PSYCH 101 TEST 2
Adeline is worried because she knows that her work environment is very loud and that prolonged exposure to sounds above _____ decibels can produce hearing loss.
85
Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.
association; observation and imitation
Every time Martin opens the cabinet where he stores his dog's treats his dog begins to bark in anticipation. This is an example of:
associative learning.
Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to affect one's:
audition.
If a teachers asks a class to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is likely due to _____.
encoding failure
Damage to the _____ membrane is most likely to affect one's audition.
basilar
Jeff's psychology assignment is to observe and list any behaviors of his relatives that indicate learning. Which of the following should be included on his list?
Jeff's little brother whines whenever he wants something.
Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before.
90
Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what is known about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the MOST likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?
He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not simply the cigarette.
Tyler has just been released from a drug rehabilitation center where he was treated for heroin addiction. His therapist recommended that he stay away from old drug-related associates and places where he used the drug. Studies show this is a wise recommendation. Why?
He will experience the craving for drugs when in these situations due to classical conditioning.
Ray drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Ray likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?
He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive.
Cynthia had her deviated septum repaired last week. Her nose is packed with gauze. She has no interest in eating. Perhaps Cynthia has developed:
anosmia.
According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?
Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.
Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's beliefs is FALSE?
Skinner advocated the greater use of punishment to control human behavior and achieve a more perfect society.
The law of effect most clearly influenced:
Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.
Which of the following statements best describes the phenomenon of instinctive drift?
The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors.
How does the cognitive view of classical conditioning differ from the traditional behaviorist perspective?
The cognitive view maintains that mental processes as well as external events are important components in the learning process.
In psychologist Robert Rescorla's classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding?
The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats.
Which of the following would best explain why psychics are sometimes able to make accurate predictions?
They make lots of guesses.
The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates _____ law.
Weber's
Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking isn't necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which of the following arguments should she use to support her position?
When spanked, children do not forget the punished behavior. They simply suppress it, and are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place.
Ted is a mildly autistic adult who has difficulty empathizing with the feelings of others and inferring what emotions another person might be experiencing. Some theorists would speculate that this is because Ted has:
a broken mirror neuron system.
Studying the impact of boredom and fatigue on people's _____ thresholds would involve research based on signal detection theory.
absolute
Talia is 45 years old. She has started to notice that newspaper print is too small for her to read. Talia needs reading glasses because the lenses of her eyes are less able to _____.
accommodate
Barbara stubbed her toe last night. It hurts and all day today she has been aware of her toe. She says, "This is so weird. I usually don't think about my toe." Barbara is describing sensory _____.
adaptation
The minute Antonio walks into his mother-in-law's house to visit, he is struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, he no longer notices the smell. This is probably the result of sensory _____.
adaptation
Memory consolidation is most likely to have happened _____.
after repeated exposure to material after rehearsal after sleep
The strength of a sound wave (i.e., the _____ of the wave) determines loudness in hearing.
amplitude
Strange as it may seem, James has run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. He gets a little nervous, wondering if she is following him. His ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times he's run into the co-worker is known as _____ processing.
automatic
We _____ process information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, we encode the place on a page where certain material appears.
automatically
If Georgia gets violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, she will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where she ate or to the sound of the music she heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by:
biological predispositions.
In a brain surgery that went wrong, Matthew lost a portion of his visual cortex and has blindness in part of his field of vision. This condition is known as _____.
blindsight
The eye takes in an inverted image of the world, yet humans see the world correctly because the _____ reassembles the image.
brain
Learning to ride a bike is likely to require activation of the _____ rather than the ______.
cerebellum and basal ganglia; hippocampus
A mystic claims that he can perceive that a bank is in the process of being robbed. This ability is known as _____.
clairvoyance
Five-year-old Destiny is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Destiny associates lightning with thunder because lightning regularly precedes thunder. Thus, when Destiny sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation that she will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:
classical conditioning
Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later his stomach became very upset and he spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of:
classical conditioning
When Juan was a child he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his back yard. Now every time he hears the sound of hornets he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of:
classical conditioning
While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Timmy took a pin and popped the balloon causing Martha to flinch and blink quickly. Later during the party Martha's mother approached her with a balloon and she blinked and flinched. This is an example of:
classical conditioning
Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when people see lightning, they often anticipate that they will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:
classical conditioning.
