected by sexual stimulation, researchers exposed married couples to either sexually stimulating or to sexually non stimulating movie scenes prior to watching a comedy skit. In this research, the independent variable consisted of?

Level of sexual stimulation

According to Carroll Izard, which of the following is NOT a basic emotion?

Love

The state of umami is a ____ taste

Meaty

Professor Blackstone emphasizes that gender similarities and difference are products of a continuous interplay among genetically influenced traits, culturally dictated roles, and personally constructed experimentations and assumptions. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

Multiple levels of analysis

Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate

Overconfidence

Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the

Placenta

During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates

Proactive interference

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system _____ blood sugar levels and _____ the pupils of the eyes

Raises, Dilates

Ten year old Emmitt is able to bully other children to do what he wants because he is larger than they are. This successful bullying increases his self-esteem, which in turn leads to more bullying during the school year. Emmitt's bullying has increased due to

Reinforcement

Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of

Repression

The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls positive life experiences. This best illustrates that emotional stages can become

Retrieval cues

Social learning theory is most likely to highlight the importance of ____ in accounting for the ways in which we sexually interact with others.

Social scripts

One child who participated in a memory experiment falsely remembered that he once went to the hospital because he had caught his finger in a mousetrap. His false memory best illustrated the impact of

Suggestive interviewing

The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This best illustrates

The Spillover effect

The easier it is for people to remember an instance in which they were betrayed by a friend, the more they expect such an event to recur. This best illustrates the impact of

The availability heuristic

The endocrine system consist of

glands

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for

harmony

Chap 13 An intense fear of spiders isn't considered a psychological disorder unless

it interferes with normal day-to-day life

Nociceptors initiate the sensation of

pain

Drive is to ________ as incentive is to ________.

push and pull

Our ________ is said to be an indication of how socially accepted we feel.

self-esteem

Unlike the use of algorithms or heuristics, insight does not involve

strategy- based solutions

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa's experience best illustrates

the misinformation effect

According to researchers, which of the following would be the best advice to offer someone who wants to lose excess weight?

"Permanent weight loss requires a life long change in eating and exercise habits."

A score on the WAIS that is higher than all but 2.5 percent of all scores exams an intelligence score of

130

The two-word stage of language development typically begins at the age of ____ months.

24

An Individual is considered obese of his or her body mass index (BMI) is

30 or more

How many human chromosomes are common to both males and females?

45

A 6 year old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 9 year old was said to have a mental age of

9

Which of the following would be particularly useful for detecting the brain areas that are most active as a person performs mathematical calculations?

A PET Scan

An explanation of human behavior provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and psychology's other perspectives is most clearly provided by

A biopsychrosocial approach

Marcus wants to build a new fence separating his yard from michael's. Michael does not want the fence and has hired a lawyer to stop the building of the fence. Marcus and Michael are experiencing.

A conflict

Max is so used to thinking that a tough competitive style of behavior is the best way to impress others that he fails to recognize that the most effective way to impress his girlfriend is with cooperative tenderness. Max's oversight best illustrates

A fixation

Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger. Stacey's prediction regarding anger management is an example of

A hypothesis

When Arturo and Maria visit a local jewelry store to purchase an engagement ring, the store is crowded and there is only one salesperson. When the salesperson finally approaches them, she is irritated by their request for help. Arturo and Maria realize that her behavior is due to the lack of sales help and the number of customers in the store. They are attributing the salesperson's behavior based on

A situational attribution

A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of

A theory of mind

I'm a home for troubled youth, a adolescents receive large. Colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, 'are their beds, and come to meals on time. The adolescents return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or watch Tv. This best illustrates

A token economy

The message neurons carry are nerve impulses called?

Action potentials

Mr. Santo has not left his home for 10 years for fear of having a panic attack. When he does think of leaving his home, he begins to hyperventilate, shake, and experience chest pains. Mr. Santo has the symptoms of

Agoraphobia

Construction workers Wesley Autrey risked his life to rescue a man who had stumbled and fallen onto the subway tracks. Autrey's action is an example of

Altruism

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Arotza cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember events before the accident. Arotza's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

Amnesia

Memories of emotionally stressful events are likely to be strong because of activation of the

Amygdala

To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of

An algorithm

The Harlow's infant monkeys developed ____ for their artificial cloth mothers.

