Psych 21A Ch. 4 Review Questions

According to Smetana, adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as _____, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as _____. A. personal; conventional B. personal; moral C. conventional; personal D. moral; personal

A. personal; conventional

According to the textbook, approximately _____ of American children will experience their parents' divorce. A. 10% B. 50% C. 40% D. 60%

B. 50%

Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance? A. Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents. B.One recent study of Black families found that teenagers rated their mother's behavior far more negatively than did either the mother or the researcher. C. Several researchers have demonstrated that family relationships change during puberty, with bickering between adolescents and their parents increasing and closeness between adolescents and their parents diminishing. D. Research suggests that the distancing that takes place between parents and teenagers in early and middle adolescence is temporary

A. Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents.

Studies of immigrant families suggest that the least amount of conflict exists in households in which: A. adolescents and their parents communicate in their native language. B. adolescents and their parents communicate in English. C. adolescents use English to communicate with their parents, and the parents use their native language to communicate with their adolescents. D. parents have adjusted to living in the United States

A. adolescents and their parents communicate in their native language.

Optimal development during adolescence appears to be facilitated by the ________ style of parenting. A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. indulgent D. neglectful

A. authoritative

Denise's parents have both been laid off from work and are unable to pay the bills. Denise's parents are likely to do all of the following, except: A. become less nurturing toward Denise. B. begin using harsher and more inconsistent discipline than they had in the past. C. engage in drug and alcohol abuse. D. feel more depressed.

A. become less nurturing toward Denise.

Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge. A. disequilibrium B. equilibrium C. disinhibition D. guilt

A. disequilibrium

The _____ may act as a buffer for children growing up in single-parent households and plays an important role in the socialization of Black youth. A. extended family B. school guidance counselor C. involvement in religious activities D. peer group

A. extended family

According to research, _________ can be an effective way for enhancing the development of adolescents' reasoning abilities, moral judgment and empathy: A. family discussions in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained. B. giving adolescents free rein. C. helping adolescents better enforce rules for their younger siblings. D. restricting their activities so they avoid any mistakes.

A. family discussions in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained.

Which of the following is considered a shared environmental influence for siblings? A. family socioeconomic status B. differential treatment by parents C. peer relations D. school experiences

A. family socioeconomic status

Black adolescents are _____ likely to experience their parents' divorce and _____ likely to experience their remarriage. A. more; less B. more; more C. less; more D. less; less

A. more; less

Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _______ distant and _______ emotionally intense. A. more; less B. less; more C. more; more D. less; less

A. more; less

Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents? A. on how to wear his hair B. on the issue of capital punishment C. on the choice of religious preference D. on the value of a college education

A. on how to wear his hair

Felicia is very warm and accepting to both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are: A. responsive and demanding. B. demanding and submissive. C. lenient and indulgent. D. submissive and responsive.

A. responsive and demanding

The textbook states that _________ is the most critical influence on adolescents' adjustment. A. the quality of the parent-child relationships at home B. attending a good school C. financial security D. living in a safe neighborhood

A. the quality of the parent-child relationships at home

Which of the following statements is most true of minority families and parenting styles? A.Because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, parental control may actually be beneficial for these adolescents. B. The distinction between authoritative parenting's positive outcomes for adolescents and authoritarian parenting's negative outcomes holds true across all cultures and ethnic groups. C. Authoritarian parenting is most prevalent among White middle-class families. D. Authoritarian parenting styles are associated with an even greater number of adverse effects for ethnic minority adolescents, relative to their White adolescent counterparts.

A.Because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, parental control may actually be beneficial for these adolescents.

Which of the following statements about family conflict is true? A. Family problems are more likely to occur during adolescence than in other developmental periods. B. Among those teenagers and parents who report having problems, the great majority had problematic relationships during childhood. C. Adolescents frequently report declines in the quality of family interactions. D. A large percent of families who have positive relations during childhood develop serious problems during adolescence.

B. Among those teenagers and parents who report having problems, the great majority had problematic relationships during childhood.

Which child would be expected to have the most conflict with his parents? A. Lee, an 8-year-old B. Robert, a 13-year-old C. Anthony, a 17-year-old D. Edward, a 19-year-old

B. Robert, a 13-year-old

Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is false? A. Adolescents have an easier time adjusting to a stepfather if they have a good relationship with their biological father. B. Younger children have a harder time adjusting to stepfamilies than older adolescents. C. Adolescents growing up in stepfamilies have more problems than adolescents growing up in single-parent families. D. Girls show more difficulty in stepfamilies than boys.

