Psych 110 final

The number of children being raised by a single parent is estimated to be as high as:

30 percent.

Declines in general intellectual abilities that occur between the ages of ______ often occur because older people may lack practice or experience with the kinds of tasks typically used in current mental ability tests.

60 and 70

Which of the following is an accurate statement about those who are nearer to the natural age of death and dying?

Attitudes toward death in old age show the same diversity as in other parts of adult development.

______ are the long, threadlike structures that are found in the nucleus of the cell and are composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA.

Chromosomes

The period during which a child is maximally sensitive to environmental influences is called the ______ period of development.

Critical

_______ are prone to feelings of depression and problems at school, and are apt to engage in drug or alcohol use.

Early-maturing boys

_______ have higher rates of sexual risk-taking, drug and alcohol use, and delinquent behavior, and are also at greater risk for unhealthy weight gain later in life.

Early-maturing girls

The project that involved compiling a complete set of DNA in the human organism, including gene locations, is called the Human ______ Project.

Genome

A surprising finding of the ______ Project, which mapped the complete set of DNA in the human organism, was that humans have only 20,000 to 25,000 genes.

Human Genome

______ refers to the type of universal speech used with babies that involves very distinct pronunciation, a simplified vocabulary, short sentences, and a high-pitched, exaggerated intonation.

Infant-directed speech

Which of the following does deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the double-stranded molecule, do in the body?

It encodes genetic instructions, the chemical basis of heredity.

Which of the following accurately characterizes Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development?

It is the first stage of cognitive development, during which the infant explores the environment and acquires knowledge through sensing and manipulating objects.

The most influential theory of moral development was proposed by:

Lawrence Kohlberg.

The developmental psychologist who devised the Strange Situation procedure to measure attachment and who contributed to attachment theory is:

Mary D. Salter Ainsworth.

______ is the stage of adulthood, lasting roughly from the forties to the mid-sixties, when a person's physical strength and endurance tend to gradually decline.

Middle adulthood

Psychologist ______ challenged Piaget's theory of child development by demonstrating that infants as young as 2-1/2 months of age display object permanence.

Renée Baillargeon

Mary D. Salter Ainsworth developed a method of measuring attachment called the ______ that is usually used with infants between 1 and 2 years old.

Strange Situation

According to research on aging, which of the following can be said about the "myths" surrounding aging in American culture?

The myths are not accurate, given the healthy, active, and self-sufficient lives the majority of older adults live.

Which of the following is an accurate description of permissive-indulgent parents?

They are responsive, warm, and accepting of their children but impose few rules and rarely punish them.

According to the Science Versus Pseudoscience box titled "Can a DVD Program Your Baby to Be a Genius?," which statement is MOST correct?

Video-watching produced no difference in the amount of words learned.

The genetic makeup of an individual organism is referred to as:

a genotype

A developmental psychologist is interested in the visual abilities of newborn children. Baby Katherine is participating in a study newborns' visual abilities. While her mother holds Kathrine, a psychologist shows the baby a variety of images. Of the following images, which is the one that Katherine will look at the longest?

a human face

All of the following contribute to the early onset of puberty EXCEPT:

a lean body.

The observable traits or characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetics and environmental factors, is called:

a phenotype

The most common "theme" researchers found in the relationship between parents and children in the United States during the children's early and middle adolescence was:

a positive relationship, despite the increasing number of conflicts.

In her research, Dr. Joachim found that a pregnant woman's use of a certain chemical substance would cause harm to her fetus. That chemical substance would be classified as:

a teratogen.

Which environmental factor is NOT related to the timing of puberty?

absence of the biological mother

Kübler-Ross proposed that the last stage of the dying process involves:

acceptance.

According to Piaget, as the child assimilates new information and experiences, he eventually changes his way of thinking to ______ new knowledge.

accommodate

Piaget gave the name _____ to the ability to change one's mental representation of the world, and the way one thinks about things on the basis of new information and experiences.

accommodation

One of the different forms of a particular gene is called a(n):

allele

Danielle has switched majors four times and does not know what she wants to do after she gets her college degree. Erikson would suggest that Danielle has NOT achieved:

an integrated identity.

