Psych 2000 Final

phenomenon of explaining other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces

Actor-observer bias

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age

Ageism

seeking to cause harm or pain to another person

Aggression

anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack

Agoraphobia

group majority influences an individual's judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate

Asch effect

evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative

Attitude

explanation for the behavior of other people

Attribution

a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time

Bullying

situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress

Bystander effect

logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness

Central route persuasion

psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception

Cognitive dissonance

culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community

Collectivist culture

type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships

Companionate love

person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design

Confederate

seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes

Confirmation bias

when individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group

Conformity

type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present

Consummate love

repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online

Cyberbullying

authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)

describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament

Dispositionism

capacity to understand another person's perspective—to feel what he or she feels

Empathy

persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item

Foot-in-the-door technique

tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation

Fundamental attribution error

strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group

Group polarization

group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus

Groupthink

tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar

Homophily

prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation

Homophobia

aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain

Hostile aggression

group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to

In-group

preference for our own group over other groups

In-group bias

culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy

Individualistic culture

conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information

Informational social influence

aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain

Instrumental aggression

internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament

Internal factor

conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group

Normative social influence

change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences

Obedience

group that we don't belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from us

Out-group

one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message

Peripheral route persuasion

process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication

Persuasion

negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group

Prejudice

voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people

Prosocial behavior

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race

Racism

give and take in relationships

Reciprocity

type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment

Romantic love

act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

Scapegoating

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

Script

sharing personal information in relationships

Self-disclosure

treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs

Self-fulfilling prophecy

tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes

Self-serving bias

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex

Sexism

describes a perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists

Situationism

humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Social exchange theory

improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behavior alone

Social facilitation

exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks

Social loafing

group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members

Social norm

field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation

Social psychology

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Social role

Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts

Stanford prison experiment

model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components

Triangular theory of love

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior. a. anxiety b. personality c. body dysmorphic d. obsessive-compulsive

a. anxiety

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________. a. mania b. rapid cycling c. body dysmorphia d. acute stress disorder

a. mania

What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives? a. negative b. absentee c. positive d. invisible

a. negative

When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________. a. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting b. set of instructions to be carried out c. written record of a person's history d. prescription for psychotropic medicine

a. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder. a. post-traumatic stress b. mood c. antisocial personality d. schizotypal personality

a. post-traumatic stress

characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior

anxiety disorder

childhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behavior

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

describes behaviors or feelings that deviate from the norm

atypical

childhood disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests

autism spectrum disorder

counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior

aversive conditioning

Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness. a. 35% b. 26% c. 15% d. 60%

b. 26%

Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder? a. pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks b. lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds c. instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood d. overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance

b. lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? a. cognitive therapy b. psychodynamic c. humanistic therapy d. behavior therapy

b. psychodynamic

Erikah has just arrived at the funeral of her friend's father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the ________ of how to behave in this particular situation. a. heuristic b. script c. social obedience d. dissonance

b. script

What is meant by the term etiology? a. the different symptoms of a given condition b. the cause of a disorder c. frequency with which a given illness occurs d. likely future path of an illness

b. the cause of a disorder

group of mood disorders in which mania is the defining feature

bipolar and related disorders

mood disorder characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

bipolar disorder

involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance

body dysmorphic disorder

instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as impulsivity; key features include intolerance of being alone and fear of abandonment, unstable relationships, unpredictable behavior and moods, and intense and inappropriate anger

borderline personality disorder

Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model? a. Ozzie treats his depression by exposing himself to a series of stressors so he can learn coping skills. b. Ozzie's doctor does not believe that mental illness has a biological basis c. Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died. d. Ozzie treats his manic episodes by using medication to induce depression.

c. Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior? a. Avery forgets to call his grandmother on Mother's Day. b. Jason is blackmailed by Brianna. c. Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries. d. Mateo's mother provides child support to Mateo's father because of a court order.

c. Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries.

Svetlana admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Svetlana loses all admiration for Helga. Svetlana thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this? a. jumping to conclusions b. collapsing boundaries c. all-or-nothing thinking d. overgeneralizations

c. all-or-nothing thinking

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts. a. personality b. phobia c. obsessive-compulsive d. anxiety

c. obsessive-compulsive

Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a/an ________. a. psychosis b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. phobia d. mood disorder

c. phobia

At the most basic level, schizophrenia is best conceptualized as a/an ____________ disorder. a. dissociative b. obsessive compulsive c. psychotic d. impulse control

c. psychotic

decreased reactivity to the environment; includes posturing and catatonic stupor

catatonic behavior

form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts lead to feelings of distress, with the aim of helping them change these irrational thoughts

cognitive therapy

form of psychotherapy that aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors

cognitive-behavioral therapy

individual who has two or more diagnoses, which often includes a substance abuse diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, such as depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia

comorbid disorder

co-occurrence of two disorders in the same individual

comorbidity

therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party, unless mandated or permitted by law

confidentiality

classical conditioning therapeutic technique in which a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior

counterconditioning

two people in an intimate relationship, such as husband and wife, who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them with therapy

couples therapy

therapist's understanding and attention to issues of race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

cultural competence

Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________. a. anti-anxiety agents b. mood stabilizers c. antipsychotics d. antidepressants

d. antidepressants

Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________. a. aggression b. stereotype c. prejudice d. discrimination

d. discrimination

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________. a. central attribution error b. central attitude shift c. fundamental attitude shift d. fundamental attribution error

d. fundamental attribution error

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion? a. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year b. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use c. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking d. getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

d. getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

belief that is contrary to reality and is firmly held, despite contradictory evidence

delusion

dissociative disorder in which people feel detached from the self (depersonalization), and the world feels artificial and unreal (derealization)

depersonalization/derealization disorder

one of a group of mood disorders in which depression is the defining feature

depressive disorder

determination of which disorder a set of symptoms represents

diagnosis

suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder (a diathesis) are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress; model of psychopathology

diathesis-stress model

disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says

disorganized thinking

highly unusual behaviors and movements (such as child-like behaviors), repeated and purposeless movements, and displaying odd facial expressions and gestures

disorganized/abnormal motor behavior

dissociative disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience

dissociative amnesia

group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes dissociated, or split off, from his or her core sense of self, resulting in disturbances in identity and memory

dissociative disorders

symptom of dissociative amnesia in which a person suddenly wanders away from one's home and experiences confusion about his or her identity

dissociative fugue

dissociative disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) in which a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged

dissociative identity disorder

theory of schizophrenia that proposes that an overabundance of dopamine or dopamine receptors is responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia

dopamine hypothesis

cause or causes of a psychological disorder

etiology

counterconditioning technique in which a therapist seeks to treat a client's fear or anxiety by presenting the feared object or situation with the idea that the person will eventually get used to it

exposure therapy

special form of group therapy consisting of one or more families

family therapy

psychological state lasting from a few seconds to several days, during which one relives a traumatic event and behaves as though the event were occurring at that moment

flashback

technique in psychoanalysis in which the patient says whatever comes to mind at the moment

free association

characterized by a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension

generalized anxiety disorder

characterized by beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important

grandiose delusion

treatment modality in which 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meet together with a trained clinician

group therapy

perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation, such as the auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) common to schizophrenia

hallucination

model of psychological disorders resulting from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function

harmful dysfunction

characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness

hoarding disorder

cognitive theory of depression proposing that a style of thinking that perceives negative life events as having stable and global causes leads to a sense of hopelessness and then to depression

hopelessness theory

therapeutic orientation aimed at helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves

humanistic therapy

treatment modality in which the client and clinician meet one-on-one

individual therapy

therapist's first meeting with the client in which the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs

intake

therapy that is mandated by the courts or other systems

involuntary treatment

area of the brainstem that contains norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the body's fight-or-flight response; has been implicated in panic disorder

locus coeruleus

commonly referred to as "depression" or "major depression," characterized by sadness or loss of pleasure in usual activities, as well other symptoms

major depressive disorder

state of extreme elation and agitation

mania

period in which an individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric mood, excessive talkativeness, irritability, increased activity levels, and other symptoms

manic episode

characterized by decreases and absences in certain normal behaviors, emotions, or drives, such as an expressionless face, lack of motivation to engage in activities, reduced speech, lack of social engagement, and inability to experience pleasure

negative symptom

one of the disorders that are first diagnosed in childhood and involve developmental problems in academic, intellectual, social functioning

neurodevelopmental disorder

therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings

nondirective therapy

group of overlapping disorders listed in the DSM-5 that involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors

obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

characterized by the tendency to experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges (obsession) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) in response to the unwanted thoughts and urges

obsessive-compulsive disorder

area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making

orbitofrontal cortex

period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly; symptoms of panic attacks are both physiological and psychological

panic attack

anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks

panic disorder

characterized by beliefs that others are out to harm them

paranoid delusion

subtype of depression that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth

peripartum onset

depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood

persistent depressive disorder

group of DSM-5 disorders characterized by an inflexible and pervasive personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture and causes distress and impairment; people with these disorders have a personality style that frequently brings them into conflict with others and disrupts their ability to develop and maintain social relationships

personality disorder

therapeutic process, often used with children, that employs toys to help them resolve psychological problems

play therapy

experiencing a profoundly traumatic event leads to a constellation of symptoms that include intrusive and distressing memories of the event, avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, negative emotional states, feelings of detachment from others, irritability, proneness toward outbursts, hypervigilance, and a tendency to startle easily; these symptoms must occur for at least one month

