PSYCH 200 - Exam 2

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) can be considered analogous to neuropsychology. Considering how scientists use them to answer questions abt the brain, why are they considered to be analogous?

Both methods involve establishing a casual relationship between a brain region and a particular behavior (i.e. the ability to do something

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair? 1) Truth - Lies 2) Justice - Grace 3) Cake - Mug 4) Mission - Love

Cake - Mug

High Typicality

Category member closely resembles category prototype, a "typical" member

Prototype approach to categorization

Membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to a prototype that represents the category

Is a prototype a member of the category?

No, it is an "average" representation of the category

During an experiment using the Sentence verification technique, participants are presented with 2 statements: "An apple is a fruit" and "A pomegranate is a fruit" Which statement would be responded to faster, and why?

"An apple is fruit", because it has a higher prototypically in the category of fruit compared to pomegranate

Concepts

"The mental representation of a class or individual"

Prototype

A "typical" member of the category

What is a typical member of a category?

A "typical" prototype is based on an average of members of a category that are commonly experienced

Monique is an interior design student. As apart of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using...

A depictive representation

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT 1) an equation 2) a statement 3) abstract symbols 4) a spatial layout

A spatial layout

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? 1) A turtle is an animal 2) turtles are turtles 3) a turtle is an amphibian 4) a turtle is related to fish

A turtle is an animal

Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack that feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization.

Definitional

How well do good and poor examples of a category compare to other items within the category?

Good examples of the category like sofa and chair when on the category of furniture, have a lot of similar characteristics. When they have a lot of overlap like these, family resemblance of these items is high

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated...

Imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

Participants were asked to imagine different things while laying in the fMRI scanner. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? 1) imagine a tic-tac-toe game from start to finish 2) imagine the meaning of the word "politics" 3) imagine your car from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it 4) imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate it's length in inches

Imagine the meaning of the word "politics"

Categories

Includes all possible examples of a particular concept

Conceptual Knowledge

Knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events and to make interferences about their properties

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog". Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be most likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal.

Looks like an "average" of German shepherd and a poodle

Priming

Occurs when presentation of one stimulus facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time

Sentence verification technique

Procedure that determines how rapidly people can answer questions about an objects category

Categorization

Process by which things are places into categories

What type of members in a category are more affected by priming?

Prototypical

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a conceptual knowledge system that distinguishes _________ from _________ .

Sensory attributes; function

When asked to list types of birds, which would be listed first? Sparrow or penguin? And why?

Sparrow, because prototypical objects are typically named first

Low Typicality

The category member does not closely resemble a typical member of the category

What are family resemblances?

The idea that things in a particular category resemble one another in a number of ways. Allows for variation within a category.

We know examples of a common type of bird, like a sparrow. However, Penguins and Owls are also birds. What is a variation like this within a category called?

Typicality