An attachment to

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?

Andre, a competitive, easily-angered journalist

Taradive dyskinesia is associated with the long-term use of certain ____ drugs.

Antipsychotic

A high school counselor gave Amy a test designed to predict whether she could learn to become a successful architect. Amy most likely took a(n) _____ test.

Aptitude

The regions of the parietal lobes that are involved in mathematical and spatial reasoning are known as

Association areas

Chap 6 Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

Associative learning

" I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a _____ parenting style.

Authoritarian

The encoding of information directly into-term storage without the aid is working memory best illustrates

Automatic processing

Which of the following brain structures is central to remembering how to perform well-learned skills?

Basal ganglia

_____ is the body's resting rate of energy expenditure.

Basal metabolic rate

Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to

Become desensitized to violence on TV or in real life

Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful for

Becoming aware of what you do not yet know

Malik was severely depressed for two weeks, but then became very agitated, going on wild spending sprees and driving recklessly around town. He was arrested for running into a bar with no clothes while laughing and yelling very loudly. Malik's behavior illustrates

Bipolar Disorder

Adolescents are most likely to be influenced by their parents with respect to ________, and they are most likely to be influenced by their peers with respect to ________.

Career choices, clothing preferences

Who emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development?

Carl Rogers

Jackie is trying to decide which computer to purchase. After reading various articles comparing computers and researching the different types of computers in Consumer Reports, she makes her decision. Jackie's decision illustrates

Central route persuasion

After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth and coordinated manner. She has probably suffered damage to her

Cerebellum

The tendency to perceive meaningful patterns in random sequences of outcomes often leads us to underestimate the extent to which outcomes result from

Chance

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities?

Cognitive dissonance theory

Nancy's therapist encourages her to think about her strengths rather than her weaknesses and to develop a habit of thanking others when they compliment her or provide emotional support. The therapists approach best illustrates

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is held upside down. The child apparently lacks a

Concept of conservation

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

Conditioned

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

Conditioned stimulus

Dr. Wasserman has high hopes for the new antidepressant he is using with his clients when they come for an appointment, he asks questions and looks for behaviors that support his hopes for this drug. Dr. Wasserman is unaware of these tendencies. Dr. Wasserman is demonstrating

Confirmation bias

Dual processing refers to processing information at the same time on separate _____ tracks.

Conscious and unconscious

Coordinated brain-wide activity is a sign of

Conscious awareness

When holding a gun themselves, people become more likely to perceive another person as gun-toting rather than as simply holding a phone or wallet. This best illustrates That perceptions are influenced by

Context effects

Compared with Type B person abilities, Type A people are more likely to experience

Coronary heart disease

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates

The law of effect

During which stage of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin?

The resolution stage

At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience best illustrates

The serial position effect

The preferred age for retirement is quite different in Mexico than in Western Europe. This best illustrates that _____ differs from culture to culture.

The social clock

Testing your ability to recall information you have just studied improves your long-term retention of that information. Psychologists have referred to this as

The testing effect

Compared with Wilhelm Wundt, early behaviorist were much less likely to focus on the study of

Thinking

Which of the following statements is true of intelligence, according to Charles Spearman?

Those who score high in one area of intelligence typically score higher than average in other areas.

Chap 5 Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates

Top-down processing

You are more likely to feel tickled by a good friend's touch than when the very same touch is initiated by someone you don't know. This best illustrates that our experience of touch is influenced by

Top-down processing

The stability of personality during adulthood best illustrates the value of

Trait theories

Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to?

Treat information about Individual research participants confidentially

Blinking is response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

UR

The processing of information on many parallel tracks at the same time is a skill most closely associated with?

Unconscious mental activity

Psychologist are most likely to doubt that chimpanzees have the capacity to

Use complex grammar

The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates

Weber's law

Chap 4 Men are generally LESS likely than women to

Welcome other people's input in decision making

In which of the following parts of the brain would damage most likely result in a language impairment?

