Psych 2070 Chapter 9 (social and emotional development)

Clear warning signs for suicide possibility

-Direct or indirect talk about committing suicide. -Making arrangements as if preparing for a long trip, including giving away of prized possessions. -writing a will -dramatic changes in behavior -preoccupation with a death included in music, art, and literature

Dimension of temperament where proportion of active time periods to inactive time periods.

Activity level

Suggest the successful agent occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, and social interactions with which they are involved during middle age. -when work is no longer possible replacement activities are found. -being involved in any activity just to remain active may not always contribute to happiness and satisfaction.

Activity theory

A sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and his or her mother.

Ainsworth strange situation (Mary Ainsworth)

How are the amygdala and hippocampus involved in emotional experience?

Amygdala is central to the experience of emotions; located in the brain's temporal lobe. Hippocampus involves storage of memories; part of the brain as well.

A situation in which one suicide leads to attempts by others to kill themselves.

Cluster suicide

Suggest that people simply need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem. -older adults experience positive emotions as frequently as younger individuals. -they become more skilled and emotion regulation. -good physical and mental health is important to determine an elderly person sense of well-being.

Continuity theory

The early 40s are a period of transition and crisis. Studied on 40 men and no woman, Livingston suggested adult men pass through a series of stages beginning with early adulthood at age 20 and continuing into middle adulthood. The theme of early adulthood is focused on leaving the family and entering the adult world.

Daniel Levinson's seasons of life theory

The period in late adulthood that marks a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels. -Retirement -People can become less constrained by social roles -People can become more reflective about their lives -People become more discerning about relationships, which can help them adjust to increasing frequency of serious illness and death among their peers.

Disengagement theory

Dimension of temperament, the degree to which stimuli in the environment alter behavior.

Distractibility

Theory is based on a very small sample of men. Later studied a group of women but still a very small sample. Overstate the consistency and generality of his findings.

Drawbacks of Levinson's theory

Three-year-olds have difficulty understanding and comprehending "belief." Preschoolers are shown a doll name Maxi who places chocolate in the cabinet then leaves. After Maxi is gone her mother moves the chocolate somewhere else. After viewing these events the preschooler believes that Maxi will look for the chocolate in the new location but 4 year olds correctly realize that Maxi will erroneous false belief that the chocolate is still in the cabinet and will look for it there.

False belief Task

The Father's bond, like the mother's seems to depend more on the development of synchrony than on contact immediately after birth. Dads touch, talk to, and cuddle their babies in the same ways that mothers do. After this initial bonding, a kind of specialization occurs where dad spend more time playing with the baby including roughhousing, but Mom spend more time caregiving, talking and smiling.

Father and attachment

The notion that development is dependent on the degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment, in which they are being raised.

Goodness of fit

The period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves. ~Erikson -adolescence explore roles, narrow choices, and find out who they really are. -adolescents who don't resolve this stage find a difficult to form and maintain close relationships

Identity versus identity confusion

A behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object that is observed. ~Konrad Lorenz

Imprinting

Infant's sociability

It rises with their age. For instance, at 9 to 12 months, they mutually present and except toys, particularly if they know each other. They also play social games like peekaboo or crawl and chase. These changes continue even into adulthood.

He viewed attachment is based primarily on infants' needs for safety and security; Genetically determined to avoid predators.

John Bowbly

Between ages 45 and 55, adults seek to extract the meaning of their lives and to "keep the meaning" by developing acceptance of strengths and weaknesses of others. ~George Vaillant

Keeping the meaning versus rigidity

people examine and evaluate their lives.

Life review

Dimension of temperament, the contrast of the amount of friendly, joyful, and pleasant behavior with unpleasant, unfriendly behavior.

Quality of mood

A psychological problem with extreme difficulty in forming attachments to others.

Reactive attachment disorder

Attachment is further increase by this process, which is when infant's behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers.

Reciprocal socialization

Dimension of temperament, the regularity of basic functions such as hunger, excreation, sleep, and wakefulness.

