PSYCH 168- Child Psychology Unit 7

Select all that apply Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions? - 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame - 4-month-old Jacey, who is giggling - 11-year-old Maalik, who is angry with his sister - 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed

- 7 year old Harry, who is embarrassed - 4 year old Sam, who feels shame

Select all that apply Newborn infants have four patterns of communication through crying, which include which of the following feelings? - Anger - Hunger - Sadness - Frustration

- Anger - Hunger - Frustration

Select all that apply Goodness of fit refers to the relationship between a child's personality and which of the following? - Educational standards - Behavior of caregivers - Social environment - Size of the extended family

- Behavior of caregivers - Social environment

Select all that apply What factors can either reinforce or soften a child's behavioral inhibition? - Birth order - Relationships with friends and teachers - Inborn talent - Culture

- Birth order - Relationships with friends and teachers - Culture

Select all that apply Compared to insecurely attached toddlers, those who are securely attached tend to have which of the following characteristics? - More positive interactions with peers - More joy - Smaller vocabularies - Less distress and fear

- More positive interactions with peers - More joy - Less distress and fear

Select all that apply At age 2, Cole is continually saying "no" to everything his parents tell him. Which of the following characteristics is Cole exhibiting? - Resistance to authority - Personality disorder - Negativism - Independence

- Resistance to authority - Negativism - Independence

Select all that apply Goodness of fit refers to the relationship between a child's personality and which of the following? - Size of the extended family - Social environment - Behavior of caregivers - Educational standards

- Social environment - Behavior of caregivers

Select all that apply Along with an emerging sense of self, a toddler experiences growth in what key areas of psychosocial development? - Ambition - Socialization - Humility - Autonomy

- Socialization - Autonomy

Select all that apply What three primary psychological issues of development do toddlers and their caregivers face? - Socialization - Dependence - Sense of self - Sibling rivalry - Autonomy

- Socialization - Sense of self - Autonomy

Select all that apply Two parents are clowning around to amuse their baby, and the baby laughs because something unexpected happened. What does this reveal about the baby's cognitive development? - The child has an unusually high IQ. - The child knows what would usually be expected in that situation. - The child has developed a sense of humor. - The child's emotions are developing at a faster-than-normal rate.

- The child knows what would usually be expected in that situation. - The child has developed a sense of humor.

Select all that apply Preschoolers are least likely to befriend a child who is - advanced in theory of mind. - disruptive and demanding. - a different age. - aggressive.

- disruptive and demanding. - a different age. - aggressive.

Select all that apply Cachi is upset when his parents leave him, but yet he kicks and rebels when they return. Cachi is acting in an ambivalent resistant manner due to his - happiness. - fear. - anger. - stubbornness.

- fear. - anger.

Select all that apply Our self-concept helps us to - have some parental control in our lives. - follow our parents' goals for us. - guide our actions. - describe what we know and how we feel about ourselves.

- guide our actions. - describe what we know and how we feel about ourselves.

What percent of children were considered "easy?" - 40 - 60 - 80 - 30

40

From the age of ______ months, infants begin to smile, touch, and babble with other children their own age.

6-12

In the United States, separation anxiety typically begins at about the age of - 8 months. - 10 months. - 14 months. - 4 months.

8 months.

The Strange Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment, was developed by - Bowlby. - Freud. - Erikson. - Ainsworth.

Ainsworth.

What factor is most likely to be associated with peer competence as a child grows into adolescence? - Unusually active amygdala - Attachment security in infancy - Behavioral inhibition - Self-conscious emotions

Attachment security in infancy

Ainsworth created the _______ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Blank 1: Strange

The _______ ________ is a research procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth, in which a mother leaves her infant alone in a room or with an unknown person.

Blank 1: Strange Blank 2: Situation

An infant smiles at an object and then gazes back at an adult while continuing to smile. This behavior is called _______ _______.

Blank 1: anticipatory Blank 2: smiling

The close emotional bond between mothers and infants is known as ______.

