Metabolism & Nutrition (EXAM 2)

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

pyridoxine (B6)

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

the mitochondria

Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed

thermoregulation

Of the 20 amino acids, ________ are essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children.

9

Lipogenesis generally begins with

Acetyl CoA

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin

D

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

A balanced diet would include all of the following, except

enough calories to produce 100 million trillion ATPs

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called

essential fatty acids

It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. Your increased hunger is the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream.

ghrelin

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrates is called

gluconeogenesis

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.

glucose

All of the following are reasons why glucose is the primary energy source for cells except

glycogen breakdown occurs very slowly

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as

hypervitaminosis

At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole. You're very satisfied with your meal-it's a lot of food-and as you finish off the last of the chips, the satiety center in your ________ starts letting you know that you've had enough to eat now.

hypothalamus

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the

hypothalamus

A(n) ________ is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids.

incomplete protein

All of these are responses or processes controlled by the heat-gain center except

increased respiration depth

Water from the alveolar surfaces of the lungs and from the skin surface is lost in what mechanism of heat balance?

insensible perspiration

All of the following is true of the electron transport system except

is found on the outer mitochondrial membrane

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin

k

All of the following take place during the absorptive state except

ketone bodies begin to form

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of

kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal)

The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue.

leptin

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.

postabsorptive

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into what?

pyruvate

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

gout

Resting energy expenditure is most directly determined by monitoring

respiration

The vitamin that is part of coenzymes in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is

riboflavin

In the process of digestion, most nutrient absorption takes place in the

small intestine

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

20

Of all the energy released in catabolism, about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues.

60

________ is an unhealthy state resulting from inadequate intake of one or more nutrients that becomes life-threatening as the deficiencies accumulate.

Malnutrition

________ Creates 90 percent of the ATP normally generated.

Oxidative phosphorylation

________ creates 90 percent of the ATP normally generated.

Oxidative phosphorylation

In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.

a coenzyme or a cytochrome

What is a nutrient pool?

an accessible source of substrates for a cell

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called

basal metabolic rate

The citric acid cycle

begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid

The process that catalyzes fatty acids using enzymes that generate acetyl-CoA is called

beta-oxidation

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the

chylomicrons

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

citric acid cycle

A(n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids.

complete protein

Cells do not synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons?

creation of essential amino acids

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

lipids

Urea is formed in the

liver

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

metabolism

In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the

movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

How are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract eventually transported out of the digestive system?

through the hepatic portal vein

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid.

transferred to another molecule

During lipolysis,

triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids