Metabolism & Nutrition (EXAM 2)
A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is
pyridoxine (B6)
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
the mitochondria
Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed
thermoregulation
Of the 20 amino acids, ________ are essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children.
9
Lipogenesis generally begins with
Acetyl CoA
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin
D
________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
A balanced diet would include all of the following, except
enough calories to produce 100 million trillion ATPs
Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called
essential fatty acids
It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. Your increased hunger is the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream.
ghrelin
The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrates is called
gluconeogenesis
Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.
glucose
All of the following are reasons why glucose is the primary energy source for cells except
glycogen breakdown occurs very slowly
A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as
hypervitaminosis
At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole. You're very satisfied with your meal-it's a lot of food-and as you finish off the last of the chips, the satiety center in your ________ starts letting you know that you've had enough to eat now.
hypothalamus
The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the
hypothalamus
A(n) ________ is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids.
incomplete protein
All of these are responses or processes controlled by the heat-gain center except
increased respiration depth
Water from the alveolar surfaces of the lungs and from the skin surface is lost in what mechanism of heat balance?
insensible perspiration
All of the following is true of the electron transport system except
is found on the outer mitochondrial membrane
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin
k
All of the following take place during the absorptive state except
ketone bodies begin to form
The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of
kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal)
The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue.
leptin
When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.
postabsorptive
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into what?
pyruvate
A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as
gout
Resting energy expenditure is most directly determined by monitoring
respiration
The vitamin that is part of coenzymes in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is
riboflavin
In the process of digestion, most nutrient absorption takes place in the
small intestine
Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.
20
Of all the energy released in catabolism, about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues.
60
________ is an unhealthy state resulting from inadequate intake of one or more nutrients that becomes life-threatening as the deficiencies accumulate.
Malnutrition
________ Creates 90 percent of the ATP normally generated.
Oxidative phosphorylation
________ creates 90 percent of the ATP normally generated.
Oxidative phosphorylation
In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.
a coenzyme or a cytochrome
What is a nutrient pool?
an accessible source of substrates for a cell
The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called
basal metabolic rate
The citric acid cycle
begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid
The process that catalyzes fatty acids using enzymes that generate acetyl-CoA is called
beta-oxidation
The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the
chylomicrons
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
citric acid cycle
A(n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids.
complete protein
Cells do not synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons?
creation of essential amino acids
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are
lipids
Urea is formed in the
liver
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
metabolism
In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the
movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
How are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract eventually transported out of the digestive system?
through the hepatic portal vein
In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid.
transferred to another molecule
During lipolysis,
triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids