Psych 2000 Final
phenomenon of explaining other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces
Actor-observer bias
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age
Ageism
seeking to cause harm or pain to another person
Aggression
anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack
Agoraphobia
group majority influences an individual's judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate
Asch effect
evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative
Attitude
explanation for the behavior of other people
Attribution
a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time
Bullying
situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress
Bystander effect
logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness
Central route persuasion
psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception
Cognitive dissonance
culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community
Collectivist culture
type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships
Companionate love
person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design
Confederate
seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes
Confirmation bias
when individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group
Conformity
type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present
Consummate love
repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online
Cyberbullying
authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament
Dispositionism
capacity to understand another person's perspective—to feel what he or she feels
Empathy
persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item
Foot-in-the-door technique
tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation
Fundamental attribution error
strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group
Group polarization
group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus
Groupthink
tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar
Homophily
prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation
Homophobia
aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain
Hostile aggression
group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to
In-group
preference for our own group over other groups
In-group bias
culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy
Individualistic culture
conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information
Informational social influence
aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain
Instrumental aggression
internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament
Internal factor
conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group
Normative social influence
change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences
Obedience
group that we don't belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from us
Out-group
one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message
Peripheral route persuasion
process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication
Persuasion
negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group
Prejudice
voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people
Prosocial behavior
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race
Racism
give and take in relationships
Reciprocity
type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment
Romantic love
act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal
Scapegoating
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Script
sharing personal information in relationships
Self-disclosure
treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs
Self-fulfilling prophecy
tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes
Self-serving bias
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex
Sexism
describes a perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists
Situationism
humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Social exchange theory
improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behavior alone
Social facilitation
exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks
Social loafing
group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members
Social norm
field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation
Social psychology
socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
Social role
Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts
Stanford prison experiment
model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components
Triangular theory of love
________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior. a. anxiety b. personality c. body dysmorphic d. obsessive-compulsive
a. anxiety
Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________. a. mania b. rapid cycling c. body dysmorphia d. acute stress disorder
a. mania
What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives? a. negative b. absentee c. positive d. invisible
a. negative
When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________. a. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting b. set of instructions to be carried out c. written record of a person's history d. prescription for psychotropic medicine
a. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder. a. post-traumatic stress b. mood c. antisocial personality d. schizotypal personality
a. post-traumatic stress
characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior
anxiety disorder
childhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behavior
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
describes behaviors or feelings that deviate from the norm
atypical
childhood disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests
autism spectrum disorder
counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior
aversive conditioning
Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness. a. 35% b. 26% c. 15% d. 60%
b. 26%
Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder? a. pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks b. lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds c. instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood d. overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance
b. lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? a. cognitive therapy b. psychodynamic c. humanistic therapy d. behavior therapy
b. psychodynamic
Erikah has just arrived at the funeral of her friend's father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the ________ of how to behave in this particular situation. a. heuristic b. script c. social obedience d. dissonance
b. script
What is meant by the term etiology? a. the different symptoms of a given condition b. the cause of a disorder c. frequency with which a given illness occurs d. likely future path of an illness
b. the cause of a disorder
group of mood disorders in which mania is the defining feature
bipolar and related disorders
mood disorder characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
bipolar disorder
involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance
body dysmorphic disorder
instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as impulsivity; key features include intolerance of being alone and fear of abandonment, unstable relationships, unpredictable behavior and moods, and intense and inappropriate anger
borderline personality disorder
Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model? a. Ozzie treats his depression by exposing himself to a series of stressors so he can learn coping skills. b. Ozzie's doctor does not believe that mental illness has a biological basis c. Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died. d. Ozzie treats his manic episodes by using medication to induce depression.
c. Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.
Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior? a. Avery forgets to call his grandmother on Mother's Day. b. Jason is blackmailed by Brianna. c. Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries. d. Mateo's mother provides child support to Mateo's father because of a court order.
c. Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries.
Svetlana admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Svetlana loses all admiration for Helga. Svetlana thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this? a. jumping to conclusions b. collapsing boundaries c. all-or-nothing thinking d. overgeneralizations
c. all-or-nothing thinking
People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts. a. personality b. phobia c. obsessive-compulsive d. anxiety
c. obsessive-compulsive
Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a/an ________. a. psychosis b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. phobia d. mood disorder
c. phobia
At the most basic level, schizophrenia is best conceptualized as a/an ____________ disorder. a. dissociative b. obsessive compulsive c. psychotic d. impulse control
c. psychotic
decreased reactivity to the environment; includes posturing and catatonic stupor
catatonic behavior
form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts lead to feelings of distress, with the aim of helping them change these irrational thoughts
cognitive therapy
form of psychotherapy that aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors
cognitive-behavioral therapy
individual who has two or more diagnoses, which often includes a substance abuse diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, such as depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia
comorbid disorder
co-occurrence of two disorders in the same individual
comorbidity
therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party, unless mandated or permitted by law
confidentiality
classical conditioning therapeutic technique in which a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior
counterconditioning
two people in an intimate relationship, such as husband and wife, who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them with therapy
couples therapy
therapist's understanding and attention to issues of race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment
cultural competence
Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________. a. anti-anxiety agents b. mood stabilizers c. antipsychotics d. antidepressants
d. antidepressants
Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________. a. aggression b. stereotype c. prejudice d. discrimination
d. discrimination
Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________. a. central attribution error b. central attitude shift c. fundamental attitude shift d. fundamental attribution error
d. fundamental attribution error
Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion? a. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year b. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use c. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking d. getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
d. getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
belief that is contrary to reality and is firmly held, despite contradictory evidence
delusion
dissociative disorder in which people feel detached from the self (depersonalization), and the world feels artificial and unreal (derealization)
depersonalization/derealization disorder
one of a group of mood disorders in which depression is the defining feature
depressive disorder
determination of which disorder a set of symptoms represents
diagnosis
suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder (a diathesis) are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress; model of psychopathology
diathesis-stress model
disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says
disorganized thinking
highly unusual behaviors and movements (such as child-like behaviors), repeated and purposeless movements, and displaying odd facial expressions and gestures
disorganized/abnormal motor behavior
dissociative disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience
dissociative amnesia
group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes dissociated, or split off, from his or her core sense of self, resulting in disturbances in identity and memory
dissociative disorders
symptom of dissociative amnesia in which a person suddenly wanders away from one's home and experiences confusion about his or her identity
dissociative fugue
dissociative disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) in which a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged
dissociative identity disorder
theory of schizophrenia that proposes that an overabundance of dopamine or dopamine receptors is responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
dopamine hypothesis
cause or causes of a psychological disorder
etiology
counterconditioning technique in which a therapist seeks to treat a client's fear or anxiety by presenting the feared object or situation with the idea that the person will eventually get used to it
exposure therapy
special form of group therapy consisting of one or more families
family therapy
psychological state lasting from a few seconds to several days, during which one relives a traumatic event and behaves as though the event were occurring at that moment
flashback
technique in psychoanalysis in which the patient says whatever comes to mind at the moment
free association
characterized by a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
generalized anxiety disorder
characterized by beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important
grandiose delusion
treatment modality in which 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meet together with a trained clinician
group therapy
perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation, such as the auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) common to schizophrenia
hallucination
model of psychological disorders resulting from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function
harmful dysfunction
characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness
hoarding disorder
cognitive theory of depression proposing that a style of thinking that perceives negative life events as having stable and global causes leads to a sense of hopelessness and then to depression
hopelessness theory
therapeutic orientation aimed at helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves
humanistic therapy
treatment modality in which the client and clinician meet one-on-one
individual therapy
therapist's first meeting with the client in which the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs
intake
therapy that is mandated by the courts or other systems
involuntary treatment
area of the brainstem that contains norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the body's fight-or-flight response; has been implicated in panic disorder
locus coeruleus
commonly referred to as "depression" or "major depression," characterized by sadness or loss of pleasure in usual activities, as well other symptoms
major depressive disorder