B. Younger children have a harder time adjusting to stepfamilies than older adolescents.

Tammy's father has absolute standards and expects Tammy to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her, and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tammy. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. indulgent D. indifferent

B. authoritarian

Luis's family has lived below the poverty level his entire life. Research suggests that Luis is likely to experience all of the following, except: A. greater exposure than other adolescents to violence. B. greater family cohesiveness than other adolescents his age. C. greater alienation from school than other adolescents his age. D. higher levels of stress than other adolescents his age.

B. greater family cohesiveness than other adolescents his age.

According to Baumrind, children of indulgent parents tend to be: A. more involved in delinquent behavior. B. less mature and more conforming to their peers. C. more impulsive. D. less socially adept.

B. less mature and more conforming to their peers.

The popular notion of a "generation gap" has only been supported in differences between parents and children with regard to: A. values and attitudes. B. personal taste. C. mother-daughter relationships. D. father-son relationships.

B. personal taste.

Amalia is most likely to be adversely affected by her parents' divorce if: A. the conflict between her parents is covert. B. she blames herself for her parents' problems. C. her parents attempt to keep their relationship with her positive. D. her parents keep her out of their arguments.

B. she blames herself for her parents' problems.

The term given in the textbook that describes siblings who are deliberately trying to be different from each other is: A. differential treatment. B. sibling deidentification. C. sibling rivalry. D. sibling discrepancy

B. sibling deidentification.

Although Sarah's parents divorced seven years ago, the counselor at school attributes Sarah's poor school performance and delinquent behavior to the divorce. This counselor is probably referring to the: A. deferred effect of divorce. B. sleeper effect of divorce. C. generation gap between adolescents and parents. D. sluggish adjustment of adolescence.

B. sleeper effect of divorce.

The fact that most books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because: A. the stereotypes are usually based on facts. B. the more parents believe in the stereotypes, the worse their relationships with their teenagers become. C. most parents have no idea what to expect when their children reach adolescence. D.the more parents believe that they are going to have a difficult time with their adolescent, the less likely that the parents will create a self-fulfilling prophecy.

B. the more parents believe in the stereotypes, the worse their relationships with their teenagers become.

According to behavioral geneticists, siblings are actually quite different from each other. Which of the following has not been used to explain this difference? A. Siblings only share a portion of their genes. B. Siblings may experience their family environment very differently. C. Siblings go through the pubertal transition at different times. D. Siblings may have very different experiences outside the family.

C. Siblings go through the pubertal transition at different times.

Which of the following is not a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents? A.The quality of an adolescent's relationship with important adults in the adolescent's life is more important than the number of parents in the home. B. It is the process of going through a divorce, not the change in family structure, that most affects the adolescent's mental health. C. The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household. D. Some of the differences in the effects of divorce on adolescents are a result of genetic differences among individual adolescents.

C. The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household.

Jesse has just married a woman who has two adolescent daughters. These children will adjust best if Jesse establishes all of the following types of discipline, except: A. consistent. B. supportive. C. controlling. D. authoritative

C. controlling.

Changes requiring considerable adjustment for families with adolescents typically include all of the following, except: A. financial demands resulting from parents being part of the "sandwich generation." B. being the central setting for their adolescent's narrow social world. C. differing expectations about family obligations. D. adolescents' increasing assertiveness and influence in the family.

C. differing expectations about family obligations.

Ethnic differences in parenting practices suggest that: A. authoritative parenting is most likely to be used by White and Asian families. B.ethnic minority families are less likely than White families to use an authoritative parenting style because they are less educated than White parents. C. even though authoritative parenting is less commonly used by ethnic minority families, its effects on adolescent development are beneficial in all ethnic groups. D. authoritarian parenting has equally negative effects on adolescent development across all ethnic groups.

C. even though authoritative parenting is less commonly used by ethnic minority families, its effects on adolescent development are beneficial in all ethnic groups.

Max tells his friends that his mother is a "real marshmallow" who does whatever he wants and who never enforces the rules she tries to set. If Max's statement is true, his mother is best characterized as: A. authoritarian. B. nonresponsive. C. indulgent. D. demanding.

C. indulgent.

The identity crisis of adolescence may interact with the ________ in increasing family conflict. A. hormonal surges of puberty B. stage theorists' description of cognitive development C. intergenerational conflict with parents D. midlife crisis of adults

C. intergenerational conflict with parents

New technologies and social innovations have: A. transformed family life, and as a result, parents don't really make a difference. B. not transformed family life; however, these technologies have caused parental influence to be overshadowed by the peer group. C. not changed the fact that adolescents continue to need the love, support and guidance of adults who care about them. D. given teens a new way to rebel against their parents' moral preferences.

C. not changed the fact that adolescents continue to need the love, support and guidance of adults who care about them.

Jim and Stacey are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is: A. highly likely. B. average. C. not likely. D. not easily predicted

C. not likely.

Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of: A. occupational ambitions. B. educational goals. C. patterns of leisure activity. D. values.