The second stage of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's stage theory of dying is what she calls:

anger.

The ability to incorporate and interpret new information in terms of existing mental representations of the world is called:

assimilation.

The emotional bond that forms between infants and their caregiver(s), especially parents, is called ______, according to developmental psychologist Mary D. Salter Ainsworth.

attachment

The parenting style in which parents set clear standards for their children's behavior but are also responsive to the children's needs and wishes is called the:

authoritative style.

According to Figure 9.5, "The Median Age of First Marriage," research shows that on average, ______ are now getting married for the first time ______ than people did during the 1960s.

both men and women; later

Jean Piaget was the Swiss child psychologist best known for his influential theory that:

children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.

According to research on adulthood careers, almost a third of people in their late twenties and early thirties are likely to:

completely switch occupational fields.

A child who has the ability to think logically about visible and tangible objects and situations would be considered to be in the ______ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

According to Piaget, the third stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about age 7 to the beginning of adolescence and is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations, is called the ______ stage.

concrete operational

Tommy now understands that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged. According to Piaget, Tommy is in the ______ stage of development.

concrete operational

In the two-word stage, starting around 2 years of age, infants begin to be able to:

construct simple "sentences" that reflect the first understanding of grammar.

Typically between the ages of 3 and 9 months, babies develop a type of biologically programmed speech development known as:

cooing and babbling.

Dr. Psychologistia is studying how parental involvement relates to the academic achievement of their children by surveying a group of children in elementary, middle, and high school, all at around the same time. What research strategy is Dr. Psychologistia using?

cross-sectional

Marital satisfaction:

decreases after the birth of the first child.

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's famous research with terminally ill patients led her to propose that the dying go through five stages. These stages, in order, are:

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

The feeling of ______ experienced by an older adult is often the result of regret or bitterness about past mistakes, missed opportunities, or bad decisions made in that adult's life, according to Erikson.

despair

Looking back over his life in late adulthood, 70-year-old Redner experiences regret, dissatisfaction, and disappointment about his accomplishments. According to Erikson, Redner is experiencing ______ and has failed to achieve a sense of ______.

despair; ego integrity

The study of how people change physically, mentally, and socially throughout the lifespan would MOST likely be conducted by a ______ psychologist.

developmental

Professor Johnson's area of specialty involves looking at the stages of human development. Which university department is Professor James likely to be in?

developmental psychology

Marjorie, a psychology major, is considering applying to graduate programs. Her primary interest has to do with lifespan development, including all the biological, environmental, social, cultural, and behavioral factors involved in the trajectory of the human lifespan. Marjorie might strongly considering applying to graduate programs in:

developmental psychology.

Based on their research on infant temperament, Thomas and Chess would characterize babies who tend to be intensely emotional, are irritable and fussy and cry a lot, and have irregular sleeping and eating patterns as:

difficult.

Researchers have found that two essential components need to be present to determine whether a person will develop freckles: the inheritance of the ______ version of the freckles gene from either or both parents, and the presence of a particular ______ factor.

dominant; environmental

A person's physical strength typically peaks during:

early adulthood.

Forming a committed, intimate relationship is one important task traditionally associated with:

early adulthood.

Regarding infant temperament, a child who readily adapts to new experiences, displays positive moods and emotions, and has regular sleeping and eating patterns can be characterized as a(n) ______ baby.

easy

Mr. Reddington has reached a point in his life where he is examining whether he has experienced meaning, and what type of meaning, in his life. According to Erikson, Mr. Reddington is in the eighth psychosocial task known as:

ego integrity.

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, late adulthood is to ______ as adolescence is to ______.

ego integrity; identity

Piaget talked about ______ as the ability to focus on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects.

egocentrism

It is now six weeks since Jennifer conceived. The human organism she is carrying is called at this time a(n) ______; at the third month it will be called a(n) ______.

embryo; fetus

Henrietta is in the fifth week of her pregnancy, which means that her baby is in the ______ period of prenatal development.

embryonic

The basic unit of DNA on a chromosome:

encodes instructions for making a particular protein molecule.