Wemicke's area

A person with normal color vision sees ____ when both ____ comes are stimulated at the same time.

Yellow, red-sensitive and green-sensitive

Clark's is restless and irritable when he tries to cut back in his gambling habit, even though he has lost thousands of dollars betting in weekly poker games. Clark is most clearly experiencing symptoms of

a behavior addiction

Psychotherapy is likely to be most effective when a clients difficult involves

a clear-out and specific problem

The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes

a dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious mental processes

Which of the following is most clearly a key element shared by all effective psychotherapies?

a new perspective on life

Although Alex has frequently been caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about robbing these people. Alex most clearly demonstrates a(n)

a weak superego

Chap 11 The mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own, is called

an attribution

The passive resignation of learned helplessness is most likely to be associated with

an external locus of control

A general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is most unrelated to whether people

are young or old

B lymphocytes fight

bacterial infections

Professor Chadwick evaluated a graduate student's research proposal negatively simply because he had heard a rumor about the student's incompetence. When later informed that the rumor had been patently false, the professor's assessment of the student's research proposal remained almost as negative as it was originally. This best illustrates

belief perseverance

After participants in one study were informed that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases such as "a passive, dependent type" and "frightened of his own aggressive impulses." This study best illustrated the

biasing power of diagnostic labels

Before Mark had even heard the details of Allison's car accident, he commented, "Allison is so absentminded, I'm sure it happened because she was probably talking on her cell phone and not paying attention." Mark's response illustrates

blaming the victim

A neuron is best described as a

cell

Dr.Jasper has a Ph.D and specializes in the treatment of various disorders using cognitive-behavioral therapy. Dr. Jasper is likely a

clinical psychologist

Antonio's car stalls in the middle of a railroad crossing just as a train is rapidly approaching. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

dilation is his pupils

Bonnie is afraid to express anger at her overbearing and irritating supervisor at work, so she is critical of her children instead. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates

displacement

Dr. Gomez believes that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs that "push" us to behave in certain ways. Dr. Gomez's views are most consistent with ________ theory of motivation.

drive-reduction

The double-blind technique is most likely to be used in evaluating the effectiveness of

drug therapies

The MMPI was originally developed to identify

emotional disorders

Cognitive therapy is most likely to

emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events

The best way to increase the brain's serotonin activity is to

engage in aerobic exercise

The study of molecular mechanisms by which environments can trigger or block gene expression is called

epigenetics

Ray voices his belief that those who are gay are living immorally, which is an example of an ____ prejudice. Chad disagrees with Ray's attitude toward gays, but does not realize that he makes no effort to meet or make friends with gays, which indicates an ____ prejudice.

explicit, implicit

A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates

exposure therapy

Systematic desensitization is a form of

exposure therapy

The cochlea is a

fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

Need is to___ as drive is to____

food deprivation; hunger

While focusing on several intrusive thoughts that had been bothering her recently, Jenny was instructed by her therapist to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist was making use of a technique known as

free association

People's physical attractiveness is a good predictor of their

frequency of dating

Jared has always held anti-abortion views. However, after joining several chat rooms with people who share his views, he has become more extreme and uncompromising in his views. His more extreme views are the result of

group polarization

An ____ is a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

incentive

The social group to which a person belongs is called the ___, and the social group to which a person does not belong is called the ____.

ingroup, outgroup

Classical psychoanalysis most clearly involves

interpreting the meaning of patients' resistance to therapeutic procedures

Kayla has been abused by her husband for years. Feeling that she cannot escape her situation, she has become increasingly depressed and hopelessly resigned to her suffering. Her reaction best illustrates

learned helplessness

Feelings of hunger accompany ________ levels of blood glucose and ________ levels of ghrelin.

low, high

The Rorschach Inkblot test has ____ reliability and ____ validity.

low, low

Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money, but over the past two weeks he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire life savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of

mania

Puberty is most closely related to the onset of

menarche

Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the other country's actions as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation best illustrates

mirror-image perceptions

To remember that a wagon, a baseball, and a doll were items on her Christmas shopping list, Julia formed a vivid mental image of an oversize doll pulling a being red wagon loaded with baseballs. Julia's strategy best illustrates the use of

mnemonics

Compared with their less happy peers, the happiest 20 olds are subsequently ____ likely to marry and ____ likely to divorce

more, less

Young women can become addicted to alcohol ________ quickly than young men because they have ________ of a stomach enzyme that digests alcohol.

more, less

Another term for implicit memory is ____ memory.

nondeclarative

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of

observable behavior

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress intrusive thoughts that she might have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of

obsessive-compulsive disorder

When touched on the cheek, infants reflexively

open their mouths

Jonah misbehaved and so was sent to his room for a time-out. The punishment Jonah is experiencing is social isolation through

ostracism

Hallucinations similar to those that accompany the near-death experience can be produced by

oxygen deprivation

Prisoners allowed to move chairs and adjust their lighting feel less stress. This best illustrates the value of

perceived control

Taryn, who was sexually assaulted in a parking lot, experiences frequent nightmares and has withdrawn from her family and friends. Since the attack, she has difficulty sleeping and can no longer hold down a job. Taryn's symptoms indicate that she has suffers from

posttraumatic stress disorder

To reduce the stress of making monthly payments on her high-interest bank loan and an extra part-time job, which enabled her to quickly pay off her debts. Marci's actions best illustrated

problem-focused coping

The social-cognitive perspective highlights the interaction of personal traits with our environment, a process that Albert Bandura called

reciprocal determinism

After enduring the stress of a flood that destroyed her home and most of her possessions, Ashley's cancer began spreading more rapidly. This may have been due, in part, to her

reduced NK cell count

Researchers used ____ to help Type A heart attack survivors reduce their risk of future attacks

relaxation

The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by

resistance

Practicing ___ has been observed to temporarily reduce the sugar and brain energy needed for mental focus.

self-control

____ is sharing ourselves-our joys, worries, and weaknesses-with others.

self-disclosure

Bethany has a strong sense of competence and effectiveness in her profession. She does not back down from any professional challenge because she believes she can meet any challenge. According to the social-cognitive perspective, Bethany's belief in herself illustrates

self-efficacy

According to Maslow, the desire for identity, meaning and purpose beyond the self refers to the motive for

self-transcendence

Our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible and are influenced by environmental as well as biological factors. Some researchers have therefore adopted the term

settling point

We can better predict drivers' behavior at traffic lights from knowing the color of the lights than from knowing the drivers' personalities. This best illustrates the importance of

situational influences

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases is

the Yerkes-Dodson law

A celebrity actress experience ever-increasing levels of professional acclaim following each successful movie role. Yet with each success, she experiences no more than a temporary surge of subjective well-being. This is best explained in terms of

the adaptation-level phenomenon

In response to stress, ____ releases stress hormones into the bloodstream.

the adrenal glands

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by

the biopsychosocial approach

Research participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his or her face or shook his or her foot were observed to do the same thing themselves. This best illustrated

the chameleon effect

Freud thought that the ego attempts to satisfy the demands of the id in a way that will bring long-term benefits rather than pain. According to Freud the ego operates on

the reality principle

After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies being promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some, even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction best illustrates the significance of

the reciprocity norm

Evidence that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated offers support for

the scapegoat theory

Amanda's therapist suggests that her depression results from mistakenly blaming herself rather than a slumping economy for her recent job loss. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates

the social-cognitive perspective

Providing and seeking support from others during times of stress best illustrates

the tend and befriend response

The discomfort and distress following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug best illustrates

withdrawal

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

Decreases, increases

____ are the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Defense mechanisms

Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of:

Deindividuation

Working hard every day of the year for the gratification of a bonus paycheck at the end of the year best illustrates the impact of ________ on behavior.

Delayed reinforcers

In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is inhibited by sleep deprivation, mental alertness would be the?

Dependent variable

Chap 3 Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-raising practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a ______ psychologist

Developmental

Many students review course material at various times during a semester so they will be prepared for the final exam. These students are especially likely to retain the information far into the future. This best illustrates the value of

Distributed practice

Physical exercise in late adulthood has been found to?

