Psych 222 Test 1 Flash Cards

If an air puff US is delivered to an untrained rabbit, what happens in the cerebellum?

There is no activity in the interpositus nucleus, but there is a UR to the air puff.

A sensory prosthesis is

a mechanical device containing sensory detectors that interface with appropriate sensory areas of the brain.

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus in René Descartes's reflex arc?

a person being tapped on the shoulder

Lightning is usually followed by thunder. Eventually we can be startled just by the lightning alone. What is the unconditioned response?

being startled by thunder

René Descartes:

believed in dualism.

When the eyeblink reflex is conditioned using a tone, what is the conditioned response?

blinking in response to the tone

Suppose we condition a rabbit to give an eyeblink response to a tone. If we then present both a tone and a light together followed by a puff of air to eyes, the rabbit will not blink in response to the light. This demonstrates:

blocking.

Neurons in the sensory cortices:

can be retuned in adults.

Habituation to a stimulus:

can carry risks.

The idea that rats have a cognitive map of a maze is supported by the finding that rats:

can navigate the maze even if they start from a novel position.

If a pigeon is being trained to peck at a disc for a food reward, which of the following delays between pecking and receiving the reward will lead to the fastest learning?

0 seconds

The textbook describes a study in which blue jays were quicker and more accurate at detecting a particular species of moth if they had recently detected other members of that species. This result demonstrates:

priming.

It is believed that the mechanisms of habituation documented in aplysia occur in other species because:

repeated stimulation of sensory neurons in other species causes a reduction in neurotransmitter release.

Sensitization:

requires fewer exposures than are necessary for habituation.

The matching law of choice behavior states that, given two responses that are reinforced on different VI schedules, an organism will:

respond in order to approximately match the relative rate of reinforcement for each response.

If you wanted to use shaping to train your new puppy to come when you call her name, you would call her name and then:

reward her first when she looks at you, then for turning towards you, and then for taking a few steps in your direction.

Discriminative stimuli are:

stimuli that signal whether a particular response will lead to a particular outcome.

In aplysia:

the neural connections involved in the gill-withdrawal reflex have been well mapped out.

When the eyeblink reflex is conditioned using a tone, the puff of air is the:

unconditioned stimulus.

People with long-term addictions to cocaine or amphetamine:

do not receive the same "high" that they did in the early stages of addiction.

After a rabbit has been trained with eyeblink conditioning, which of the following is observed when the CS is presented?

ecreased neural activity in Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex

Barry was in a car accident in which he was not wearing a seatbelt. He was not injured, and now, based on this experience, he believes that seatbelts are unnecessary. Barry exhibits the views of:

empiricism.

The view that all the ideas we have are the result of experience is called:

empiricism.

Eugenics is a program for:

encouraging procreation only among the most fit members of society.

In the brain, what are the naturally occurring substances that have effects similar to those of opiate drugs such as heroin and morphine?

endogenous opioids

Skinner's method of studying learning is known as a:

free-operant paradigm.

After a pigeon learns to peck at a green light, the pigeon also pecks at a light that is a slightly different shade of green. This is an example of:

generalization.

The Milwaukee police noticed a putrid smell in Jeffrey Dahmer's apartment. But because they had experienced many smelly apartments in the past, they did not investigate the source of the smell. This is an example of:

habituation.

In which type of learning do organisms learn to respond in order to obtain or avoid important consequences?

instrumental (operant. conditioning)

Removing the ______ abolishes conditioned responses.

interpositus nucleus

The final exit point of CR information from the cerebellum is/are the:

interpositus nucleus.

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, if a novel CS is followed by an unexpected US, the prediction error:

is positive.

Charles Darwin observed that finches on different islands had different types of beaks that were most suited to coping with the environment of their particular island. From this insight, he concluded that:

life on earth is evolving.

Classical conditioning in aplysia appears to involve:

long-term changes in the number of synapses, and short-term intracellular changes.

According to comparator models, habituation occurs because:

orienting responses are suppressed when stimuli are well-represented.

Research has shown that in the cortexes of opossums blinded at birth:

within the visual area, some neurons responded to auditory or somatosensory stimuli.

The unconditioned response occurs:

without any training or conditioning.

Which of the following is true about shaping?

.It is a difficult and time-consuming process.

Imagine we train an animal to associate a compound light + tone stimulus with a shock. After the animal is fully trained, we present just the tone by itself. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, WTONE should be about ______ at the end of the training.

50

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, an associative weight of 50 would indicate that the CS predicts the US ______ of the time.

50%

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, if the associative weight for CS1 is 20 and the associative weight for CS2 is 30, then the expectation of the US is:

50.

