Psych 2301 Chapter 4
amplitude
Height of a wave
Melatonin
Hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle
________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.
cataplexy
An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.
central sleep apnea
wakefulness
characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
just noticeable difference
difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.
dopamine
inattentional blindness
failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention
stage 1 sleep
first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep
latent content
hidden meaning of a dream
Research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ________.
hypnosis
________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.
hypnosis
state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli
hypnosis
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep
absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time
The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.
narcolepsy
sensory adaptation
not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time
parasomnia
one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep
codeine
opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain
Meditation may be helpful in ________.
pain management and stress control
lucid dream
people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia
sleep spindle
rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory
sleep debt
result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as ________.
sensory adaptation
central sleep apnea
sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing
memory and learning is linked to
sleep spindles.
________ is another word for sleepwalking.
somnambulism
tolerance
state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect
manifest content
storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
meta-analysis
study that combines the results of several related studies
collective unconscious
theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung
stage 3 sleep
third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
perception
way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
sensation
what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor
rotating shift work
work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis
opiate/opioid
one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
hallucinogen
one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations
________ occurs when sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.
perception
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
non-REM (NREM)
periods of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
________ refers to drug craving.
psychological dependence
stage 2 sleep
second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles
LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.
serotonin
sleep apnea
sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep
obstructive sleep apnea
sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams
Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors
night terror
sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment
Narcolepsy
sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times
restless leg syndrome
sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs
___ is (are) described as slow-wave sleep.
stage 3 and stage 4
methadone
synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
bottom-up processing
system in which perceptions are built from sensory input
________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.
tolerance
________ involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses.
transduction
methamphetamine
type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused
delta wave
type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
alpha wave
type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep
methadone clinic
uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
withdrawal
variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
K-complex
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli
The body's biological clock is located in the
Hypothalamus
The _____ plays a role in controlling slow wave sleep.
Hypothalamus and thalamus
_____ is one way in which most people can help reset their biological clocks
Light-dark exposure
_____ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function
Melatonin
________ refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to be detected 50% of the time.
absolute threshold
electromagnetic spectrum
all the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located
circadian rhythm
biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours
signal detection theory
change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state
physical dependence
changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use
transduction
conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential
Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.
depression
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open
stimulant
drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
depressant
drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
psychological dependence
emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress
pineal gland
endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin
euphoric high
feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use
biological rhythm
internal cycle of biological activity
top-down processing
interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts
cataplexy
lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
The ____ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.
latent
________ has its roots in religious practice.
meditation
clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus
meditation
subliminal message
message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness
Consciousness
Awareness of internal and external stimuli
sleep regulation
Brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world
_____ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.
Circadian
Jet lag
Collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian rhythms and our environment
insomnia
Consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time
evolutionary psychology
Discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection
_________ occurs if there is chronic deficiency in sleep.
Sleep debt
Sleep rebound
Sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies due ni subsequent opportunities for sleep
___ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.
Slow-wave sleep
sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ____ sleep.
Stage 2
Sleep
State marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness
Homeostasis
Tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
decibel (dB)
a logarithmic unit of sound intensity