Do all of these things

Chap 14 An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy is said to be

Eclectic

Caroline has been seeing her therapist for several months. Although her symptoms have improved only slightly, she believes that the therapy is worth the cost and effort. Caroline's beliefs is likely due to

Effort justification

Mentally rehearsing the glossary definitions of unfamiliar terms in order to remember them for a later test illustrates

Effortful processing

Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control are called

Endorphins

Understanding why the fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is most relevant to the ________ perspective.

Evolutionary

Inherited traits are to learned habits as the ________ perspective is to the ________ perspective.

Evolutionary, Behavioral

Mr. Nydam is unable to remember playing golf several times each week on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between:

Explicit memory and implicit memory

Which of the following types of cells are located in the brain's visual cortex?

Feature detectors

The idea that maternal genetics may explain the transmission of genes that promote homosexuality is highlighted by the

Fertile females theory

During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Fixed-Inerval

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 75,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed-ratio

The central focal point in the retina where cones are heavily concentrated is known as the

Fovea

College students are more likely to use a condom when told that it has a 95 percent success rate than when told it has a 5 percent failure rate. This best illustrates the impact of

Framing

The first modern test of intelligence was developed in

France

Which portion of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in making plans and formulating moral judgments?

Frontal lobes

During adolescence, maturation of the ________ lags behind maturation of the ________.

Frontal lobes, limbic system

Over the past decades, women have been increasingly expected to vote in national elections and work for pay. This best illustrates a change in

Gender roles

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called

Gender typing

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates

Generalization

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by

Gestalt Psychologist

People with high self-esteem are LESS likely than those with low self-esteem to

Give in to conformity pressures

Micheal complains that threatening voices are constantly telling him that he is so evil he should drown himself. Michel is experiencing

Hallucinations

Efforts to boost someone's self-esteem with random expressions of praise in the absence of good performance is most likely to promote

Helplessness

The limbic system's hippocampus?

Helps process explicit memories for storage

A negative correlation between people's work related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that?

Higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of work-related stress

After the horror of 9/11, many people said the American government should obviously have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism. This perception most clearly illustrates

Hindsight bias

An inability to form semantic memories would most likely result from damage to the

Hippocampus

The limbic system structure that regulates hunger is called the

Hypothalamus

In one experiment, many of the research participants who were keeping track of basketball tosses between players failed to notice a gorilla-suited research assistant thumping his chest as he moved among the players. This best illustrated

Inattentional blindness

This failure best illustrates

Inattentional blindness

Emotions are a mix of all of the following EXCEPT

Incentives

Since the advent of the Internet, there has been a(n) ________ in the percentage of American couples who report meeting online. The percentage meeting online is currently ________ among same-sex couples than among heterosexual couples.

Increase, larger

Therapists who encourage clients to think primarily about other's expectations are especially likely to experience difficulty developing a strong therapeutic alliance with clients who value

Individualism

Abner, a 70-year-old retired teacher, feels that his life has not been of any real value or significance. According to Erikson, Abner has failed to achieve a sense of

Integrity

The vast majority of neurons in the body's information system are?

Interneurons

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially blocked his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as:

Interposition

The athletic intelligence seen in the smart split l-second responses of highly skilled Yemenis players best illustrates the value of

Intuition

Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead us to overestimate the value of?

Intuitive Judgements

The fundamental attribution error

Involves underestimating situational constraints in another's behavior

The scientific study of behavior without reference to mental processes was of special interest to

John B. Watson

The right hemisphere of Julie's brain is better than her left hemisphere at recognizing facial expressions of emotion. This best illustrates

Lateralization

There is very little relationship between the age of an adult and his or her

Level of life satisfaction

Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as

Linear perspective

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

Long-term potentiation

Chap 9 By motivating us to satisfy our physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to

Maintain homeostasis

John is not interested in going out with friends or even answering the phone. He has let a number of bills go unpaid, he is sleeping 12 to 14 hours a day, and cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. John is MOST likely suffering from a(n):

Major depressive disorder

The sequence in which babies master the skills of rolling over, sorting, crawling and walking is the same around the world. This best illustrates the importance of ____ in motor development.