Suppose you are trying to learn a list of words. It takes you eight minutes to learn the list the first time you try. You return the next day and study the list again, and find that it takes you only two minutes. How much of a time savings has occurred?

75%

Which of the following demonstrates operant rather than classical conditioning?

A car salesperson receives a bonus for doing a good job at work. Afterwards, she continues to work hard at selling cars.

Which of the following demonstrates the free-operant paradigm?

A rat in a Skinner box can press a bar at any time to receive food.

Which of the following results suggests that the hippocampus is critical for CS modulation effects?

Hippocampal lesions eliminate latent inhibition in rabbit eyeblink conditioning.

Suppose a child grows up hearing his parents making derogatory comments about African Americans, and eventually the child comes to have negative feelings about African Americans. What is the conditioned stimulus?

African Americans

When a conditioned compensatory response occurs, the:

CR is the opposite of the UR.

A regular drug user can have an elevated reaction to his usual drug if he takes that drug in a new environment. In this example, the familiar environment in which the drug is normally taken is a:

CS.

Which of the following researchers is considered a behaviorist?

Clark Hull

Who proposed connectionist models of the mind?

David Rumelhart

Behavior reeks of purpose" was the maxim of:

Edward Tolman

Suppose you encounter construction while driving home. You cannot take your normal route, but have no trouble in determining an alternate route that will get you home. This ability is MOST like the behavior of animals in which researcher's studies?

Edward Tolman

Who believed that rats were forming a "cognitive map" when they learned to navigate through a maze?

Edward Tolman

If you believe that people's abilities are inherited, you agree with the ideas of:

Francis Galton.

Who adapted information theory to psychology?

George Miller

Which of the following people believed that human ability is due to a combination of both nature and nurture?

Gottfried Leibniz

Learning that involves strengthening connections between neurons is called _______ learning.

Hebbian

In what way does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

In classical conditioning, the consequence arrives regardless of the animal's behavior, while in operant conditioning it only arrives once the animal has made a response.

What accounts for the sensitization of the gill-withdrawal reflex in aplysia?

Interneurons release serotonin, which increases the number of vesicles available to release glutamate from the sensory neuron.

Which of the following is true regarding the use of constraint-induced movement therapy to treat learned non-use?

It exploits mechanisms of cortical plasticity.

Which of the following is true regarding the Rescorla-Wagner model?

It provides a good account of learning in the cerebellum but not in the hippocampus.

Which of the following is true about punishment?

Its effects can be counteracted if the punished behavior is simultaneously being reinforced.

The person who developed the form of learning known as classical conditioning is

Ivan Pavlov.

Who was the founder of behaviorism?

John B. Watson

Jenny has three children. She believes that as long as she treats them exactly the same, they will all grow up to have the same personality and intelligence level. Jenny's idea resembles that of which philosopher?

John Locke

Who believed that children are born a "blank slate?"

John Locke

Which of the following is true regarding the orbitofrontal cortex?

Pleasant and aversive outcomes may be coded in different regions of the orbitofrontal cortex.

____ exposure produces the fastest habituation, and ____ exposure produces the longest-lasting habituation.

Massed; spaced

Which of the following demonstrates perceptual learning?

Professional wine tasters can easily distinguish between subtly different wines.

In mammals, the two sites where information about the CS-US association can be stored in the cerebellum are the _____ and the _____.

Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex; interpositus nucleus

What was Gordon Bower's concern regarding reporting average learning curves for a large group of people?

The average fails to distinguish between slow and quick learners.

Suppose a baby is presented repeatedly with the color yellow. Which of the following would demonstrate that habituation is stimulus specific in this case?

The baby's orienting response to yellow decreases, and then the baby responds vigorously to the color red.

In what way is classical conditioning different from sensitization in aplysia?

The siphon-withdrawal response is larger following classical conditioning than it is after sensitization training.

Suppose a student is trained to press the "A" key when a high-pitched tone is played and the "B" key when a low-pitched tone is played. Even after hundreds of trials of training, the student will probably still occasionally press the wrong button. How can this be explained by stimulus sampling theory?

The tone activates a subset of elements that are not yet linked to the correct key.

While most bacteria are eliminated by antibiotics, some can possess mutations that are resistant to antibiotics, leading to more drug-resistant strains of bacteria. Such a mutation is an example of which of Charles Darwin's proposed criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection?

The trait must make the individual more fit to survive.

Which of the following is true?

Today people who study learning and memory consider themselves to be scientists.

If sensitization of the gill-withdrawal reflex is heterosynaptic, which of the following would occur?

Touching the mantle will cause a gill-withdrawal response.

Suppose we habituate the gill-withdrawal reflex in aplysia by repeatedly touching the siphon. If the habituation is homosynaptic, which of the following would occur?