Another term for "nurture" may be:

environment.

The study of the mechanisms that control gene expression and its effects on behavior and health is known as:

epigenetics

According to the Focus On Neuroscience box titled "Boosting the Aging Brain," research has shown the importance of and relationship between ______ and ______.

exercise; cognitive abilities

Pregnant Michelle has begun to feel fuller more quickly when she eats, and she is having more trouble physically getting around. Michelle's unborn baby has likely entered the third and longest period of prenatal development, called the:

fetal period.

Also known as the ______ stage, Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations.

formal operational

The primary psychosocial task of middle adulthood, which Erikson called ______, involves the time during which a person contributes to future generations through raising children, having a career, and engaging in other meaningful activities.

generativity

In Erik Erikson's stage theory, the primary psychosocial task of middle adulthood, in which the person contributes to future generations through children, career, and other meaningful activity, is called:

generativity.

The unique genetic makeup of an individual organism is called its:

genotype

Nine months after conception, a baby girl named Tracy is born. The stages of her prenatal development, from first to last, were:

germinal, embryonic, fetal.

Teratogens are:

harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus.

Lincoln is a normal eight-month-old infant. According to Chomsky's theory of language development, Lincoln:

has a biological predisposition to learn any language and can distinguish among speech sounds of all the world's languages.

According to the Critical Thinking box titled "The Effects of Child Care on Attachment and Development," putting young children in a high-quality day-care facility:

has no detrimental effect on children.

Another term that may be used for "nature" is:

heredity.

The Critical Thinking box titled, "The Effects of Child Care on Attachment and Development," reveals that ______ can benefit children socially and intellectually.

high-quality day-care

According to Jerome Kagan's research on infants, an infant who reacts to new experiences, strangers, or novel objects by being fearful, tense, shy, and inhibited is considered:

high-reactive.

According to Erikson, the key psychosocial conflict for adolescents is:

identity versus role confusion.

Mr. Danzig is a 68-year-old retired accountant. If he is typical of people his age, he is probably living:

in his own home.

Research shows that after children leave home (for college, employment, etc.), parental marital satisfaction:

increases.

Piaget proposed that children between the ages of 2 and 7 enter into the preoperational stage of development, which is characterized by the:

increasing use of symbols and prelogical thought processes.

The discipline technique that combines parental control with explaining why a behavior is prohibited is called:

induction.

The psychosocial conflict named by Erik Erikson that he identified with early childhood (3 to 6 years), is called _____, while _____ is the conflict likely to be encountered in middle to late childhood (6 to 12 years).

initiative versus guilt; industry versus inferiority

When parents are neglectful, inconsistent, or insensitive to their infant's moods or behavior, the ambivalent or detached emotional relationship the baby develops with the parents is called:

insecure attachment.

When two-year-old Kerry was tested in the Ainsworth Strange Situation, she did NOT explore the environment even when her mother was present. She appeared very anxious became extremely distressed when her mother left the room. Kerry is a(n):

insecurely attached toddler.

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's stage of dying called denial involves:

insisting that doctors are wrong.

Seventeen-year-old Thomas went through a period of conflict over issues relating to his identity, but now he feels comfortable with the choices and commitment he has made. Thomas has achieved what Erikson would call:

integrated identity.

James is a little boy with a lot of energy and a tenacious personality. His sometimes-frustrated parents have responded to him with more strictness. As he gets older, his parents notice that he gets frustrated easily and has even more energy. This example of one little boy who is naturally geared toward having a lot of energy and how his family has responded to him represents the:

interaction between heredity and environment.

Piaget proposed the idea of ______, which is the inability to reverse a sequence of events or logical operations mentally.

irreversibility

Research on the multiple roles—being parents and having careers—often juggled by men and women, has found that:

it is the quality of the experiences, rather than the number of roles, that is the critical factor in psychological well-being.