Rhythmicity (regularity)

Offered alternatives to Vaillant's Views. Suggested that adults pass through a series of 7 stages associated with specific age periods.

Roger Gould

Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represents consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual. Reflect it in several dimensions.

Temperament

In this experiment Harlow gathered baby monkeys and place them in a room with a wired monkey and a cloth monkey. The wired monkey supplied milk which was food for the baby monkey but the cloth monkey didn't. Harlow noticed that the baby monkeys were cleaned onto the cloth monkey most of the time and occasionally reached for milk from the wired monkey while still clinging onto the cloth monkey. Harry Harlow discovered "contact comfort" and that food alone is not the basis for attachment but comfort and security is!

The wire Mother experiment

Why have we seen such rapid increase in adolescent suicide over the past 30 years?

The reasons are unclear but the most obvious explanation is that adolescent stress has increased. Depression is a factor of stress in teenagers. Also social inhibition, perfectionism, and high levels of stress and anxiety can increase the risk.

Dimension of temperament, the intensity of stimulation need it to elicit a response.

Threshold of responsiveness

The period during infants developing a sense of trust or miss trust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers. ~Erikson -if infants develop trust, they experience a sense of hope that their future needs will be met. -mistress leads infants to see the world as harsh and unfriendly, and can have trouble forming bonds with others later.

Trust versus mistrust stage

babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations; when confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw

difficult babies

A style of attachment in which children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her; they may be the least securely attached children of all.

disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

The sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another

personality

The theory that those in old age must redefine themselves in ways that do not relate to their work roles or occupations. ~Robert Peck -there can be a difficult adjustment when people stop working -values must be adjusted to place less emphasis on achievements related to working or professionalism

redefinition of self versus preoccupation with work role

The caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person.

stranger anxiety

A style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers.

ambivalent attachment pattern

The positive emotional bond that develops between a child in a particular individual.

attachment

A style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother, after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns.

avoidant attachment pattern

Develop when anxiety occurs without external justification, and it impacts normal, every day functioning.

Anxiety disorders

Dimension of temperament as the response to a new person or object, based on whether the child excepts the new situation or withdraws from it.

Approach withdrawal

The period during which toddlers 18 months to 3 years old develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, OR shame and self doubt if they are restricted and protected. ~Erikson -parents who encourage exploration have children who feel safe within their boundaries -children who are overly protected feel unhappiness and shame as well as self-doubt

Autonomy versus shame and doubt stage

-A better understanding of one's past -Resolution of lingering problems -Essence of sharing and mutuality with others -May improve memory -Overall can provide continuity between past and present as well as increasing awareness of the contemporary world

Benefits of life review

The period people must learn to cope with or move beyond changes in physical capabilities as a result of aging. -if A person does not cope well, they become preoccupied with physical deterioration, to the detriment of their personality development

Body transcendence versus body preoccupation

Babies who have a positive disposition; their baby functions operate regularly and they are adaptable.

Easy babies

Erikson's final stage of life; characterized by a process of looking back over one's life, evaluating it and coming to terms with it. -people feel they have realized and fulfilled possibilities that have come their way or people feel dissatisfied with their lives and experience gloom, unhappiness, depression, anger, or the feeling that they have failed

Ego integrity versus despair stage

The period in which elderly people must come to grips with their coming death. -if they can see the contributions in society that they have made in their own lives, they will experience ego transcendence. -if not they may become preoccupied with asking whether their lives had value and worth to society.

Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation

The capability to adjust one's emotions to a desired state and level of intensity. Takes both cognitive and physical effort. Teens may try to change the way they think about something they have encountered, making it seem less bothersome. For example, an adolescent might try to convince himself that his girlfriends decision to break up is really a good thing because he didn't

Emotional self regulation

Where children genuinely experience the emotion of others. Because their cognitive abilities are growing, they are able to take the perspective of other children and understand how events are affecting them.

Empathy

The theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others and their own behavior.

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

How do infants is express sociability?

From the earliest months of life they smile, laugh, and vocalize while looking at their peers. They show more interest in peers then in inanimate objects and pay greater attention to other infants than they do to a mirror image of themselves. They also begin to show preferences for peers whom they are familiar with compared to those they don't know.

the stage during middle adulthood in which people consider their contributions to family and society. ~Erikson -guiding and encouraging future generations -involves seeking to leave a lasting contribution to the world -looking beyond oneself to the continuation of one's life through others -people focus on the triviality of their lives and feel that they have made only a limited contribution to the world, that their presence has counted for a little

Generativity versus stagnation stage

The period when ages 6 to 12 characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and other complexities of the modern world. ~Erikson -this stage involves not only gaining much knowledge on many skills but also making a niche for themselves in the social world -difficulties in this stage lead to feelings of failure and incapability, and children may withdraw from both academics and interactions with peers.

Industry versus inferiority stage

Period when age 3 to 6 experience conflict between independence of action and sometimes negative results of that action. ~Erikson -with parents help, children can learn to be independent and begin to shape the kind of person they will become by making good decisions. -parents who discourage children's efforts to be independent may induce in their children a sense of lifelong guilt.

Initiative versus guilt stage

The period of postadolescence into the early 30s that focuses on developing close relationships with others. ~Erikson -selflessness -sexuality; Focusing not just on one self's gratification but the partners as well -deep devotion; marked by efforts to fuse in one's identity with the identity of the partner -those who experience difficulties during this stage are often lonely and isolated and fearful of relationships with others -The failure may stem from an earlier failure to develop a strong identity -this theory was limited to only heterosexuals, and focused more on men's development than woman's.

Intimacy versus isolation stage

A full-blown psychological disorder, which is severe and lingers for long periods.

Major depression

Lead by midlife transition, is a stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite. -this is a painful period of questioning -facing signs of physical aging, men may also discover that even the accomplishments they are proudest of brought them less satisfaction than expected.

Midlife crisis

a period of reassessing goals, setting new ones, and preparing for the rest of life; a period in middle adulthood when a person's perspective on his or her life may change significantly. ~Levinson

Midlife transition

States that infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond accordingly

Mutual regulation model

-people may become obsessed with the past -make a psychological dysfunction

Negatives of life review

infants can interpret others' facial and vocal expressions that carry emotional meaning. Example infants can tell when a caregiver is happy to see them and pick up on worry or fear in the faces of others.

Nonverbal decoding

The non-verbal expression of emotion. Has lead researchers to conclude that we are born with the capacity to display basic emotions.

Nonverbal encoding

What does Erikson argue?

Personality is largely shaped by infants experiences with others. Changes occur throughout one's life in eight distinct stages, beginning in infancy.

Inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their environment; their moves are generally negative, and they withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly.

Slow to warm babies

The intentional search for information about others' feelings to help make sense of uncertain circumstances and events. Example if an infant is seeing kids play fighting and don't know what's going on they will turn to their mom to see that she is smiling and know that everything is OK based on the mom's expressions.

Social referencing

A baby's smile in response to another person, rather than non-human stimuli. Becomes directed more towards mothers and other caregivers by the age of 18 months.

Social smile

Levinson's final season. People enter late adulthood after passing through a transition stage that typically occurs around 60 to 65 years old. -During this transition, people begin to view themselves as entering late adulthood. -People struggle with being old and often must face illness and death of friends and loved ones. -People must struggle with their loss of power, respect, and authority. -Older people can serve as resources for younger people and be in a position to give advice. -Old age brings freedom to do things for fun and entertainment

The Winter Of Life

Are adolescent emotions more volatile than emotions at other stages of life?

This is a stereotype although does have some truth to it. Younger adolescents experience emotional highs and lows, often in rapid succession. In addition, as they enter adolescents, teenagers report they are less happy than in prior years.

A style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset. Often in the future these children tend to have good self-esteem, strong romantic relationships and the ability to self disclose to others.

secure attachment pattern

the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs

separation anxiety