Touching the tail will cause a gill-withdrawal response.

The Rescorla-Wagner model is a(n) ________ theory of learning.

US modulation

Which of the following is an example of habituation?

When you first enter a bakery, you notice all of the wonderful smells, but after a few minutes you don't notice them anymore.

Which of the following was a proponent of associationism?

William James

In aplysia, touching the siphon over and over again results in:

a weaker gill-withdrawal reflex.

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral addiction?

addiction to exercise

Negative punishment involves:

adding an outcome to increase a behavior.

Parents who decide to use punishment on a misbehaving child should:

also reinforce good behavior

John Watson's studies of rats running through mazes demonstrated that rats had learned to use_____ to navigate.

an automatic set of motor habits

An infant turning her head to look at a novel pattern is an example of

an orienting response.

The specifics of Clark Hull's equations for learning:

are not considered relevant today.

Patients with damage to the cerebellum:

are slower to learn a CR.

Gary attended a party and bumped into a friend he had not seen in years. Seeing the friend immediately triggered memories of things they had done together. Which idea about memory does this example demonstrate?

associationism

The distancing approach to fighting an addiction involves:

avoiding the stimulus that triggers the unwanted response.

Which of the following demonstrates use of a token economy to encourage good behavior in school children?

awarding children points for good behavior, which they can exchange at the end of the day for small toys

Bouton's work suggests that cue-exposure therapy should:

be spread out over time.

Rats that are given a dopamine antagonist will:

choose rat chow that is freely available over sugar pellets that they must work for.

Which model proposes that the brain forms a representation of a stimulus, compares this with a memory representation, and makes an orienting response if there is no match?

comparator theory

The conditioned stimulus elicits the:

conditioned response.

A child is given a gold star every time she gets an "A" on a test. This is an example of:

continuous reinforcement.

The capacity for cortical receptive fields and cortical spatial organization to change as a result of experience is called:

cortical plasticity.

John Watson's research was

criticized for its cruelty to animals.

Suppose a child in the hospital gets injections from the nurses, and the child eventually learns to cry as soon as a nurse walks into her room. What is the conditioned response?

crying when the nurse comes in

Suppose a rat has been conditioned by presenting a loud buzzing sound followed by shock. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if we then present several trials of the buzzing sound alone, without any shock, the association between the buzzing sound and the shock will:

decrease.

The main difference between reinforcement and punishment is that punishment:

decreases a behavior, while reinforcement increases a behavior.

Training an individual to respond differently to different stimuli is known as:

discrimination training.

If you are feeling bored with your romantic partner, which of the following would be expected to improve your feelings by bringing about dishabituation?

doing something new and exciting together

Habituation and sensitization in aplysia are explained well by which theory?

dual-process theory

Which model suggests that both sensitization and habituation occur in response to every stimulus presentation, and it is the summed combination of these two independent processes that determines the strength of responding?

dual-process theory

Suppose your roommate has gotten into the bad habit of talking to you whenever you are trying to study. You decide to ignore her whenever she does this. This is an example of:

extinction

When a previously acquired association is diminished through repeated presentation of the CS in the absence of the US, it is known as:

extinction

A post-reinforcement pause is seen when ________ schedules of reinforcement are used.

fixed-interval and fixed-ratio

A hotel maid is allowed to take a 15-minute break every time she cleans three rooms. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

Suppose you are trying to save for a new television, but your friends are pressuring you to go out with them tonight to the new club in town. You are MOST likely to stay home and save your money if you:

have arranged for your paycheck to be automatically deposited into a savings account.

If you have just finished eating your favorite meal, then that meal will probably have ___ hedonic value and ___ motivational value.

high; low

That Ebbinghaus served as his own participant was problematic because:

his expectations might have influenced the results.

The difference between whether an animal expects the US and whether the US actually occurs is known as:

homeostasis.

Hedonic value refers to ________ , while motivational value refers to_________.

how much we like a reinforcer; how much we want a reinforcer

Suppose we classically condition a rat by pairing a tone with shock. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if the learning rate () is 0.1, as the number of trials increases, WLIGHT will:

increase

Increasing dopamine appears to:

increase how much we want something but not how much we like it.

Cocaine and amphetamine work by:

increasing the amount of dopamine available.

In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory, the length of delay between learning and relearning was the:

independent variable.

Suppose you are a person who never buys eggs because you don't like them. One weekend you have guests that love eggs, and so you decide to buy some at the store. Even though you've never bought eggs at this store, you know exactly where they are in the store from all of the times you have shopped there before. The fact that you learned where the eggs are during those past trips is an example of

latent learning

Cochlear implants:

lead to reorganization of the auditory cortex in cats.

Hermann Ebbinghaus measured forgetting by:

measuring how long it took to relearn a previously learned list.