Three-year-old Kirsten was playing with a balloon she was given by her father. While playing with the balloon it popped in her face, which frightened her and caused her to cry loudly. That weekend she was attending a birthday party, saw some balloons, began to cry, and ran out of the room. This is an example of:
classical conditioning.
People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____. People and animals learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____.
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
Wilson was born deaf. At 3 years of age his parents had the doctor put in a(n) _____ implant so he will be able to hear.
cochlear
The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____ perspective.
cognitive
At the optometrist's office, Lou failed to distinguish numbers from the color designs shown to him. Lou is most likely _____.
colorblind
Ricardo has been suffering from a lengthy battle with the flu. His ears are painfully plugged with fluid. One morning his right ear pops from all of the pressure and fluid comes out. He screams in pain because the eardrum has punctured. This will result in _____ hearing loss.
conduction
Oscar wakes up early in the morning and his room is fairly dark. He looks over and sees his shirt hanging on a hook. Oscar knows it's his red shirt because he hung it up there before going to bed, but in the dark he can't see its color. It looks dark gray to him because in the dim light, the _____ in Oscar's eyes are ineffectual.
cones
A researcher subliminally presents a visual image to study participants, which increases the likelihood that they will later recognize the same briefly presented image. This best illustrates that information can be processed outside of _____ awareness.
conscious
Even when seen through sunglasses, grass appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This best illustrates color _____.
constancy
Because memories are _____, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions.
constructed
Shelton and John have been friends since they were small children. Both are now in their late 60's and have been through a lot together. Shelton notices that John repeatedly complains of his arthritis pain. He takes medication and uses a heating pad to help ease the pain. After a visit with his friend, Shelton begins to notice that he has pain in his lower back and hands. Shelton is convinced that he too has arthritis. This might be because he feels _____ for his friend.
empathy
Debra's 7-month-old niece is just learning to crawl. Her sister has agreed to have her participate in an experiment that incorporates a visual cliff. This experiment is studying _____ perception.
depth
Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for_____ perception known as linear perspective.
depth
After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of:
discrimination.
Research on memory shows that the more a person thinks about a prior experience, the more _____ the memory becomes.
distorted
When you are in a relationship, you have good memories of time spent with your significant other. However, after a difficult breakup, your memory of those same events is much more negative. This is an example of how memory becomes more ____ with re-experiencing.
distorted
Given what is known about the relationship between _____ and pain, if Charlene is trying to pick a hospital room for a loved one who is in a great deal of pain, she should pick a room with a number of windows looking out on different scenes.
distraction
Oliver is trying to make an online purchase, but he doesn't have his credit card. He calls his wife, who reads the 16-digit credit card number to him. Unfortunately, Oliver cannot remember the number long enough to type it into the computer. This is because short-term memory is limited in _____ and capacity.
duration
Jamal's brother often pretends to listen to what he is saying when he is really focused elsewhere. When Jamal asks him, "What did I just say?" he can sometimes repeat Jamal's last few words. This is likely caused by his:
echoic memory.
While one probably wish that one's study time was automatic, successful studying, unfortunately, requires the attention and conscious work known as _____ processing.
effortful
In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates:
encoding failure.
Laurie, Jim's wife, complains that he never notices when she has made changes in her hair style. At her latest hair appointment, she had several inches cut from her hair. When Jim came home from work, he greeted her and did not notice or make a comment about her new hair style until Laurie pointed out his failure to notice. Jim may not have noticed the difference because of a(n):
encoding failure.
If you study for a test by reviewing multiple choice items, but your test is given in an essay format, you aren't likely to do as well as you might have if the test were also multiple choice. This is explained by the _____.
encoding specificity principle
Several days ago, Ravi fell and hurt his ankle. Although it bothered him a little, he continued to walk on it. When he finally went to the doctor for x-rays, he found out he had a broken bone. It is likely that Ravi carries a gene that boosts the availability of _____.
endorphins
Kamea has always had a bad back. Lately she has been experiencing a great deal of pain in her lower back. Her experience of pain is in part the result of her _____ about pain.
expectations
Behavior driven by rewards, rules, and responsibilities is to _____ as behavior motivated by enjoyment, satisfaction, or challenge is to _____.
extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation
Money is to _____ as enjoyment of an activity is to _____.
extrinsic reward; intrinsic reward
Given the research on _______, it is likely that many mammalian species can differentiate animals by their facial characteristics.