Maturation

Chap 7 Retaining information over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval best describes

Memory

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. According to many researchers, this best illustrates the functioning of

Mirror neurons

As compared with fraternal twins, identical twins are likely to be _____ similar intelligence and _____ similar in personality

More, more

The brain devotes more tissue within the _____ for body areas requiring the most precise movement control, such as the fingers

Motor cortex

Neurons that enable people to throw a baseball by relaying messages down their central nervous system to their skeletal muscles are called

Motor neurons

Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is Professor Carter using?

Naturalistic Observation

Debates as to whether biology or culture determine a person's tendency to drink too much reflect the issue of?

Nature and nurture

If genes predispose males to be more physically aggressive than females, this gender difference can be amplified by cultural norms that reward "macho men and gentle women". This best illustrates that gender differences reflect the impact of both

Nature and nurture

In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are most clearly highlighting the importance of

Nature-nurture interactions

Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Carl Jung were

Neo-Freudians

Brain scans reveal that different ________ are activated when we process verbs rather than nouns.

Neural networks

The rapid development of ____ helps explain why infant brain size increases rapidly in the early days after birth

Neural networks

While listening to operatic solos, musicians process the lyrics and the tunes in separate brain areas. This most clearly illustrates the functioning of different

Neural networks

Lev Vygotsky emphasizes that giving children ____ provides them with a tool for advancing to higher levels of thinking.

New words

Rates most easily learn to associate being sick and nauseated with

Novel tastes

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates

Observational learning

Which hormone enables contractions associated with birthing and milk flow during nursing?

Oxytocin

Symptoms that may be misperceived as a heart attack are most characteristic of

Panic Disorder

Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when

Participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers

Evidence-based practice involves making therapeutic care decisions based on intergrating the best available research with clinical expertise and

Patient preferences and characteristics

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of

Perceptual Set

After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates

Perceptual adaptation

Basic research on persistent human traits like optimism and pressimism is most characteristic of the specialty known as _____ psychology.

Personality

Chap 12 Nick is very conscientious at work and is an agreeable, friendly person. These characteristics describe Nick's

Personality

One's biologically rooted temperament helps form one's enduring

Personality

Adoptive parents are LEAST likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.

Personality traits

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by

Piaget's cognitive development theory

In drug-treatment studies, double procedures minimize outcomes difference between experimental and control conditions that could be attributed to

Placebo effects

Chap 2 Karen's years of experience navigating the streets of a very large city as taxi driver have resulted in changes in her brains spatial memory centers that support her detailed street location memory. This best illustrates the value of

Plasticity

Kyle has been diagnosis of schizophrenia. He hears voices and believes the government is plotting to steal his internal organs and sell them to foreign governments. Kyle is demonstrating the ________ symptoms of schizophrenia.

Positive

Jackson can see himself becoming just like his father - overweight, unhealthy, and depressed. To prevent that from happening, Jackson carefully monitors his food intake and engages in a regular program of exercise with a group of supportive friends. Jackson's healthy lifestyle best illustrates the motivational impact of

Possible selves

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.

Postconventional

Chap 8 We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ___ of a bird.

Prototype

The most powerful predictor of whether friendship begins is

Proximity

Sheldon's therapist uses free association, resistances, dream analysis, and transference in an effort to get Sheldon to gain insight into the unconscious causes of his depression. Sheldon's therapist is applying

Psychoanalysis

____ therapy is a therapeutic approach derived from the psychoanalytic tradition, which views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and which seeks to enhance self-insight

Psychodynamic

Farouk insists that by intense mental concentration he can actually influence the mechanically generated outcomes of slot machines. Farouk is most specifically claiming to possess the power of

Psychokinesis

Professor Huang is researching the effect of stress appraisal on lymphocyte activity. Her work best illustrates the speciality area of

Psychoneuroimmunology

When Aaron's teacher began responding to his habit of kicking other children with an immediate time-out, frequency of this misbehavior steadily declined. This time out best illustrates a

Punishment

Paulo was robbed at gunpoint by a group of strangers. Police officers later asked him to describe in writing what he had seen and heard during the robbery. Which measure of memory retention was being used?