Neurons that respond to inputs from more than one sensory modality are known as

multimodal

Megan has decided to drop out of her English class because she feels that no matter how hard she works, she is just not capable of learning the material. Megan exhibits the views of

nativism.

Suppose two moths are colored such that they blend in with the trees in the forest where they live. If one moth's coloring blends in much better than the other's, that moth will have less chance of being eaten by predators, and will therefore be more likely to reproduce, thus passing its beneficial coloring on to its offspring. This is an example of

natural selection.

After working for $15 an hour, Sally's pay was cut to $8 an hour. She stopped working so hard, working much less than her coworkers, who had been earning $8 an hour all along. This is an example of:

negative contrast.

Drug addicts continue taking drugs in part to avoid the unpleasant effects of withdrawal. In this case, the behavior of taking drugs is being:

negatively reinforced.

In a double-blind experimental design:

neither the participant nor the experimenter knows the hypothesis being tested

A pigeon is given a choice between pecking an upper key on a VI 2' schedule and pecking a lower key on a VI 4' schedule. According to the matching law of choice behavior, the pigeon should:

peck the upper key twice as frequently as the lower key.

Learning in which repeated experience with a set of stimuli makes those stimuli easier to distinguish is known as:

perceptual learning.

The ability of rats to learn spatial layout declines when:

place fields are prevented from shrinking.

Under which condition would we expect the skin conductance response to reveal sensitization?

playing a loud noise right before a neutral musical tone

Children may misbehave in order to get the attention that is associated with being punished. In this example, the attention serves as ______ for misbehavior.

positive reinforcement

For humans performing a category learning task, Gluck and Bower's neural network model can:

predict how often a particular categorization will be made.

The incentive salience hypothesis of extinction mimicry says that dopamine:

provides organisms with the motivation to work for reinforcement.

Extinction mimicry occurs when:

rats are given drugs that block dopamine transmission.

A rat with a dorsal striatum lesion would have trouble learning to:

rear up on its hind legs to receive food when a red light comes on.

Rats with hippocampal damage are impaired in the ability to

recognize objects if the context and position of the objects are integrated.

In studies of rats learning to find their way through a maze, Tolman & Honzik found that: rats that were:

rewarded every day learned the maze as well as rats who started receiving rewards on the 11th day.

If the CREB-1 gene is inactivated:

short-lasting associative learning is normal.

If a person learns a task by insight, we expect performance to

show a sudden jump on one particular trial and remain high thereafter.

Susan's daughter was constantly calling "Mommy" throughout the day, until Susan eventually barely noticed her daughter's calls. The next day, when Susan's daughter called "Mommy" for the first time, Susan did hear her. This is an example of:

spontaneous recovery.

According to dual-process theory, repeated exposure to a soft tone will lead to a:

stronger habituation response than sensitization response.

If we block dopamine in an amphetamine user, we would expect that it would:

suppress cravings for the drug.

Sensitization is demonstrated in aplysia when, after shocking the:

tail, touching the siphon causes a strengthened gill-withdrawal reflex.

Classical conditioning involves learning:

that one stimulus predicts an important event.

The phenomenon of blocking demonstrates that:

the CS must provide nonredundant information.

Which of the following would be the MOST difficult to habituate to?

the accent of a foreign friend whom you have known for many years

Jeff's dog salivates when he goes to the cupboard to get a dog biscuit. What is the unconditioned stimulus?

the dog biscuit

In Siegel et al.'s study of heroin tolerance in rats, which group experienced the lowest mortality rate when given a large dose of heroin?

the group that received the large dose in the same environment as the group that had received smaller doses

When Gluck and Bower applied their neural network model of learning to study how humans learn to form categories, they treated:

the input nodes as CSs and the output nodes as USs.

In Garcia & Koelling's taste aversion studies, it was found that rats in:

the poison group were more likely to associate a taste with poison than a tone with poison.

Using an umbrella when it rains allows you to escape from getting wet. In this case, the stimulus is _______, the response is ______,_and the outcome is _______.

the rain; using an umbrella; staying dry

In studying memory, Ebbinghaus was concerned that his data would be affected by the fact that he was more familiar with some words than others. He avoided this problem by using

three-letter nonsense words.

With repeated administration of a drug, an organism will require larger and larger doses of the drug in order to achieve the same effect. This is known as:

tolerance

Research on addiction to romantic love has shown that:

viewing pictures of a romantic partner can activate reward centers in the brain.

If the visual input to the cortex is cut off during development:

visual acuity may be permanently degraded if sight is later restored.

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

water

According to Aristotle's principle of frequency, the ideas of "chair" and "table" are linked because

we see chairs and tables together very often.