facial recognition
One fear about _____ memories in childhood traumas is that the genuine cases of childhood sexual abuse will be disbelieved.
false
Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much shorter, _____ sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the pitch of these sounds.
faster
Checking the oven every five minutes to see if the cookies are ready is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-interval
During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.
fixed-interval
John remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident at the hands of a drunk driver. This most specifically illustrates _____ memory.
flashbulb
In Laurie's psychology laboratory she and her lab partner conditioned a rat to press a lever for food when a red light was on, but discovered that the rat would also press the lever when a white light was on. Laurie and her partner reported that the rat had exhibited _____ through _____ conditioning.
generalization; operant
Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the best thing for Rashad to do at this point is:
go directly to sleep.
John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of:
habitual behavior.
A jury is deliberating in a room that had been freshly painted the day before. The room is still giving off a strong paint odor. It is more likely that the jury will render a(n) _____ verdict.
harsh
Judy was born without the ability to feel pain. People with this type of problem often:
have no way to judge their injuries.
Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:
helps us to understand how memory works.
Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This best illustrates the use of:
hierarchical organization.
Jonny has suffered damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has probably suffered damage to his right_____.
hippocampus
Lara is trying to remember events from her life at 18 months of age. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely caused by the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.
hippocampus
Our unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as _____ memory.
implicit
Darwin's principles of evolution suggest that it would be easiest to classically condition an association that _____.
improves odds of survival
Children who talk with involved adults prior to an interview about a past event tend to have more _____ recall.
inaccurate
Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as:
infantile amnesia.
A researcher conditions a rat to press a lever in an operant conditioning chamber for the positive reinforcement of food. The next day, after being fed a reduced diet, the rat is more interested in smelling the cedar on the cage floor than pressing the lever. This is an example of:
instinctive drift.
If a parent wants to increase the amount of time a child spends reading as opposed to playing video games, the parent will need to increase the _____ of reading.
intrinsic motivation
The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan the _____.
iris
Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?
lemonade with the immune enhancing drug
Talia is 45 years old. She has started to notice that newspaper print is too small for her to read. Talia needs reading glasses because the:
lens of her eyes is less able to accommodate.
We remember information with _____ better than information without.
meaning
The amount remembered depends both on the time spent learning and on making it _____.
meaningful
Raoul decided to ask a hypnotherapist to help him deal with difficult childhood issues. However, if the hypnotherapist asks leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories can be inaccurate because of:
memory construction.
In adulthood, we have difficulty recalling our experiences and perspective in youth. This is due to ____.
memory reconstruction
Children with autism have difficulty learning from observing others, a deficit that is believed to be due to impaired ______.
mirror neurons
You start making a grocery list early in the week, and add items daily throughout the week. At the end of the week, when you get to the grocery store, you realize that you left your list at home. The items you are most likely to recall on the list were those that you added _____.
most recently
Aaron went to school one day with his zipper down. Horribly embarrassed, he asked his friend to never speak of the event. Years later, when asked about that event, Aaron doesn't remember that it ever happened. He is exhibiting _____.
motivated forgetting
Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking little more than one pack per day. This poor memory best illustrates _____.
motivated forgetting
Nanette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nanette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of a(n):
negative punishment.
Walton opens his eyes in the morning to see flowers by the bedside. At that point, his eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into _____ messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called transduction.
neural
Monte was born with cataracts. He had surgery when he was 30 years old, which restored his sight. After his surgery he could:
not recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch.
Children who have fathers who are incarcerated for committing violent crimes are at high risk for following the same path in life, unless the child is adopted near the time of his birth. Then, he is no more at risk for violence than the average child. This difference in outcome can be attributed to _____.
observational learning
Jill is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Jill patiently watches. Jill then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Jill is learning to play tennis?
observational learning
Jim and Laurie hosted some friends over for a cook-out. One of the visiting couples had a three-year-old daughter, Bethany, who was playing with Jim and Laurie's three-year-old-daughter Kirsten. While the food was being set out Bethany noticed some cookies were being placed on the table and requested a cookie. Bethany's parents said no which caused Bethany to throw a tantrum. Bethany's parents gave Bethany a cookie so she would stop the tantrum. All of this took place while Kirsten was watching. The next day Jim and Laurie were preparing dinner and Kirsten requested a cookie and she was told she could have a cookie, but not until after dinner. Kirsten then proceeded to throw a tantrum which she had never done before. Kirsten's behavior can be explained through which kind of learning?
observational learning
The way in which students quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of _____.
proximity
Tamika's cat learned to press a lever so more food would be poured into her food bowl. Tamika's roommate's kitten watched the older cat perform this behavior and within a month the kitten was performing it as well. This is an example of:
observational learning.