Blank 1: attachment

When infants are outwardly unaffected when their parents either leave or return, they are demonstrating ______ attachment.

Blank 1: avoidant

Our image of ourselves, our total picture of our abilities and traits, is our self- _____.

Blank 1: concept or conpect

In the Strange Situation model, insecure _______ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display behaviors such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

Blank 1: disorganized

A child with an _____ temperament is generally happy and calm, is rhythmic in biological functioning, is easy to put on a schedule, and accepts new experiences.

Blank 1: easy

The term used to identify one's self as being either male or female in a psychological manner is called ______.

Blank 1: gender

The way people dress, play, and move their bodies demonstrates the role that ______ plays in our lives.

Blank 1: gender

According to Erickson's eight stages of psychosocial development, as infants develop trust, they gain the virtue of ______.

Blank 1: hope

The tendency of toddlers to shout "No!" just for the sake of resisting authority is called _____.

Blank 1: negativity or negativism

Janey and her mother are sensitive and appropriate in their responses, which indicates an emotional and mental state called mutual _______.

Blank 1: regulation

According to Ainsworth's model, a(n) ______ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

Blank 1: resistant or ambivalent

When infants protest the mother leaving but are able to effectively gain comfort when she returns, they are seen as having ______ attachment.

Blank 1: secure

Infants who cry and cling when their caregivers leave them are experiencing _____ ______.

Blank 1: separation or seperation Blank 2: protest or anxiety

Complex emotions unfold from _____ ones.

Blank 1: simpler or simple

The process by which children develop habits, skills, values, and motives that make them responsible, productive members of society is called _______.

Blank 1: socialization

In a pioneering study on _______ patterns, researchers followed 133 infants into adulthood and asked their parents how their children adapted to changes in routine.

Blank 1: temperament

How do babies acquire temperament? - Each baby is born with a unique temperament. - Temperament consists of all the emotional experiences a baby has from the moment of birth. - Parents teach babies to mimic their own behavior. - Temperament is the baby's response to numerous factors in its surroundings.

Each baby is born with a unique temperament.

What is being demonstrated by a baby who begins crying because other babies are crying? - Conformity - Hyperactivity - Empathy - Neuroticism

Empathy

Baby Marlow uses his mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When his mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when his mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow? - He is an insecurely attached baby. - He is an insecure resistant baby. - He is a securely attached baby. - He is an insecure disorganized baby.

He is a securely attached baby.

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother, is not distressed when she leaves the room, does not reestablish contact with her on her return, and may even turn his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan? - He is a securely attached baby. - He is an insecure disorganized baby. - He is an insecure resistant baby. - He is an avoidant baby.

He is an avoidant baby.

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of "me?" - Positive emotions - Self-conscious emotions - Negative emotions - Primary emotions

Self-conscious emotions

What is the difference between guilt and shame? - Guilt involves feeling bad about oneself. - Shame involves feeling a lack of self-worth. - Guilt involves doing something wrong but not regretting it. - Shame involves doing something wrong but still maintaining a positive sense of self.

Shame involves feeling a lack of self-worth.

Among toddlers with a behavioral inhibition that causes them to feel afraid, some are less apt to develop social withdrawal when they become teenagers. What personality trait helps them reduce their anxiety? - Pretending that the scary things have gone away - Shifting their attention away from things that scare them - Convincing others to protect them from scary things - Forcing themselves to confront things that scare them

Shifting their attention away from things that scare them

True or false: Affection can be present even if there is sibling rivalry. - True - False

True

Which vocalizations linked to smiling are typically seen in a child less than 1 year old? Choose all correct answers. - Visual recognition smiling - Jeering laughter - Social smiling - Shrieking with laughter

Visual recognition smiling Social smiling Shrieking with laughter

By 12-15 months, infants will intentionally smile at an object and then gaze at the adult's face. This behavior is called - reflexive smiling. - participation smiling. - Moro reflex. - anticipatory smiling.

anticipatory smiling.