At Mr. Guerno's seventieth birthday party, his grandchildren asked him about some of his many adventures and travels. While listening to his colorful stories, they realized that their grandfather had lived a very meaningful life and was very satisfied with his many life accomplishments. Mr. Guerno is in the ______ stage of life and has achieved what Erikson called ______.

late adulthood; ego integrity

Dr. Psychologist is studying how parental involvement relates to the academic achievement of their children by following a group of children from kindergarten through twelfth grade. What research strategy is Dr. Psychologist using?

longitudinal

Which two research strategies are particularly important to know for an understanding of how people develop?

longitudinal, cross-sectional

A child who tends to be calm, uninhibited, sociable, outgoing, and shows interest rather than fear when exposed to new people, experiences, and objects would be characterized by Jerome Kagan as a(n) ______ infant.

low-reactive

When Samara was an infant, she was usually calm, uninhibited, sociable, and typically showed interest rather than fear when exposed to new people, novel experiences, and unfamiliar objects. In terms of Kagan's classification of temperament patterns, Samara is likely to be categorized as a(n):

low-reactive infant.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, whose findings are depicted in Figure 9.6, titled "The Changing Structure of American Families and Households," one of the sharpest declines is that of:

married couples with children.

A female's first menstrual period, which occurs during puberty, is called:

menarche

Mrs. Grant is 49 years old and has recently stopped menstruating. She has just experienced:

menopause

Sixteen-year-old Jade is reading books about different religions and philosophies. She is also trying out different approaches as to how she should live her life. Jade is in Erikson's:

moratorium period.

The "experimentation" period that often occurs in adolescence and often involves an experimentation with different roles, values, and beliefs, is called the:

moratorium period.

In Dr. Strayer's longitudinal research on factors that correlate with getting older, she is likely to find that:

most people maintain their intellectual abilities as they age.

If infants are able to attach to other caregivers in addition to their parents, they are able to form:

multiple attachments.

Dr. Wiley studies the interaction between heredity and environment, which he also calls the ______ issue when he lectures to his students.

nature-nurture

Baby Harry's mother shows him a toy rattle and then hides it under a blanket. Harry for the blanket and lifts it up to find the toy rattle underneath. It would appear that he has achieved what Piaget called ______, which involves an understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen.

object permanence

The declines in general intellectual abilities that occur between the ages of sixty and seventy:

often occur simply because older people may lack practice or experience with the kinds of tasks typically used in current mental ability tests.

While anxiety about death tends to ______ in middle adulthood, it tends to ______ in late adulthood.

peak; decrease

The parenting style in which parents are extremely tolerant and not at all demanding is called the ______ parenting style.

permissive

What are two permissive parenting styles?

permissive-indulgent and permissive-indifferent.

The term ______ refers to the observable traits or characteristics of an organism, as determined by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.

phenotype

The disk-shaped vascular organ that acts as a filter, preventing the mother's blood from mingling with that of the developing embryo, is called the:

placenta.

The sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the uterus, ovaries, penis, and testicles, are:

primary sex characteristics.

Puberty involves the development of ______ sex characteristics such as sex organs, and ______ characteristics such as changes in height, weight, and body shape.

primary; secondary

The words that an infant or child can speak is called her ______, and the words that she understands is called her ______.

production vocabulary; comprehension vocabulary

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's stage of dying called bargaining involves:

promising to behave in a certain way if one is allowed to live.

As described in the Focus on Neuroscience box titled "The Adolescent Brain: A Work in Progress," in regard to the adolescent brain, the process of ______ involves neurons in the brain making connections and then eliminating what is not needed.

pruning

The stage of adolescence during which a girl has her first menstrual period, and thus is physiologically capable of sexual reproduction is called:

puberty.

When he was 13, Kyle experienced several physical changes: his testicles started to enlarge, his height and weight increased, and his voice deepened. The stage during which these physical changes occurred is called:

puberty.

During the fourth month of pregnancy, the mother can feel the fetus moving within her. This moment is called:

quickening

Scores on tests of logical reasoning, math ability, word recall, and overall general intellectual capacity are shown to ______ with aging.

reflect little decline

Every time Mrs. Thomas touches her baby's left cheek, the baby turns that cheek toward her mother and opens her mouth. The reflex that is triggered by the mother's touch is known as the ______ reflex.

rooting

The sexual characteristics that develop during puberty that are not directly involved in reproduction but differentiate between the sexes, such as male facial hair and female breast development, are:

secondary sex characteristics.

Baby Sophia has come to expect that her needs will be met, because of her parents' consistent warmth, responsiveness, and sensitivity to her. Sophia is likely developing a(n):

secure attachment to her parents.

A person's "identity" is his or her:

self-definition or description, including the values, beliefs, and ideals that guide his or her behavior.

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box titled "The Adolescent Brain: A Work in Progress," MRI studies of normal children and adolescents:

showed overproduction of a second wave of gray matter just prior to puberty, followed by a second round of neuronal pruning during the teenage years.

Which of the five senses is least developed at birth?

sight

The U.S. Census Bureau statistics shown in Figure 9.6, titled, "The Changing Structure of American Families and Households," reveal that the number of ______ has doubled.

single-parent family groups

A baby with a ______ temperament is likely to have a low activity level, withdraw from new situations and people, and adapt to new experiences very gradually.

slow-to-warm-up

It has become apparent to Mr. and Mrs. Tsu that their baby has a low activity level, tends to withdraw from new situations and people, and adapts to new experiences only very gradually. The baby would be classified as a(n) ______ baby.

slow-to-warm-up

When Mary puts her finger onto her newborn daughter's mouth, the baby pulls Mary's finger into her mouth. The baby is demonstrating the ______ reflex.

sucking

The ability to use words and images to represent the world is called:

symbolic thought

Kelly, who is 5 years old, has a good imagination. Recently, for example, she used a discarded box as a make-believe castle and made up a very interesting dialogue between the "king" and "queen" of her castle. Kelly is using:

symbolic thought.

According to the Culture and Human Behavior box titled "Where Does the Baby Sleep?," an infant and child would typically sleep in their parents' bed throughout childhood in:

the Mayan culture.

Mary D. Salter Ainsworth used ______ to determine the different types of attachment children have to their parents.

the Strange Situation test

The issue of where infants of different cultures typically sleep during the night is discussed in the Culture and Human Behavior box titled "Where Does the Baby Sleep?" In ______, most infants sleep in their own beds and often in a different room from their parents.

the United States

The theory known as ______ posits that greater level of life satisfaction is found among those who maintain the same level of activity with age as they did when they were younger.

the activity theory of aging

Sean has grown almost five inches between the ages of 15 and 16. He is experiencing:

the adolescent growth spurt.

George and Henry are identical twins. George was raised by his mother and Henry was raised by his father. Based on what we know about the relationship of genes and environment, we can correctly conclude that:

the boys' phenotypes will be different even though their genotypes are exactly the same.

The cluster of cells that had developed from the single-cell zygote by the end of the two-week germinal period is called:

the embryo.

The period of early adulthood is typically associated with:

the formation of a committed, intimate relationship.

The period of menopause in women involves:

the natural cessation of menstruation and the end of reproductive capacity.

The embryonic period is:

the second period of prenatal development, extending from the third week through the eight week.

As Marcel is researching a paper for his child development course, he discovers the work of Lev Vygotsky. In summarizing Vygotsky's contribution to developmental psychology, Marcel is likely to note that the Russian theorist emphasized the:

the social and cultural factors in cognitive development.

Adolescence is:

the transitional stage between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood, and when sexual maturity is reached.

The first two psychosocial conflicts, according to Erikson, both of which occur prior to the age of 3 years, are called (in sequence) ______ and ______.

trust versus mistrust; autonomy versus doubt

The Focus on Neuroscience box titled "The Adolescent Brain: A Work in Progress" suggests that between the age of 6 and early adolescence:

unused dendrites, synaptic connections, and neurons are selectively pruned and discarded, and those neurons that are most used strengthen their interconnections with other neurons.

One of the trends revealed in the last several years about dual-career families is that:

women continue to take primary responsibility for child care and to either interrupt their careers or leave their jobs to fulfill that responsibility.

Although not yet aware of her pregnancy, Mrs. Upton has conceived a single cell from the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell. This single cell is called a:

zygote.