Connie suffers from arthritis and is in constant pain. It is likely that her nociceptors are always turned _____.
on
Luca has been studying all week for his final exam in biology. He studies until he is ready to go to bed because he knows that information presented within _____ before sleep will be remembered well.
one hour
If you study a subject in school, and then are tested later for recall, at what point are you likely to retain some knowledge long-term?
one week
Dan wanted to train his dog, Rocket, to come to him when called. Every time Dan called Rocket and he came, Dan would give him a treat and pet him. Soon Rocket would come every time he was called. Which type of learning/conditioning is Dan using?
operant conditioning
If Jamal wanted to train his dog to sit and lay down when he commanded the behavior, which of the following types of conditioning should he utilize to train his dog?
operant conditioning
At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when either the "a" or "b" choice is selected. Employees continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates:
operant conditioning.
If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This best illustrates:
operant conditioning.
Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her by name. Soon the dog came every time Macy called the dog by name. This is an example of:
operant conditioning.
The cognitive processes in _____ involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement, while in _____ an organism develops an expectation that the CS signals the arrival of a US.
operant conditioning; classical conditioning
Afterimages are best explained by the _____ processing theory.
opponent
Tabitha has a persistent itch on her arm. This is most likely caused by _____ receptors.
pain
Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion, but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors, but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities best illustrate a normal capacity for _____ processing.
parallel
In 2008, some men from Georgia claimed to have found Big Foot. They claimed to have the body of Big Foot in their possession and graciously provided photos as evidence. For many, these photos were proof of the existence of Big Foot. Others, however, saw a costume in the photos. The interpretation of the photos were influenced by the viewers' _____.
perceptual set
Short-term memory is to fleeting as long-term memory is to _____.
permanent
A psychic claims he can predict the future. This is known as _____.
precognition
Billy Bob works at the airport as a member of the ground crew. He typically takes off his hearing protection as he finds it cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in:
sensorineural hearing loss.
Studying the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (e.g., intensity) and the _____ experience of them involves the field known as psychophysics.
psychological
Studying the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (e.g., intensity) and the psychological experience of them involves the field known as _____.
psychophysics
In August of 2014, an unarmed black male teenager, with his hands up to surrender, was shot eight times by a white police officer. Several days later it was reported that the young black male had been a suspect of petty theft, although the officer who killed the teen was not aware of it at the time of his interaction with him. The teen's family stated that he was about to start college. Riots broke out in the area demanding justice for the teen. Comments posted on the internet regarding the incident read statements such as "blacks are nothing but thugs and criminals," "blacks should be sent back to Africa," and "any sane society would shoot all blacks." Comments such as these reflect how stereotypes about ____impact human perception.
race
If one has NOT studied well for a test, in which format is one likely to get a higher score?
recognition
Imagine one has to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This aspect of memory is known as _____.
recognition
Joe is happy to hear that the final will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a better chance to pass the class by using _____.
recognition
In experiments with rats in which rewards were not given to the rats for exploring a maze, experimenters later included rewards after several trials. When rewards were given upon reaching the end of the maze, the time needed to complete the maze decreased immediately. This caused researchers to conclude that:
reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur.
Some information must be stored in a state that is difficult to bring into conscious awareness. We know this because we ____ faster than we _____.
relearn; learn
A jury is deliberating in a room that had been freshly painted the day before. The room is still giving off a strong paint odor. It is more likely that the jury will:
render a harsh verdict.
Mrs. McBride cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates _____.
repression
A famous Hollywood director has decided to present his latest film in 3-D. This will create a great movie-going experience for viewers as 3-D movies exaggerate:
retinal disparity
Gina adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory Gina is having difficulty with _____.
retrieval
Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to _____ failure.
retrieval
While taking an American history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates _____ failure.
retrieval
The happier Judie feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be _____.
retrieval cues
Gina adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory Gina is having difficulty with:
retrieval.