state of extreme elation and agitation
mania
period in which an individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric mood, excessive talkativeness, irritability, increased activity levels, and other symptoms
manic episode
characterized by decreases and absences in certain normal behaviors, emotions, or drives, such as an expressionless face, lack of motivation to engage in activities, reduced speech, lack of social engagement, and inability to experience pleasure
negative symptom
one of the disorders that are first diagnosed in childhood and involve developmental problems in academic, intellectual, social functioning
neurodevelopmental disorder
therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings
nondirective therapy
group of overlapping disorders listed in the DSM-5 that involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors
obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
characterized by the tendency to experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges (obsession) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) in response to the unwanted thoughts and urges
obsessive-compulsive disorder
area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making
orbitofrontal cortex
period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly; symptoms of panic attacks are both physiological and psychological
panic attack
anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks
panic disorder
characterized by beliefs that others are out to harm them
paranoid delusion
subtype of depression that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth
peripartum onset
depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood
persistent depressive disorder
group of DSM-5 disorders characterized by an inflexible and pervasive personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture and causes distress and impairment; people with these disorders have a personality style that frequently brings them into conflict with others and disrupts their ability to develop and maintain social relationships
personality disorder
therapeutic process, often used with children, that employs toys to help them resolve psychological problems
play therapy
experiencing a profoundly traumatic event leads to a constellation of symptoms that include intrusive and distressing memories of the event, avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, negative emotional states, feelings of detachment from others, irritability, proneness toward outbursts, hypervigilance, and a tendency to startle easily; these symptoms must occur for at least one month
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
in schizophrenia, one of the early minor symptoms of psychosis
prodromal symptom
therapeutic orientation developed by Sigmund Freud that employs free association, dream analysis, and transference to uncover repressed feelings
psychoanalysis
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
psychological disorder
study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatment; manifestation of a psychological disorder
psychopathology
(also, psychodynamic psychotherapy) psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth
psychotherapy
form of cognitive-behavioral therapy
rational emotive therapy (RET)
repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse
relapse
in depression, tendency to repetitively and passively dwell on one's depressed symptoms, their meanings, and their consequences
rumination
mental and behavior acts designed to reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes; common in social anxiety disorder
safety behavior
severe disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior with symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, and negative symptoms
schizophrenia
subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year
seasonal pattern
characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which one could potentially be evaluated negatively by others
social anxiety disorder
belief that something highly unusual is happening to one's body or internal organs
somatic delusion
anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
specific phobia
therapist guides the therapy sessions and develops treatment plans for each family member for specific problems that can addressed in a short amount of time
strategic family therapy
therapist examines and discusses with the family the boundaries and structure of the family: who makes the rules, who sleeps in the bed with whom, how decisions are made, and what are the boundaries within the family
structural family therapy
thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt
suicidal ideation
controlled setting where individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with tokens (e.g., poker chip) that be exchanged for items or privileges
token economy
process in psychoanalysis in which the patient transfers all of the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient's other relationships to the psychoanalyst
transference
fundamental acceptance of a person regardless of what they say or do. Term associated with humanistic psychology
unconditional positive regard
one of the fluid-filled cavities within the brain
ventricle
uses a simulation rather than the actual feared object or situation to help people conquer their fears
virtual reality exposure therapy
therapy that a person chooses to attend in order to obtain relief from her symptoms
voluntary treatment
institution created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders
Asylum
negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group
Discrimination
authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the World Health Organization (WHO)
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve
Just-world hypothesis
theory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into them
Justification of effort
non-directive form of humanistic psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes unconditional positive regard and self-acceptance
Rogerian (client-centered therapy)
specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics
Stereotype
Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America? a. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders b. Determining Statistical Manifestation of Disorders c. Determinants of Social Mental Disorders d. Desperate Social and Mental Disorders
a. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
What is the main point of the quizmaster study? a. People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior. b. People will defend themselves by claiming situational influences changed their behavior. c. People will attack other people by claiming situational influences are making them behave badly. d. People will overlook obvious dispositional influences on their behavior.
a. People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.