C. patterns of leisure activity.

Which of the following is least likely to be affected by genetic factors? A. self-perception of scholastic competence B. aggression and antisocial behavior C. risk for suicide and depression D. intelligence

C. risk for suicide and depression

With regard to single-parent families in the United States: A. more of these families are the result of divorce than of the mother never having been married. B. only 5% of children in single-parent homes live with their fathers. C. the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent. D. of young people living in two-adult households, almost one-third of them live with only one of their biological parents.

C. the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent.

Which of the following statements about the way in which teenagers relate to mothers and fathers is false? A. Adolescents tend to be closer to their mother. B. Fathers are more likely to be perceived as distant authority figures. C. Adolescents fight more often with their mothers than their fathers. D. Adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers.

D. Adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers.

Why are children who have spent time in the foster care system more at risk for emotional and behavioral problems? A. The greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems among foster care children could be the product of the abuse or neglect that necessitated their removal from their biological parents' home. B. The greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems among foster care children could be because of the foster care placement itself. C.The greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems among foster care children could be because of the instability in living arrangements. D. All of the above are reasons that foster care children and adolescents may have more problems than other children and adolescents.

D. All of the above are reasons that foster care children and adolescents may have more problems than other children and adolescents.

Growing up, Jessica's parents had a lot of marital conflict. At times Jessica was even exposed to some domestic violence. Jessica is likely to develop which of the following problems? A. depression B. aggression C. delinquency D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Which of the following statements concerning sibling relationships is false? A. The quality of sibling relationships affects adolescents' peer relationships. B. The quality of sibling relationships affects the adolescents' general adjustment. C. Positive sibling relationships contribute to an adolescent's school competence and sociability. D. Siblings are likely to be closer in families under economic stress than in affluent families.

D. Siblings are likely to be closer in families under economic stress than in affluent families.

Which of the following statements regarding divorce in America is true? A. The divorce rate has been steadily rising since 1980. B. Black youth are more likely to experience their parents' remarriage than other adolescents. C. The rate of divorce is lower for second marriages than for first marriages. D. Social support from relatives has been found to buffer the effects of living in a single-parent household.

D. Social support from relatives has been found to buffer the effects of living in a single-parent household.

Which of the following scenarios would Amy, an older adolescent, be most likely to accept her parents' rules? A. whether it is permissible to cheat on a school test B. whether it is permissible to drink and drive C. whether she should let her parents know what time she'll be home after going out D. all of these situations are scenarios where Amy will feel that her parents' have a legitimate right to make (and enforce) rules.

D. all of these situations are scenarios where Amy will feel that her parents' have a legitimate right to make (and enforce) rules.

Through which of the following behaviors does an adolescent help shape authoritative parenting? A. by acting up to make their parents feel short-tempered, impatient, or distant B. by being aggressive, dependent, or psychosocially immature to elicit better parenting C. by providing parents with very little knowledge about their behavior or whereabouts, to encourage parental monitoring D. by displaying psychosocial maturity, leading parents to encourage further development of maturityThrough which of the following behaviors does an adolescent help shape authoritative parenting?

D. by displaying psychosocial maturity, leading parents to encourage further development of maturityThrough which of the following behaviors does an adolescent help shape authoritative parenting?

Research has indicated that one source of conflict between teenagers and parents is that they define issues very differently. This finding: A. has not been replicated in non-White groups. B. is not true for middle and lower class adolescents. C. has not been replicated internationally. D. has been replicated across many cultural and ethnic groups.

D. has been replicated across many cultural and ethnic groups.

After midlife, parents are more likely to think about the future in terms of: A. how much time they have been alive. B. how much time their children have been alive. C. how much time until their children die. D. how much time they have left to live themselves.

D. how much time they have left to live themselves.

Don's teacher is concerned about him because he is passive and indifferent to new experiences, and shows little intellectual curiosity. He also shows signs of developing low self-esteem. Based on Baumrind's classification of parenting styles, the best guess is that Don's parents are: A. authoritative. B. authoritarian. C. indulgent. D. indifferent.

D. indifferent.

Adults tend to be ______ when their children are adolescents than the past generation. A. younger B. less busy C. more conservative D. older

D. older

Sarah is an excellent writer, but her younger sister Jane has always hated writing classes and instead has focused on developing gymnastic abilities. Sarah readily expresses disdain for gymnastics, so the girls feel that they are different enough to avoid direct competition. One explanation for this type of sibling behavior is called: A. family decision making. B. family contextual transformations. C. sibling rivalry. D. sibling deidentification.

D. sibling deidentification.