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

in schizophrenia, one of the early minor symptoms of psychosis

prodromal symptom

therapeutic orientation developed by Sigmund Freud that employs free association, dream analysis, and transference to uncover repressed feelings

psychoanalysis

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

psychological disorder

study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatment; manifestation of a psychological disorder

psychopathology

(also, psychodynamic psychotherapy) psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth

psychotherapy

form of cognitive-behavioral therapy

rational emotive therapy (RET)

repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse

relapse

in depression, tendency to repetitively and passively dwell on one's depressed symptoms, their meanings, and their consequences

rumination

mental and behavior acts designed to reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes; common in social anxiety disorder

safety behavior

severe disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior with symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, and negative symptoms

schizophrenia

subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year

seasonal pattern

characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which one could potentially be evaluated negatively by others

social anxiety disorder

belief that something highly unusual is happening to one's body or internal organs

somatic delusion

anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

specific phobia

therapist guides the therapy sessions and develops treatment plans for each family member for specific problems that can addressed in a short amount of time

strategic family therapy

therapist examines and discusses with the family the boundaries and structure of the family: who makes the rules, who sleeps in the bed with whom, how decisions are made, and what are the boundaries within the family

structural family therapy

thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt

suicidal ideation

controlled setting where individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with tokens (e.g., poker chip) that be exchanged for items or privileges

token economy

process in psychoanalysis in which the patient transfers all of the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient's other relationships to the psychoanalyst

transference

fundamental acceptance of a person regardless of what they say or do. Term associated with humanistic psychology

unconditional positive regard

one of the fluid-filled cavities within the brain

ventricle

uses a simulation rather than the actual feared object or situation to help people conquer their fears

virtual reality exposure therapy

therapy that a person chooses to attend in order to obtain relief from her symptoms

voluntary treatment

institution created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders

Asylum

negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group

Discrimination

authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the World Health Organization (WHO)

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

Just-world hypothesis

theory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into them

Justification of effort

non-directive form of humanistic psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes unconditional positive regard and self-acceptance

Rogerian (client-centered therapy)

specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics

Stereotype

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America? a. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders b. Determining Statistical Manifestation of Disorders c. Determinants of Social Mental Disorders d. Desperate Social and Mental Disorders

a. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

What is the main point of the quizmaster study? a. People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior. b. People will defend themselves by claiming situational influences changed their behavior. c. People will attack other people by claiming situational influences are making them behave badly. d. People will overlook obvious dispositional influences on their behavior.

a. People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

What is comorbidity? a. co-occurrence of two disorders b. mental disorder leading to death c. having two causes for a single disorder d. having two causes of death

a. co-occurrence of two disorders

Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? a. cognitive therapy b. psychodynamic psychotherapy c. non-directive therapy d. play therapy

a. cognitive therapy

A psychological disorder is a ________. a. condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors b. manifestation of a psychopathology c. condition characterized by normal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors d. situational, idiosyncratic, or unconventional inner feelings

a. condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________. a. generalized anxiety disorder b. free-floating anxiety disorder c. persistent depressive disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

a. generalized anxiety disorder

Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts and working toward achieving their potential. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using? a. humanistic therapy b. cognitive-behavioral therapy c. cognitive therapy d. free association

a. humanistic therapy

Which psychological disorder is characterized by psychosis and major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior? a. schizophrenia b. bipolar c. personality d. anxiety

a. schizophrenia

Janeka does poorly on her psychology exam, so she makes fun of her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________. a. the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother b. which dispositional factors led Janeka to do poorly on her exam c. the way Janeka's frustration with her mother led her to do poorly on her exam d. which situational factors led Janeka to do poorly on her exam

a. the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother

characterized by a lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

antisocial personality disorder

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy? a. Unconscious thoughts influence behavior. b. How you think determines how you feel and act. c. Behavior can be conditioned. d. Thoughts cannot be changed.

b. How you think determines how you feel and act.

How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis? a. In psychoanalysis, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while behavior therapy involves digging deeply into one's unconscious. b. In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging into one's unconscious. c. Psychoanalysis involves using free association to work through repressed desires, while behavior therapy focuses on how undesirable behaviors are predicted unconsciously, in our dreams. d. Behavior therapy involves free association and dream analysis, while psychoanalysis focuses on the use of classical conditioning to change patterns of thinking.

b. In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging into one's unconscious.