Recall

Mrs. McBride can't consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too anxiety-arousing to do so. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates

Repression

According to evolutionary psychology, men's tendency to pair widely and women's tendency to pair wisely are best explained by the fact that these different strategies have contributed to men's and women's

Reproductive success

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of group therapy?

Research has demonstrated that group therapy is more effective than individual therapy

The most convincing evidence for the effectiveness of psychotherapy comes from

Research using randomized clinical trials

The first time that Liza heard the loud sound of her father's bass drum, she responded with fear. Her gave response is most clearly an example of

Respondent behavior

The distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a cue for depth perception known as

Retinal disparity

A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a

Rite of passage

Marilyn had strong negative feelings about Marcus as soon as she met him but could not explain why. When she asked her psychology profession for an explanation, he told her that we actually have many emotional reactions apart from, or even before, our interpretation of a situation. The professor's explanation most closely illustrates

Robert Zajunc's views

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing

Role confusion

Although diagnosed with autism and hardly able to speak coherently, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as:

Savant syndrome

The concepts of masculinity and femininity that we use to organize our world are called gender

Schemas

Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching her to see how long it takes her to grow another one. Mrs. Higgins is most likely suffering from

Schizophrenia

The increased production of testosterone during puberty triggers the onset of

Secondary sex characteristics

Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of

Secure attachment

A teenager focused on texting while crossing the street is not likely to notice a car rounding the corner and about to cross her path. This best illustrates the impact of

Selective attention

Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate

Self-serving bias

A drink's strawberry odor enhances our perception of its sweetness. This best illustrates

Sensory interaction

The brains of people who suffer from depression tend to have low levels of

Serotonin

The genome is the complete

Sets of genetic materials in an organism's chromosomes

The older-brother effect refers to a factor associated with

Sexual orientation

Which of the following refers to an enduring sexual attraction toward members of one's own sex, the other sex, both sexes?

Sexual orientation

A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates

Shape constancy

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as

Shaping

After Maya told her friend the 5-digit password to a protected website, her friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her friend's ________ memory.

Short-term

Chap 1 Anderson argues that hypnosis can relieve pain and reduce the urge to overeat. It is agrees that this might be true, but she insists that these claims would need to be tested scientifically. Anderson's sister best illustrates the scientific attitude of

Skepticism

Professor Thurstone investigates whether a teacher's negative perceptions of some students can affect the students' test scores. Professor Thurstone is most likely a ________ psychologist.

Social

The effect of rewards and punishments on gender typing is most clearly emphasized by?

Social learning theory

Although Mark realizes that his behavior is unreasonable, he is so alarmed by high bridges or expressway overpasses that he avoids them by taking an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Mark appears to suffer from

Specific Phobia

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates

Spontaneous recovery

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the tissue of

Stability and change

Superior performance on intelligence test is most likely to be indicative of

Stemberg's concept of analytical intelligence

Chap 10 Receiving a failing grade on an exam in an important college course is best described as an

Stressor

Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin will thereby increase the concentrations of serotonin molecules in the

Synaptic gaps

If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a

Teratogen

The removal of a woman's aviaries many contribute to decreasing sexual interest because her natural ____ level is ____.

Testosterone, lowered

Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?

Thalamus

Around the world, people describe others' personality traits in terms that are consistent with a set of factors called

The Big Five

Which of the following statement about the DSM-5 is FALSE?

The DSM-5 is of little practical value to mental health workers because it does not predict the future course of a disorder

Which of the following suggests that you would not experience intense anger unless you were first aware of your racing heart or other symptoms of physiological arousal?

The James-Lange Theory

According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with

The Oedipus Complex

Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by drinking soda with caffeine in it?

The experiment

University students who focus on innovation and generating novel ideas in their studies rather than on simply meeting deadlines and securing good grades are especially likely to demonstrate

Creative intelligence

University students who focus on the interest and challenge of their schoolwork rather than on simply meeting deadlines and securing good grades are especially likely to demonstrate

Creativity

When Leanne read a news report that drinking orange juice causes children,l to be overactive, she questioned whether the children's behavior had been assessed using scientific method. Leanne's reaction best illustrates

Critical thinking