The Strange Situation is a procedure designed to assess ______ patterns between an infant and an adult. - collaborative - inhibition - attachment - mutual regulation

attachment

The development of an enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver is identified as - avoidance - acceptance. - attention. - attachment.

attachment.

Bowlby's internal working model of attachment - can be different when the baby interacts with various people. - deteriorates after the age of 24 months. - contributes to the child's isolation from others. - develops into seven more developmental stages that occur across the life span.

can be different when the baby interacts with various people.

A 6-month-old baby giggles when the mother puts a towel over her face, whereas a 10-month-old baby will laugh when trying to replace the towel back on her face. This is one way to note - behavioral changes. - internal changes. - cognitive development. - visual acuity.

cognitive development.

During the process of emotional development, - the sequence of events tends to vary widely, depending on the individual child. - new emotions develop in response to the child's experience with new situations. - complex emotions develop from simpler ones. - the child already has all emotions at birth, but they reveal themselves as time passes.

complex emotions develop from simpler ones.

An infant's most powerful means of communicating is through _____.

crying

According to Ainsworth's model, ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers. - ambivalent - attached - disorganized - secure

disorganized

Cody notices everyone is quiet at his grandmother's funeral. He responds with quiet behavior, demonstrating ______ to the people around him. - embarrassment - empathy - disbelief - fear

empathy

The more secure a child's attachment is to a nurturing adult, the more likely it is that the child will develop - a bond with the mother only. - good relationships with others. - poor relationships with others. - a bond with the father only.

good relationships with others.

When they encounter a new stimulus, about 20% of infants became too aroused, and usually they cry. These infants are considered to be - slow-to-warm-up. - low in behavioral inhibition. - high in behavioral inhibition. - extroverted.

high in behavioral inhibition.

Erikson's concept of trust versus mistrust is a developmental stage that occurs - in the first 18 months of life. - in the first 6 months of life. - in the first 3 years of life. - in the first year of life.

in the first 18 months of life.

Securely attached toddlers tend to demonstrate less fear than those who are ______ attached. - ambivalently - emotionally - incompetently - insecurely

insecurely

Regarding temperament, infants that stay calm and immediately show interest in new stimuli are considered to be - slow-to-warm-up. - introverted. - low in behavioral inhibition. - high in behavioral inhibition.

low in behavioral inhibition.

The ability of an infant and caregiver to respond appropriately and sensitively to each other's mental and emotional states is known as mutual - regulation. - deregulation. - acceptance. - agreement.

regulation.

A visual recognition smile is typically seen during the - sixth month. - first month. - second month. - fourth month.

second month.

The Strange Situation laboratory technique revealed that the most common pattern of attachment for North American babies is - avoidant. - resistant. - ambivalent. - secure.

secure.

Sibling conflicts can be a way of helping the child understand - that the older sibling is right. - survival of the fittest. - social relationships. - Darwin's theory of evolution.

social relationships.

The relatively consistent and predictable way that individual babies respond to their environment is known as - cognition. - gender role. - personality. - temperament.

temperament.

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations in which he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates - the notion of swaddling. - the slow-to-warm-up child. - self-soothing. - the concept of goodness of fit.

the concept of goodness of fit.

Children who are successfully socialized comply with rules because ______. - they believe them to be right and true - they feel threatened by their parents - they are afraid of getting in trouble - they have no other choice

they believe them to be right and true

Ainsworth identified ______ main patterns of attachment in her research using the Strange Situation. - four - two - three - five

three

In a pioneering study, researchers followed 133 infants into adulthood and gathered data on their temperament patterns. Researchers used data to place children into one of Blank______ temperament categories. - two - five - four - three

three

Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal ______ of attachment. - personal code - unbreakable bond - working model - blueprint

working model

Both guilt and shame are distinct emotions and are responses to - wrongdoing. - peers. - embarrassment. - parents.

wrongdoing.