After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number. Samantha was experiencing _____.
retroactive interference
Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid _____, the best thing for Rashad to do at this point is go directly to sleep.
retroactive interference
Whenever Tamika tries to talk on the telephone, her ten-year-old son Jamal repeatedly interrupts her. If Tamika wanted to use operant conditioning principles to successfully alleviate the behavior, the most efficient response would be to:
reward Jamal for not interrupting her during a phone call.
While people with exceptional memory can retain great amounts of simple information when that information is presented in a controlled way, if the information were presented more rapidly, with distraction, or in a disorganized way, how would these same people fare with recall?
same as others
Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that is being very briefly registered is a process that initially occurs in _____ memory.
sensory
The _____ experience of bending one's knees or raising one's arms illustrates kinesthesis.
sensory
When Jesiah arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, he noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As he finished changing, Jesiah did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of _____ adaptation.
sensory
Barbara stubbed her toe last night. It hurts and all day today she has been aware of her toe. She says, "This is so weird. I usually don't think about my toe." Barbara is describing:
sensory adaptation.
The minute Antonio walks into his mother-in-law's house to visit, he is struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, he no longer notices the smell. This is probably the result of:
sensory adaptation.
After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of perceptual _____.
set
In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:
shaping.
Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy, which will affect his _____ memory.
short-term
Phone companies created 7-digit phone numbers because this amount best suited the capacity of our ____.
short-term memory
Oliver is trying to make an online purchase, but he doesn't have his credit card. He calls his wife, who reads the 16-digit credit card number to him. Unfortunately, Oliver cannot remember the number long enough to type it into the computer. This is because:
short-term memory is limited in duration and capacity.
Two TSA officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through, but the other officer yells, "Wait, didn't you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is best explained by:
signal detection theory.
Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble, because he can't figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as _____.
source amnesia
Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates _____.
source amnesia
In both classical and operant conditioning the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response is called:
spontaneous recovery.
If you just had an argument with your significant other, you are likely to view him/her very negatively as a person. This is the result of _____.
state-dependent memory
Your friend disappointed you, and you tell another friend, "That friend is really unreliable. She doesn't care about people's feelings." Later, when she apologizes and does something kind, you tell a friend, "That friend is always so nice to me!" This alteration of perception is explained by ______.
state-dependent memory
You have a big exam coming up and you want to do very well. To remember the most information, you should:
study in small increments over many days.
If a visual image is first presented _____, the chance of a person later recognizing the same briefly presented image is improved.
subliminally
Jasmine was in a serious car accident. She suffered damage to her _____ lobe, just behind her right ear. She now has trouble recognizing familiar faces.
temporal
Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate:
that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others because of biological constraints on conditioning.
In Pavlov's original experiments, dogs were classically conditioned to associate a bell with the presentation of food and responded with increased salivation. According to Robert Rescorla, what had the dogs learned?
that the bell was a signal that reliably predicted that food would follow
Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Susan to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Susan asked her to lower it, which satisfied Susan. This is probably the result of:
the difference threshold.
Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Susan to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Susan asked her to lower it, which satisfied Susan. This is probably the result of: the absolute threshold.
the difference threshold.
In a famous experiment John Garcia (1968) gave novel food to one group of rats and familiar food to another group of rats. Both groups of rats were made to vomit. According to Garcia's work, which group of rats would develop an aversion to their food?
the rats given the novel food
Ever since she foolishly drank too much tequila at a rock concert and vomited all over her best friend, Erin becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of tequila. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.
the smell or taste of tequila; nausea
The misinformation effect makes it difficult to evaluate the accuracy of our memories, because we have not retained _____.
the source of the memory
Wanda is a mildly autistic adult who has difficulty empathizing with the feelings of others and inferring what emotions another person might be experiencing. The ability in which Wanda seems to have reduced function is called:
theory of mind.
In classical conditioning one learns _____, while in operant conditioning one learns _____.
to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence
The fact that perception involves more than the sum of sensations best illustrates the importance of _____ processing.
top-down
Children are often repelled by the taste of new meats and vegetables because those foods were potentially _____ to our ancestors.
toxic
One potential drawback of false memory research is that ____.
true victims aren't believed
If the functioning of your cerebellum is impaired, you would have trouble learning which of the following?
tying a knot
At age 53, Ralph underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for four months straight. His vision will be _____ by this sensory restriction.
unaffected
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the:
unconditioned response.
Bart was struck by a 2 x 4 to the back of his head. He is having severe difficulties with his _____ because the injury was sustained to his occipital lobe.
vision