What is comorbidity? a. co-occurrence of two disorders b. mental disorder leading to death c. having two causes for a single disorder d. having two causes of death
a. co-occurrence of two disorders
Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? a. cognitive therapy b. psychodynamic psychotherapy c. non-directive therapy d. play therapy
a. cognitive therapy
A psychological disorder is a ________. a. condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors b. manifestation of a psychopathology c. condition characterized by normal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors d. situational, idiosyncratic, or unconventional inner feelings
a. condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________. a. generalized anxiety disorder b. free-floating anxiety disorder c. persistent depressive disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
a. generalized anxiety disorder
Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts and working toward achieving their potential. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using? a. humanistic therapy b. cognitive-behavioral therapy c. cognitive therapy d. free association
a. humanistic therapy
Which psychological disorder is characterized by psychosis and major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior? a. schizophrenia b. bipolar c. personality d. anxiety
a. schizophrenia
Janeka does poorly on her psychology exam, so she makes fun of her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________. a. the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother b. which dispositional factors led Janeka to do poorly on her exam c. the way Janeka's frustration with her mother led her to do poorly on her exam d. which situational factors led Janeka to do poorly on her exam
a. the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother
characterized by a lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
antisocial personality disorder
Which principle underlies cognitive therapy? a. Unconscious thoughts influence behavior. b. How you think determines how you feel and act. c. Behavior can be conditioned. d. Thoughts cannot be changed.
b. How you think determines how you feel and act.
How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis? a. In psychoanalysis, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while behavior therapy involves digging deeply into one's unconscious. b. In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging into one's unconscious. c. Psychoanalysis involves using free association to work through repressed desires, while behavior therapy focuses on how undesirable behaviors are predicted unconsciously, in our dreams. d. Behavior therapy involves free association and dream analysis, while psychoanalysis focuses on the use of classical conditioning to change patterns of thinking.
b. In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging into one's unconscious.
The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________. a. Cacioppo b. Zimbardo c. Milgram d. Asch
b. Zimbardo
The symptoms of schizophrenia may be treated with which of the following forms of psychopharmacology? a. stimulants b. antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics c. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation d. antidepressants
b. antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics
Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, has trouble sitting still, and displays poor impulse control. The school psychologist suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for _____________. a. autism spectrum disorder b. attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder c. intellectual disability d. schizoid personality disorder
b. attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and showed it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality? a. antisocial personality disorder b. borderline personality disorder c. avoidant personality disorder d. schizotypal personality disorder
b. borderline personality disorder
Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________. a. perceptive deception b. cognitive dissonance c. aggressive discord d. peripheral dissension
b. cognitive dissonance
Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________. a. cognitive dissonance b. diffusion of responsibility c. prosocial behavior d. aggression
b. diffusion of responsibility
Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a/an ________ bias. a. confirmation b. in-group c. scapegoating d. out-group
b. in-group
Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________. a. an anxiety disorder who do not believe in traditional biomedical approaches b. severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy c. auditory hallucinations associated with schizophrenia d. ADHD who also suffer from anxiety
b. severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy
Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible cheaters and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group. a. social exchange b. stereotypes c. diffusion of responsibility d. cognitive dissonance
b. stereotypes
therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors
behavior therapy
treatment that involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
biomedical therapy
Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect. a. Cacioppo b. Zimbardo c. Asch d. Milgram
c. Asch
Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care? a. Patients often leave before their doctor releases them. b. Most patients aren't mentally ill; they are homeless and need short-term shelter. c. Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized. d. Modern treatments are extremely effective in a short amount of time.
c. Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.
