Psych 2301 Chapter 4

amplitude

Height of a wave

Melatonin

Hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.

cataplexy

An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.

central sleep apnea

wakefulness

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

just noticeable difference

difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.

dopamine

inattentional blindness

failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention

stage 1 sleep

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

latent content

hidden meaning of a dream

Research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ________.

hypnosis

________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.

hypnosis

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

hypnosis

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

absolute threshold

minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.

narcolepsy

sensory adaptation

not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time

parasomnia

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

codeine

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

Meditation may be helpful in ________.

pain management and stress control

lucid dream

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

sleep spindle

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

sleep debt

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as ________.

sensory adaptation

central sleep apnea

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

memory and learning is linked to

sleep spindles.

________ is another word for sleepwalking.

somnambulism

tolerance

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

manifest content

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

meta-analysis

study that combines the results of several related studies

collective unconscious

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

stage 3 sleep

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

perception

way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

sensation

what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

rotating shift work

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

opiate/opioid

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

hallucinogen

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

________ occurs when sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

perception

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

non-REM (NREM)

periods of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

________ refers to drug craving.

psychological dependence

stage 2 sleep

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.

serotonin

sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

obstructive sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

night terror

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

Narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times

restless leg syndrome

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

___ is (are) described as slow-wave sleep.

stage 3 and stage 4

methadone

synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

bottom-up processing

system in which perceptions are built from sensory input

________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.

tolerance

________ involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses.

transduction

methamphetamine

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

delta wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

alpha wave

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

methadone clinic

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

withdrawal

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

K-complex

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

The body's biological clock is located in the

Hypothalamus

The _____ plays a role in controlling slow wave sleep.

Hypothalamus and thalamus

_____ is one way in which most people can help reset their biological clocks

Light-dark exposure

_____ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function

Melatonin

________ refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to be detected 50% of the time.

absolute threshold

electromagnetic spectrum

all the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located

circadian rhythm

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

signal detection theory

change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state

physical dependence

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

transduction

conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.

depression

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

stimulant

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

depressant

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

psychological dependence

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

pineal gland

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

euphoric high

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

biological rhythm

internal cycle of biological activity

top-down processing

interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts

cataplexy

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

The ____ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.

latent

________ has its roots in religious practice.

meditation

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

meditation

subliminal message

message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness

Consciousness

Awareness of internal and external stimuli

sleep regulation

Brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

_____ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.

Circadian

Jet lag

Collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian rhythms and our environment

insomnia

Consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

evolutionary psychology

Discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

_________ occurs if there is chronic deficiency in sleep.

Sleep debt

Sleep rebound

Sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies due ni subsequent opportunities for sleep

___ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.

Slow-wave sleep

sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ____ sleep.

Stage 2

Sleep

State marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

Homeostasis

Tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

decibel (dB)

a logarithmic unit of sound intensity