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________. a. Cacioppo b. Zimbardo c. Milgram d. Asch

b. Zimbardo

The symptoms of schizophrenia may be treated with which of the following forms of psychopharmacology? a. stimulants b. antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics c. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation d. antidepressants

b. antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics

Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, has trouble sitting still, and displays poor impulse control. The school psychologist suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for _____________. a. autism spectrum disorder b. attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder c. intellectual disability d. schizoid personality disorder

b. attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and showed it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality? a. antisocial personality disorder b. borderline personality disorder c. avoidant personality disorder d. schizotypal personality disorder

b. borderline personality disorder

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________. a. perceptive deception b. cognitive dissonance c. aggressive discord d. peripheral dissension

b. cognitive dissonance

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________. a. cognitive dissonance b. diffusion of responsibility c. prosocial behavior d. aggression

b. diffusion of responsibility

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a/an ________ bias. a. confirmation b. in-group c. scapegoating d. out-group

b. in-group

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________. a. an anxiety disorder who do not believe in traditional biomedical approaches b. severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy c. auditory hallucinations associated with schizophrenia d. ADHD who also suffer from anxiety

b. severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible cheaters and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group. a. social exchange b. stereotypes c. diffusion of responsibility d. cognitive dissonance

b. stereotypes

therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors

behavior therapy

treatment that involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders

biomedical therapy

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect. a. Cacioppo b. Zimbardo c. Asch d. Milgram

c. Asch

Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care? a. Patients often leave before their doctor releases them. b. Most patients aren't mentally ill; they are homeless and need short-term shelter. c. Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized. d. Modern treatments are extremely effective in a short amount of time.

c. Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.

Which kind of therapy involves employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors? a. humanistic b. cognitive c. behavioral d. play

c. behavioral

Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, only to later request a larger favor? Select one: a. Door-in-the-face b. central cognitive c. foot-in-the-door d. head-in-the-sand

c. foot-in-the-door

A particular benefit of ________ therapy is the possibility of decreasing a client's sense of shame and isolation about the problem they face, while also letting them offer support to others. a. humanistic b. individual c. group d. gestalt

c. group

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve. a. come-uppance b. equal status c. just-world d. equipotentiality

c. just-world

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment? a. students cannot be relied upon to act appropriately b. Racism can be explain by the realistic conflict theory c. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior d. students cannot be trusted in roles of authority

c. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder? a. Gemma is quick to anger and is incapable of dealing with a situation in which she is not the center of attention. b. Gemma is very impulsive, hyperactive, and has difficulty sustaining attention. c. Gemma is submissive and physically clings to the people around her. d. Gemma exhibits deficits in social interactions by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

d. Gemma exhibits deficits in social interactions by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In aversion therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it through extinction of the conditioned response. a. The phrase "or situation" should be eliminated. b. The word "problem" should be changed to the word "anger." c. The phrase "or anxiety" should be eliminated. d. The word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure."

d. The word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure."

Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization? a. You can't enjoy life if you are surrounded by things that induce anxiety. b. Some people are genetically predisposed to tension. c. Once you are conditioned to relax, you will never feel stress again. d. You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.

d. You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so? a. privilege b. discretion c. disclosure d. confidentiality

d. confidentiality

Aversive conditioning is a ________. a. therapeutic orientation that is useful for treating phobias b. form of psychotherapy that aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors c. classical conditioning therapeutic technique in which the client is exposed to fear-provoking situations d. counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulus with an undesirable behavior

d. counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulus with an undesirable behavior

The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events. a. supernatural b. Venn c. Szasz d. diathesis-stress

d. diathesis-stress

Which of the following strategies may effectively reduce prejudice between groups? a. keeping intergroup contact to a minimum b. assigning one group to supervise the other group in completing an assigned task c. having highly educated members of one group teach the children of the other group d. having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task

d. having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? a. cognitive-behavioral b. behavioral c. ECT d. play therapy

d. play therapy

________ have over 85% of the 1669 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas. a. schools b. nursing homes c. urban areas d. rural areas

d. rural areas

Who was Stanley Milgram? a. social psychology professor at Yale who designed an experiment to test what would happen to the lone dissenter in a group b. social psychology professor at Yale who designed a mock prison to test the power of social roles c. social psychology professor at Yale who tested the hypothesis that brainstorming was less productive than the individual creative process d. social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis

d. social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis

process of closing large asylums and integrating people back into the community where they can be treated locally

deinstitutionalization

technique in psychoanalysis in which patients recall their dreams and the psychoanalyst interprets them to reveal unconscious desires or struggles

dream analysis

type of biomedical therapy that involves using an electrical current to induce seizures in a person to help alleviate the effects of severe depression

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

one of a group of disorders characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions; the categories of mood disorders listed in the DSM-5 are bipolar and related disorders and depressive disorders

mood disorder

death caused by intentional, self-directed injurious behavior

suicide

humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping

Altruism

tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group

Diffusion of responsibility

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? a. cognitive-behavioral therapy b. classical conditioning c. aversion therapy d. humanistic

a. cognitive-behavioral therapy

A/an ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative. a. feeling b. cognition c. sense d. attitude

d. attitude

symptom of mania that involves an abruptly switching in conversation from one topic to another

flight of ideas

describes a force beyond scientific understanding

supernatural

form of exposure therapy used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders by exposing a person to the feared object or situation through a stimulus hierarchy

systematic desensitization