Which kind of therapy involves employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors? a. humanistic b. cognitive c. behavioral d. play
c. behavioral
Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, only to later request a larger favor? Select one: a. Door-in-the-face b. central cognitive c. foot-in-the-door d. head-in-the-sand
c. foot-in-the-door
A particular benefit of ________ therapy is the possibility of decreasing a client's sense of shame and isolation about the problem they face, while also letting them offer support to others. a. humanistic b. individual c. group d. gestalt
c. group
The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve. a. come-uppance b. equal status c. just-world d. equipotentiality
c. just-world
What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment? a. students cannot be relied upon to act appropriately b. Racism can be explain by the realistic conflict theory c. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior d. students cannot be trusted in roles of authority
c. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder? a. Gemma is quick to anger and is incapable of dealing with a situation in which she is not the center of attention. b. Gemma is very impulsive, hyperactive, and has difficulty sustaining attention. c. Gemma is submissive and physically clings to the people around her. d. Gemma exhibits deficits in social interactions by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.
d. Gemma exhibits deficits in social interactions by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In aversion therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it through extinction of the conditioned response. a. The phrase "or situation" should be eliminated. b. The word "problem" should be changed to the word "anger." c. The phrase "or anxiety" should be eliminated. d. The word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure."
d. The word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure."
Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization? a. You can't enjoy life if you are surrounded by things that induce anxiety. b. Some people are genetically predisposed to tension. c. Once you are conditioned to relax, you will never feel stress again. d. You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.
d. You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.
Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so? a. privilege b. discretion c. disclosure d. confidentiality
d. confidentiality
Aversive conditioning is a ________. a. therapeutic orientation that is useful for treating phobias b. form of psychotherapy that aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors c. classical conditioning therapeutic technique in which the client is exposed to fear-provoking situations d. counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulus with an undesirable behavior
d. counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulus with an undesirable behavior
The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events. a. supernatural b. Venn c. Szasz d. diathesis-stress
d. diathesis-stress
Which of the following strategies may effectively reduce prejudice between groups? a. keeping intergroup contact to a minimum b. assigning one group to supervise the other group in completing an assigned task c. having highly educated members of one group teach the children of the other group d. having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task
d. having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task
Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? a. cognitive-behavioral b. behavioral c. ECT d. play therapy
d. play therapy
________ have over 85% of the 1669 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas. a. schools b. nursing homes c. urban areas d. rural areas
d. rural areas
Who was Stanley Milgram? a. social psychology professor at Yale who designed an experiment to test what would happen to the lone dissenter in a group b. social psychology professor at Yale who designed a mock prison to test the power of social roles c. social psychology professor at Yale who tested the hypothesis that brainstorming was less productive than the individual creative process d. social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis
d. social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis
process of closing large asylums and integrating people back into the community where they can be treated locally
deinstitutionalization
technique in psychoanalysis in which patients recall their dreams and the psychoanalyst interprets them to reveal unconscious desires or struggles
dream analysis
type of biomedical therapy that involves using an electrical current to induce seizures in a person to help alleviate the effects of severe depression
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
one of a group of disorders characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions; the categories of mood disorders listed in the DSM-5 are bipolar and related disorders and depressive disorders
mood disorder
death caused by intentional, self-directed injurious behavior
suicide
humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
Altruism
tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
Diffusion of responsibility
In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? a. cognitive-behavioral therapy b. classical conditioning c. aversion therapy d. humanistic
a. cognitive-behavioral therapy
A/an ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative. a. feeling b. cognition c. sense d. attitude
d. attitude
symptom of mania that involves an abruptly switching in conversation from one topic to another
flight of ideas
describes a force beyond scientific understanding
supernatural
form of exposure therapy used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders by exposing a person to the feared object or situation through a stimulus hierarchy
systematic desensitization